The Invention of the Transistor: Bell Labs, 1947 ElectronicsNotes 2026-09-23 | The Invention of the Transistor: Bell Labs, 1947
Understanding Photo-Resistors or Light Dependent Resistors, LDRs ElectronicsNotes 2024-04-09 | In this video I explain what you need to know about light dependent resistors, LDRs or photoresistors: what they are, how they work and the typical specifications or parameters associated with them.Photo resistors or light dependent resistors, are very useful components and in this video I'm going to describe the essentials about these useful electronic components.Light dependent resistors, LDRs photo resistors or whatever you want to call them are a form of resistor that's sensitive to light, - they change their resistance dependent upon the light level.You may see them pop up in circuit designs from time to time. They have a quite unique circuit symbol. There are two types that you may see.Light dependent resistors are made from semiconductor materials but they act as resistor. They have a very distinct difference between the light and dark resistance values and this makes them very useful.However there are a few points to note about the use of these photo resistors or light dependent resistors.To find out more about light dependent resistors / photo resistors check the following link: electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/resistors/light-dependent-resistor-ldr.phpWebsite homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Whats Inside a Quartz Crystal Resonator ElectronicsNotes 2024-04-02 | In this YouTube Short video, I reveal what's inside some quartz crystal resonators - a quartz crystal resonator teardown.From old to new, quartz crystal resonators come in all shapes and sizes. They're used in all manner of electronic circuits providing high quality resonators to give stable and accurate signals.As the circuit symbol implies, they contain a slice of quartz crystal which is held between two electrodes.So to investigate more about them, I took an old 1940s crystal apart and as I hope you can make out there is the slice of quartz between two metal electrodes. You see a teardown.There are many modern crystals as well. From the larger ones to very small surface mount ones.I broke into one. The metal can is sealed and its either evacuated or filled with an inert gas.As you can see here wires come up from the connections to the outside to the electrodes which are plated onto the quartz.More information so you can understand about quartz crystal resonators can be found at: electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/quartz-crystal-xtal/resonator-basics-tutorial.phpInformation about the operation and vibrational mechanisms: electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/quartz-crystal-xtal/how-quartz-crystal-works-operation.phpInformation about how to specify a quartz crystal: electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/quartz-crystal-xtal/how-to-specify-quartz-crystal-resonator-specifications.phpWebsite homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
When is a Zener diode not a Zener diode #Zenerdiode ElectronicsNotes 2024-03-19 | In this short video, I explain when a Zener diode may not actually be a Zener diode, and why this may impact circuit design.It's all about the breakdown mechanism in the diode. We know that the diode breaks down in the reverse direction, but there are two different ways in which this occurs.Below about 5 or 5.5 volts its Zener breakdown. Above this impact ionisation progressively dominates.So below about 5 volts it's a Zener diode but above this we should call it a voltage reference diode - but we all know what we mean by a Zener diode whatever the voltage.So why is this important? It's because the temperature coefficients of the two mechanisms work in the opposite directions. So around 5 to 5.5 volts where they're both present, the overall temperature coefficient is much less, and if you can use a diode with this voltage in your circuit it will be more stable. Very useful!More information so you can understand about Zener reference voltage diodes and their uses in electronic circuit designs can be found at: electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/diode/zener-diode.phpInformation about the theory of operation and breakdown mechanisms: electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/diode/zener-diode-theory-operation.phpInformation about linear voltage regulators including some Zener diode circuits: electronics-notes.com/articles/analogue_circuits/power-supply-electronics/linear-psu-series-regulator-circuit.phpWebsite homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Understanding Zener Diodes - the basics #Zener #Zenerdiode ElectronicsNotes 2024-03-13 | Zener diodes are very useful little devices which are used all over the electronics industry particularly in providing a stable reference voltage.It can do this because when it is reverse biassed it breaks down at a specific voltage.Here we see the curve for the Zener diode. It has the normal forward voltage characteristic that we see with other diodes, but when we look at the reverse characteristic, we can see the sharp breakdown area. Because this is very sharp and well defined, we can use this as a voltage reference.In fact the Zener diode can be used in many circuits. Here we see a basic shunt voltage regulator circuit, and here are some slightly more complicated voltage regulators and this regulator circuit design has feedback in it and it can be made adjustable.More information so you can understand about Zener reference voltage diodes and their uses in electronic circuit designs can be found at: electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/diode/zener-diode.phpInformation about the theory of operation and breakdown mechanisms: electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/diode/zener-diode-theory-operation.phpInformation about linear voltage regulators including some Zener diode circuits: electronics-notes.com/articles/analogue_circuits/power-supply-electronics/linear-psu-series-regulator-circuit.phpWebsite homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Bluetooth Speaker Teardown - the electronics inside a wireless speaker ElectronicsNotes 2024-03-12 | In this video I take apart a typical Bluetooth speaker to show what is inside and give insights into how it works. The speakers, the printed circuit board, the electronics, . . . . Many of us own and use Bluetooth speakers - they are really great because they enable the music stored on our devices like phones, tablets and laptops to be streamed to a speaker that can provide more volume and better quality than that available directly from the mobile device.The Bluetooth speakers connect to the mobile device and effectively act as its loudspeaker. Many of them, like the one in the video have two speakers to provide stereo, although with such a small separation, this is not that useful, but the electronics is able to provide a greater level of power, and the speakers can provide better reproduction than is possible in most mobile devices.However it is interesting to see what is inside the Bluetooth loudspeaker - understand a little about the electronics inside the box. The loudspeaker "drivers" as well as the electronics.Also many Bluetooth loudspeakers have what is called a passive radiator which helps enhance the bass response. As the loudspeakers themselves are relatively small, they need additional measures to enhance the bass and make the audio coming from the Bluetooth speaker sound fuller and more interesting.The inside view of the overall Bluetooth loudspeaker shows the various elements within the overall equipment - the various electronic components including he speaker divers, the Bluetooth integrated circuit and the power management system. All these electronic components are neatly laid out on the printed circuit board.For more information check out our website:electronics-notes.com/articles/audio-video/loudspeaker/what-is-bluetooth-speaker.phpMore information about Bluetooth: electronics-notes.com/articles/connectivity/bluetooth/what-is-bluetooth-technology-basics-summary.phpMore information about audio visual technology: electronics-notes.com/articles/audio-videoWebsite homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Understanding Reed Switches & Reed Relays ElectronicsNotes 2024-02-27 | This video describes what reed switches and reed relays actually are. It details how they work and how they are used as well as giving some circuit design hints and tips.The reed switch is the basic element and this consists of two ferromagnetic reeds or contacts held within a glass envelope. The reeds overlap so that when they close they make contact.When a magnetic field is applied, the reeds become magnetically orientated to the field, making the two ends of the reeds opposite poles.When the external field becomes sufficiently strong, the attractional force will draw to each other, closing the contact and making the circuit - the basic reed switch. Essentially it is a magnetic switch.These reed switches are used for many applications including sensors, i.e. magnetic reed switch sensors, etc.Reed switches also form the main element of a reed relay and they are used in electronics as fast acting mechanical switches.The bar magnet we saw earlier can be replaced by a coil. When a current passes through the coil a magnetic field is created and this acts to switch the reed relay over.Reed relays come in a variety of sizes and formats. They can be dual in line, single in line for PCBs of they can be much bigger for larger current applications. There are several manufacturers of reed relays so there is a good choice.Reed relays are used in circuits for many reasons: they are fast acting, they are reliable, they have a low ON resistance and high OFF resistance and they also provide isolation between the actuator and switched sides of the circuit.To find out more about reed switches and reed relays check the following link: electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/electrical-electronic-relay/what-is-a-reed-relay.phpWebsite homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Apple iPod Classic Nostalgia - Do You Remember using iPods #iPod #iPodClassic ElectronicsNotes 2024-02-26 | In this video I talk about the nostalgia and history of the iPod, having just rediscovered my old iPod Classic.In terms of the basic history, the first iPod was launched in late 2001, and the line remained in production until mid 2022, although there had been several versions: the iPod Classic, iPod Mini, iPod Nano, iPod Shuffle and lastly the iPod Touch.Although there had been other MP3 players, the iPod stood out because of the ease of use, primarily as a result of its iconic wheel for navigation. But not only this, at its launch the iPod had a very much larger storage capacity when compared to other players, and it also had style. It was designed by Apple engineers and the styling was a large part of its appeal.The various implementations of iPod are summarised in this history of types: iPod Classic: The original full-sized iPod line iPod Mini: A smaller version of the larger "Classic" iPod nano: An even smaller version that superseded the Mini iPod Shuffle: A series of tiny screen-less versions that played in upload order or random "shuffle" iPod Touch: A series of iOS-based versions that had a touch screen - very similar in format to an iPhone, but with no phone capabilityMost iPods had no wireless connectivity - the iPod Classic and others required the famous Apple 30 way connector to sync them with the computer for their music.You could listen to music from your iPod on headphones - there was a jack socket at the top on this one, or you could use a dock. Just pop the iPod into the docking module and there you were. There was even a remote so you could control the iPod while you were enjoying the music. In this way you could listen to music from the iPod though your hi-fi or other system - so very useful.It is good to revisit the iPod and learn about the iPod history and have some nostalgia about this icon of technology.Read more about the iPod history: electronics-notes.com/articles/history/audio-hifi-music-reproduction/apple-ipod-story-history.phpCheck out our website: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Remember the iPod Classic? A trip down memory lane #ipod #ipodclassic ElectronicsNotes 2024-02-23 | This trip down memory lane shows an iPod Classic - the one with the click wheel.Although there were iPod minis, Nanos shuffles and touches and this iPod Classic dates from 2008.Even today it has style and performance - something more appealing in many ways when compared to streaming from a mobile phone.In a world of streaming and touchscreens, these little bricks provided music anywhere, but there was no wireless connectivity - syncing required a lead, and yes do you remember that large 30 way connector.Steam music to your headphones or use an iPod dock to play it through a better speaker.The sound quality, the physical connection...nothing beats the simplicity and joy of this classic.The iPod was first introduced in 2001 because all the other MP3 players were large, had a small memory and were not easy to use. The iPod was introduced to solve these issues and it took the market by storm.Sadly the demise of the iPod came. The Classic was discontinued in 2014 and the iPod Touch in 2022.Read more about the iPod history: electronics-notes.com/articles/history/audio-hifi-music-reproduction/apple-ipod-story-history.phpCheck out our website: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Headphones, earphones, earbuds - what are they all? #headphones #earphones ElectronicsNotes 2024-02-19 | There are many headphones, earphones, earbuds on the market, but what are they and what are the differences? What are their advantages & disadvantages?Headphones have come a long way since the uncomfortable ones of the 1920s.In summary, over ear headphones fit over the ear as the name suggests and the good ones can give the best performance and sound reproduction but they're big.On-ear ones are smaller and more compact - ideal for music on the move. Their performance tends not to be quite so good. They are often cheaper, and sitting on the ear they can often be less comfortable. Some of these can be sold as over ear ones so beware.Earbuds fit in the ear and are great for commuting as they're very compact. There are also in-ear earphones with wires, but these tend not to be called earbuds.Then there are wireless headphones and earphones - these are like the wired ones but with no wires, but need a Bluetooth connection for the musicNoise cancelling ones take the surrounding noise out, but beware you may not be aware of whats going on a round you, especially in busy streets and the like.For more information please head over to our website:Website URL: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Loudspeaker Repair and Upgrade Techniques #loudspeakerrepairs #loudspeakerproject ElectronicsNotes 2024-02-13 | In this video I will show you some of the techniques I used to repair and upgrade a much loved pair of old speakers. The loudspeakers were a pair of Goodmans Magnum SLs and they were supposed to be really excellent. I had always been a little disappointed, but over many years I have repaired the faults and improved and enhanced their performance.I didn't want to just get rid of them, so but instead I wanted to keep them going. Also this gave much better starting point than building a loudspeaker. The cabinet was there and it was not necessary to create this as part of a complete loudspeaker building project.This video tracks the many stages of the loudspeaker project to not only repair the loudspeakers but to also enhance or improve their performance.Although I had no audio test equipment or sound chambers to test them, the loudspeaker repairs and improvements have given a marked improvement to their performance.I don't want to claim that they are perfect now, but for me the work I have done has really paid off.My aim in sharing this is to inspire others to look at some of their old loudspeakers to see what can be done. Whether they might be able to repair these loudspeakers, and upgrade and improve them with more modern speaker units and with other improvements to provide a much better level of performance.More information about repairing and improving an old loudspeaker: electronics-notes.com/articles/audio-video/loudspeaker/repair-upgrade-speaker-system-goodmans-magnum-sl.phpMore information about audio visual technology: electronics-notes.com/articles/audio-videoWebsite homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Do You Remember the Sony Walkman? #sonywalkman ElectronicsNotes 2024-02-11 | Do you remember the Sony Walkman. Let's have some nostalgia to remember this piece of technology history. These portable pocket players set the trend for music on the go. This one is a Sony Walkman WM-EX-150.First introduced in 1979, the Sony Walkman was revolutionary. No other player had been designed to work while you were on the move - listening while you were walking, running, in a train, or wherever you were.The Sony Walkman was easy to use: simple controls: headphone socket, volume limiter switch, volume control, and tape type selector.Open the case of the Sony Walkman and you could easily slot in an audio cassette tape - your own mix or a bought pre-recorded tape. Close the case and press play.You could stop it when you wanted and fast forward or rewind to select your track.Simple to use: The Iconic Sony Walkman.More information about the Sony Walkman Story: electronics-notes.com/articles/history/audio-hifi-music-reproduction/sony-walkman.phpWebsite homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
How to Connect Bluetooth Devices to your phone, laptop #bluetooth #bluetoothearbuds ElectronicsNotes 2024-01-30 | In this video we tell you how to connect or pair Bluetooth devices to your phone, tablet, laptop, etc. The connecting process is often called pairing.People often wonder how to connect a Bluetooth device such as a Bluetooth speaker, headphones, earphones, earbuds or even devices like mice and keyboards.It is really easy to connect or pair Bluetooth devices from speakers and headphones to earbuds by following a few easy steps. Although sometimes there are a few differences, the basic steps are virtually always the same, and when they are not, there are just a few easy steps to take, promoted by the mobile phone, tablet or laptop.First grab your phone and your Bluetooth device like your speaker, headphones or earbuds. Make sure your Bluetooth device is powered on and ready to pair.Next, head to your phone's settings. Look for the "Bluetooth" menu and tap that magic button to turn it on.Your phone will start scanning for nearby Bluetooth devices. Just wait a sec, and you should see your device pop up on the list.Tap on its name, and there you are! A pairing code might appear on both your phone and device. Enter it to confirm your newfound Bluetooth link, and you're good to go.Connecting Bluetooth to your laptop is just as easy. Open your system preferences or settings menu, and navigate to the "Bluetooth" section and pair as before.For more information check out our website: electronics-notes.com/articles/connectivity/bluetooth/how-to-connect-pair-bluetooth-devices.phpMore information about Bluetooth: electronics-notes.com/articles/connectivity/bluetooth/what-is-bluetooth-technology-basics-summary.phpMore information about audio visual technology: electronics-notes.com/articles/audio-videoWebsite homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Bluetooth Speakers: what are they, how they work #bluetoothspeaker ElectronicsNotes 2024-01-23 | In this video I explain what Bluetooth speakers are, how they work, what's available and how they can be used.These Bluetooth speakers or loudspeakers are packed with technology and they're so useful. They connect to your phone, laptop, or any Bluetooth-enabled device, to stream your music, podcasts, or audiobooks without a single cable in sight.Using a Bluetooth speaker, you don't use the speakers in your device, which can be fairly rubbish for music, but instead you use those in the Bluetooth speaker and this lets you enjoy much better sound quality and louder too.Bluetooth speakers come in all sizes and shapes for use in many areas - they can be small portables to bookshelf size models. They can be used as portable speakers and used almost anywhere.Some are even waterproof, so you can buy them to suit your needs.As the name indicates, Bluetooth loudspeakers are wireless loudspeakers that use Bluetooth, a short-range radio or wireless technology.This uses low power radio signals to establish a link between two devices. Once paired they can carry data backwards and forwards and in the case of Bluetooth speakers this data is converted into sounds and amplified to fill the room.If we look inside a Bluetooth speaker we find it has several circuit blocks: a Bluetooth block for receiving the signals, a digital to analogue converter to convert the digital data into an analogue form, which is then amplified as and passed to loudspeakers so you can hear it.Power is provided by the battery and a power management system to control charging, on/off and the like.Pairing is very easy: simply turn the device on, look for it on your device setting and then press connect.Normally once this has been done once they will remember each other and pair very quickly when the speaker is turned on again.Understanding a little more about them, you can use these portable speakers almost anywhere: for a workout, dancing, at home, at work, or even int he shower.For more information check out our website:electronics-notes.com/articles/audio-video/loudspeaker/what-is-bluetooth-speaker.phpMore information about Bluetooth: electronics-notes.com/articles/connectivity/bluetooth/what-is-bluetooth-technology-basics-summary.phpMore information about audio visual technology: electronics-notes.com/articles/audio-videoWebsite homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Understanding DIACs ElectronicsNotes 2024-01-16 | In this video I explain the basics of the DIAC - what it does, how it works, how it can be used, and I show how it is used in a circuit with a TRIAC.The actual word DIAC stands for DIode for Alternating Current and this gives a clue about what these electronic components do in an electronic circuit, often assisting in a switch circuitA DIAC is a two terminal device with its circuit symbol looking a bit like two parallel diodes in opposite orientations closely placed and merged together The electrodes are designated MT, standing for main terminal that's MT1 and MT2 - they may also be called Anode 1 and Anode 2 on some occasions.There are two types of structure used for DIACs, the three layer structure and a five layer version. There are some differences between the two, but essentially they perform the same function in a circuit.In terms of its operation the DIAC is not like an ordinary semiconductor diode that allows current through in only one direction, but instead the DIAC allows current through after a certain breakdown voltage is reached - often it is called a DIAC switch for this reason. This is known as the breakover voltage - typically this is between about 25 and 48 volts. The DB3 is a popular DIAC - the DB3 DIAC has a breakover voltage of around 32 volts.The most common use for DIACs is with TRIACs. TRIACS are widely used for AC mains control - one of the very popular applications is within light dimmers. However TRIACS are notorious because their switching characteristics are different in different halves of the cycle and that's not good.To overcome this, a DIAC can be placed in the TRIAC circuit in the gate circuit. As DIACs have a nice defined breakover voltage in both directions, it means that when the DIAC reaches its breakover voltage, the TRIAC will be fired and it will switch.To find out more about DIACs check the following link: electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/scr/what-is-a-diac.phpWebsite homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Bluetooth Speakers: what they are & how they work #loudspeaker #bluetoothspeaker ElectronicsNotes 2024-01-13 | Bluetooth speakers are now commonplace. These Bluetooth or wireless speakers or loudspeakers enable music to be streamed from a mobile device like a mobile phone, tablet or laptop to the Bluetooth speaker, and all this is done wirelessly, enabling you to have far greater freedom.You can listen inside, outside, doing a workout, or while dancing.Many of use use our mobile devices like phones, tablets or laptops to listen to stored or streamed music. The wireless speakers use a system called Bluetooth to carry the signals from the mobile device tot he speakers.Simply pair the mobile device with the Bluetooth speaker and then its all done - you can listen to your music from the Bluetooth speaker - much better quality and louder than the mobile.More information about Bluetooth loudspeakers: electronics-notes.com/articles/audio-video/loudspeaker/what-is-bluetooth-speaker.phpMore information about Bluetooth: electronics-notes.com/articles/connectivity/bluetooth/what-is-bluetooth-technology-basics-summary.phpMore information about audio visual technology: electronics-notes.com/articles/audio-videoWebsite homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Understanding Loudspeakers: what they are, how they work #loudspeaker #speaker ElectronicsNotes 2024-01-08 | In this video I describe what loudspeakers are and how loudspeakers work. The way in which the magnetic fields of a coil and permanent magnet interact, to the reasons for having special cabinets for them.A loudspeaker, often just called a speaker, is essentially an electroacoustic translator. IA loudspeaker works by taking an electrical signal, like music or speech, and turning it into physical vibrations – sound waves – that we can hear.The heart of a speaker is the driver. The way the loudspeaker works starts a coil of wire and a permanent magnet. This is a strong magnet with a strong magnetic field.When we pass audio signals through the coil, electricity alternates between positive and negative. The coil creates its own magnetic field which reacts with the permanent magnet.As a result the cone is pushed backwards and forwards in line with the electrical current.But to make the sounds really audible a cone is needed. This is glued to the coil so that its vibrations have much greater force.The speaker also has a chassis to hold everything together and the cone is connected to the chassis with a flexible ring as we see here. This is essentially what a loudspeaker is and how it works.But not all sounds are created equal! High-pitched notes have smaller, faster vibrations, while low booms come from bigger, slower movements. That's why speakers have different sized drivers. Tweeters handle those high-frequency squeaks, while woofers tackle the deep, rumbling bass. Some speakers even have midrange drivers for the in-between sounds.The box around the driver isn't just for looks. It's an important part of the sound magic. Different enclosures, like sealed boxes or bass reflex ports, control how sound waves from the back of the driver interact with those from the front. This affects the bass response and overall sound quality.To find out more about loudspeakers check the following link: electronics-notes.com/articles/audio-video/loudspeaker/what-is-a-loudspeaker-basics.phpWebsite homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Understanding Stereo: what it is and how it works #stereo #stereosound ElectronicsNotes 2024-01-03 | We are all used to stereo sound these days, but what actually is it. This short video explains the basics of what stereo is and how it can be used to create a more immersive sound.Stereo uses two channels to create an arena of sound that has direction to it. As we have two ears and are able to detect where sounds come from, having just a single loudspeaker and a single source of sound can be a bit dull - all the music comes from a single spot.Using two loudspeakers it is possible to recreate the sense of direction of the sounds and give a far more natural and enjoyable listening experience.More information about stereo sound: electronics-notes.com/articles/audio-video/stereo/what-is-stereo-sound.phpMore information about audio visual technology: electronics-notes.com/articles/audio-videoWebsite homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
The Loudspeaker : what it is & how it works #loudspeaker #speakers ElectronicsNotes 2023-12-31 | Ever stop to think how those unassuming boxes blast your favourite tunes with such force? In this video we crack open the mystery of loudspeakers and reveal the electrifying dance that turns invisible sound waves into room-shaking beats!We tell of the powerful duo of a coil and magnet that it all possible, and then how the cone makes the vibrations of the audio currents flowing on the coil audible.We also tell of why some loudspeaker systems have several individual loudspeakers - smaller ones for the high frequencies and larger ones for the deep bass booms.This all tells of how the loudspeaker works and the magic and technology they use to provide the sounds we enjoy listening to.More information about loudspeakers: electronics-notes.com/articles/audio-video/loudspeaker/what-is-a-loudspeaker-basics.phpMore information about audio visual technology: electronics-notes.com/articles/audio-videoWebsite homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
The Vinyl Disc Player - how it works #vinyl #vinyldisc #vinyldiscplayer ElectronicsNotes 2023-12-29 | Have you ever wondered how a vinyl disc player works - check out our Short Video explanation so you can understand what is going on.The vinyl disc has wavy grooves - the sounds are replicas of the sound vibration, so when the dic rotates and the stylus is placed into them, it vibrates along with the vibrations in the grooves. These tiny vibrations are converted into electrical signals in the cartridge on the arm of the player. These signals are then conducted along wires to an amplifier where they are amplified to make them big enough to drive headphones or loudspeakers.The ;loudspeakers then convert the large electrical signals into audible sound waves.The vibrations on the disc have undergone an incredible journey so you can hear them.Now go and play some vinyl discs to appreciate it.More information about vinyl technology: electronics-notes.com/articles/audio-video/vinyl-records-players/vinyl-record-player-technology.phpMore information about audio visual technology: electronics-notes.com/articles/audio-videoWebsite homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
What do Electronic Waveforms Sound Like ElectronicsNotes 2023-12-12 | This video gives you the key information about common waveforms found in electronics and lets you hear what they actually sound like. The waveforms include: sine waves, square waves, triangular waves and ramp or sawtooth waveforms.Having a knowledge of what they sound like can help give a better understanding when dealing with them in electronic circuits or other situations. Looking at these waveforms can help understand how some musical instruments,: keyboards, synthesizers and the like work.The sine wave is the most basic, but also the most important. It contains no harmonics, but it is found that other repetitive waveforms can be made up from a series of them as shown in the video.The square wave alternates between two values, sometimes called high and low or "1" and "0" A proper square wave has equal high and low periods.A triangular waveform ramps up and down, having equal times for the rising and falling sides.A ramp is the same but with unequal rise and fall sizes.These waveforms, although not often used directly, help understand the sort of techniques employed in musical synthesizers, keyboards and other musical generators.For more information about electronic waveforms check out our web page: electronics-notes.com/articles/basic_concepts/electronic-electrical-waveforms/waveform-types-basics-sine-square-triangle-ramp.phpFunction generators are able to generate these waveforms, discover more in our web page: electronics-notes.com/articles/test-methods/signal-generators/function-generator.phpCheck out the Electronics Notes website: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1And please don't forget to "like" the video
Understanding Quartz Crystal Resonators #quartzcrystal #crystalresonator ElectronicsNotes 2023-12-05 | Quartz crystals are used in huge quantities in all sorts of electronic equipment. They are used as very high performance resonators in everything from radios, transmitters and the like to computers, clocks and very many other electronic items. They are often used as clock oscillators in digital circuits or in RF circuits as resonant elements for oscillators and filters. They're really useful and very cost effective for what they are.In this video I describe what quartz crystals or quartz crystal resonators are and how they can be used very effectively in electronic circuits of all sorts.Quartz crystal resonators made from crystals quartz and there is naturally occurring quartz, but for use in electronics, the crystals have to be very high grade, and almost exclusively they are grown synthetically to provide the very high quality required.The video moves on to look at some quartz crystal resonator elements, both in an older crystal and a more modern electronic component.The video also looks at the parallel and series resonant modes and also discusses the load capacitance required for the parallel resonant mode.Some basic crystal oscillator and filter circuits are also examined and discussed to give an insight into their operation. There are various oscillator modules including TCXO, VCXO, and OCXO that can be obtained.More information so you can understand about quartz crystal resonators can be found at: electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/quartz-crystal-xtal/resonator-basics-tutorial.phpInformation about the operation and vibrational mechanisms: electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/quartz-crystal-xtal/how-quartz-crystal-works-operation.phpInformation about how to specify a quartz crystal: electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/quartz-crystal-xtal/how-to-specify-quartz-crystal-resonator-specifications.phpWebsite homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Understanding Zener Diodes & when they are not Zener diodes #zenerdiode #zener #voltagereference ElectronicsNotes 2023-11-21 | In this video I describe what a Zener diode is - how they work and where and how they can be used. I also answer the question about when a Zener diode may not be a Zener diode - find out the answer in the video. I also give some tips about using Zener diodes or voltage reference diodes in electronic circuit designs so you can understand all you need to know about Zener diodes.Zener diodes are very useful devices which are used all over the electronics industry and one of the most common uses in electronic circuits is to provide a stable reference voltage for power lines in various equipment and power supplies.The circuit symbol is similar to that of a diode but has extra elements to the bar in the symbol to distinguish it from other forms of diode.It's necessary to understand that a Zener diode has the same forward voltage characteristic as other PN junction diodes, but in the reverse direction the breakdown voltage is well defined, enabling it to be used as a voltage reference.The Zener diode or voltage reference diode is most commonly used in power supplies or voltage regulators - the simplest circuit is a simple Zener-resistor shunt regulator, but other circuits can used emitter or source followers, etc and others have feedback and allow the output voltage to be adjusted while using the Zener voltage as a reference voltage.More information so you can understand about Zener reference voltage diodes can be found at: electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/diode/zener-diode.phpInformation about the theory of operation and breakdown mechanisms: electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/diode/zener-diode-theory-operation.phpInformation about linear voltage regulators including some Zener diode circuits: electronics-notes.com/articles/analogue_circuits/power-supply-electronics/linear-psu-series-regulator-circuit.phpWebsite homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Morse Code Key Collection: 150+ years of keys #Morsekey #Morsecodekey #vintage ElectronicsNotes 2023-11-08 | Morse keys or Morse code keys have changed a lot over the years. The first Morse key was probably developed by one of Morse's associated named Alfred Vail. The very first key was called the Correspondent, and this was alter developed to become the Lever Correspondent.Later, keys like the vintage key called the Camelback were popular - these had a hump in the lever which gave their name to that style of Morse key.In 1881 James Bunnell developed his Triumph Key which was light and had a steel lever. Others followed the style and the steel lever key became very popular in the USA. The vintage Morse key shown dates possibly from 1920.In Europe, much heavier keys were used and the British Post Office Key made by Walters Electrical became popular for general telegraphic use. The vintage Morse key shown int he video probably dates from around 1900.Military keys like the British Army WT 8Amp key and the Australian Clipsal were widely produced in WW2.Today there is a variety of modern Morse keys like the low end one, the medium priced Hi-Mound and the high end Bencher keys.In the early 1900s a semi-automatic mechanical keyer known as the Vibroplex was introduced. This created the dots automatically to reduce operator strain.As electronics became more capable, electronic keyers producing both dots and dashes automatically were introduced, but soon most modern amateur radio transceivers incorporated the keyer electronics meaning that only the mechanical paddle was required externally.More information about Morse code keys, etc can be found at: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/cw-keys-keyers.phpMore ideas about Morse code: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/what-is-the-morse-code.phpMorse key development and history: electronics-notes.com/articles/history/morse-code-telegraph/morse-key-development.phpWebsite homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
How to Set up a Morse Code Straight Key #Morsekey #Morsecodekey ElectronicsNotes 2023-11-07 | There is an enormous variety of Morse keys, but one thing they all have in common is that they need to be properly adjusted. This video shows you how to adjust Morse code straight keys so that they can perform to their very best and they are easy to use.Different Morse keys can have different numbers of adjustments that need to be made. Some have two adjustments, some have three and others have more.The video shows you how to make the adjustments for the various forms of key, including the America Steel Lever key for which there are bearing adjustments.In addition to showing you how to adjust the key, there are some bonus tips about using the Morse key.More information about how to adjust a Morse code straight key can be found at: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/use-setup-straight-morse-key.phpMore information about Morse code keys, etc can be found at: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/cw-keys-keyers.phpMore ideas about Morse code: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/what-is-the-morse-code.phpLearning Morse code characters video: youtu.be/6PRY-LczCB4Learning Morse code numbers video: youtu.be/ywiJWSdO1r4Website homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Bencher Morse Code Key Unboxing #Morsekey #Morsecodekey #unboxing ElectronicsNotes 2023-11-04 | The unboxing of a new Bencher Morse key - straight Morse code key. The video shows the new Morse key being taken from its box before it was used.Morse keys or Morse code keys are used to send Morse code - having a good key is essential for being able to send Morse code.Even though Morse is less widely used there are still many Morse keys available on the market, both new and also used ones, especially some that were used for professional telegraphy as well as those sued by the military.This Bencher Morse key is a current production key that is made in the USA, and provides a nice easy"feel' so that good Morse code can be sent.More information about Morse code keys, etc can be found at: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/cw-keys-keyers.phpMore ideas about Morse code: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/what-is-the-morse-code.phpLearning Morse code characters video: youtu.be/6PRY-LczCB4Learning Morse code numbers video: youtu.be/ywiJWSdO1r4Website homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Morse Code Keys: straight or pump handle #morsecode #morsekeys #morsecodekeys ElectronicsNotes 2023-10-31 | This video provides all you need to know about the straight Morse keys or Morse code keys. These are the types of Morse key that have an up and down action, and are sometimes called pump handle keys for this reason.These keys have undergone a lot of development since the first ones were introduced back in the early days of Morse code.Today there's an enormous variety of Morse keys or Morse code keys available and in this video we'' explain what these keys are, the many different types that are available and we'll explain what you need to look for when buying a new one.There are many options to choose from. There are many new ones ranging from the low cost ones to mid range and to the top range, and we take a look at these to see how they perform. The mid range is a Hi-Mound key and the top end one is a Bencher.However we also take a look at a variety of older keys including a steel lever key, an old British Post Office (Walters Electrical) Morse key, and the WW2 British army keys: the WT-8AMP.More information about Morse code keys, etc can be found at: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/cw-keys-keyers.phpMore ideas about Morse code: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/what-is-the-morse-code.phpLearning Morse code characters video: youtu.be/6PRY-LczCB4Learning Morse code numbers video: youtu.be/ywiJWSdO1r4Website homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Morse Code Key: Vibroplex / semi-automatic - how it works #morsecode #Morsekey #morse #Vibroplex ElectronicsNotes 2023-10-25 | Straight Morse keys formed the majority of keys used for many years. But the fact that it was difficult to send Morse code fast, and that many operators ended up with wrist strain meant that people wanted better keys. Out of this came a semi-automatic key called the Vibroplex which was invented in the late 1800s.These keys were mechanical and made the dots by the use of a vibrating arm. Dashes were still made manually.The Vibroplex / semi-automatic Morse key used a sideways movement, and when the paddle was pressed to the right it made a series of dots for as long as it was held over. Individual dashes wee made by pressing the paddle to the left.More information about the Vibroplex and semiautomatic keys can be found here: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/use-setup-vibroplex-bug-mechanical-key.phpMore ideas about Morse code: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/what-is-the-morse-code.phpMorse code characters video: youtu.be/7TASQXyL8y4Learning Morse code characters video: youtu.be/6PRY-LczCB4Learning Morse code numbers video: youtu.be/ywiJWSdO1r4Website homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Morse code message: hello everyone ElectronicsNotes 2023-10-18 | Have you ever wanted to say “Hello Everyone” in Morse code.Here is the Morse code message to say "Hello Everyone"Morse code has been used for very many years and it is still used in some applications to this day.Sending the message “Hello Everyone” in Morse code is very easy - it simply requires a Morse key and an audio oscillator.More information about Morse code and Morse code characters, alphabet, numbers, etc can be found at: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/characters-table-chart.phpMore ideas about Morse code: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/what-is-the-morse-code.phpMorse code characters video: youtu.be/7TASQXyL8y4Learning Morse code characters video: youtu.be/6PRY-LczCB4Learning Morse code numbers video: youtu.be/ywiJWSdO1r4Website homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Morse Code Characters: alphabet, letters, numbers, punctuation . . #morsecode #morse ElectronicsNotes 2023-10-13 | In this video we provide the Morse code characters: letters, alphabet, numbers, punctuation and procedural characters.All the Morse code characters are made up from dots and dashes. The lengths and spacing are very important: a dot is one unit long, a dash is three. Spacing between elements in a character is one unit in length, and between letters in a word it is three. Spacing between words is seven units long.There are Morse code characters for letters or the alphabet, with also some for accented letters. There are numbers and shortened numbers as well. There are also Morse code characters for punctuation and there are also procedural characters to let the receiving station know the state of the message, i.e starting, ending, invitation to transit and the like.More information about Morse code and Morse code characters, alphabet, numbers, etc can be found at: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/characters-table-chart.phpMore ideas about Morse code: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/what-is-the-morse-code.phpMorse code characters video: youtu.be/7TASQXyL8y4Learning Morse code characters video: youtu.be/6PRY-LczCB4Learning Morse code numbers video: youtu.be/ywiJWSdO1r4Website homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Morse Code Characters: Alphabet Letters, Numbers, Punctuation, etc ElectronicsNotes 2023-10-05 | This video gives all the widely used Morse code characters in visual and audio formats so you can hear and understand what they are. The Morse code alphabet, numbers, punctuation and procedural characters are all provided along with an explanation of the spacing between the elements in a character, between characters in a words and between words.The video is aimed at providing a video equivalent of the cards or tables showing all the Morse code characters: alphabet or letters, numbers, and other characters needed to send and receive Morse code.The video starts by outlining the lengths of dots and dashes and then proceeds to give the spacing between elements in a letter, spacing between letters in a word and then between words. Having the correct lengths for each is necessary to ensure than any Morse code that is sent is easy to read and decipher,The video then proceeds to give the Morse code alphabet, sounding out each letter in turn and giving a visual indication for the make-up or each letter.The same is repeated for the numbers, common punctuation, and procedural characters. The procedural characters like K, KN, CT, AR, and VA are used to enable the receiving station to know what is expected or what will happen.More information about Morse code and Morse code characters, alphabet, numbers, etc can be found at: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/characters-table-chart.phpMore ideas about Morse code: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/what-is-the-morse-code.phpLearning Morse code characters video: youtu.be/6PRY-LczCB4Learning Morse code numbers video: youtu.be/ywiJWSdO1r4Website homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
How to Use Heat Shrink Sleeving ElectronicsNotes 2023-09-12 | In this video we show how to use heat shrink sleeving or tubing as well as discovering what it is and the applications for which it can be used.Heat shrink sleeving may be called by a number of names including heat shrink sleeving, heat shrink tubing, electrical heat shrink, and many other names.Whatever the name used, the heat shrink is a tube or sleeve which can be placed over anything that needs a cover or insulation.Heat shrink sleeving or tubing can be used for a variety of purposes: insulation, protection against wear, protection against chemicals (although it does not give a perfect seal, and it can be used as an ident, to identify a wire in a wiring loom, cable etc, where different coloured sleeving can be used for the different wires. It can also be decorative, or used for a variety of household jobs.There are different types of sleeving, but the type most commonly used is made from a polyolefin material and it shrinks at around 120 - 125C. Shrink ratios can be around 2:1 or even 3:1, so when selecting it to go over a wire, etc, make sure it will shrink to provide a tight fit.A variety of methods can be used to shrink the heat shrink sleeving. In a commercial or manufacturing environment a heat gun would be used. Sadly hair dryers will not normally shrink the sleeving. So at home, a soldering iron can be placed just under the sleeving and its heat will shrink the sleeving. Be careful not to let the soldering iron touch the sleeve otherwise it may burn it. Alternatively a small stove gas lighter or cigarette lighter can be used. Just play the flam over the heat shrink sleeve gently being careful not to burn the sleeve or melt the adjoining wires.As with any flame or heat source, care must be taken when using it.More information about how to use heat shrink sleeving can be found at: electronics-notes.com/articles/constructional_techniques/hints_and_tips/how-to-use-heatshrink-sleeving.phpMore ideas about electronics manufacture and construction techniques: electronics-notes.com/articles/constructional_techniquesWebsite homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
How to Straighten Bent & Kinked Connecting Wire - the easy way ElectronicsNotes 2023-08-22 | In this video I show you a very easy, quick and cheap way to straighten bent and kinked wire that may have come out of the junk electronics components box.Often when building an electronics project or circuit, a piece of connecting wire may be needed and the only place it can be found is in the spares box or some other place where it has been used before and it is bent and kinked.Removing the bends and kinks in the electronics project connecting wire is very easy and requires only the use of a screwdriver. It brings many advantages in terms of being able to re-use connecting wire in an electronics project that might otherwise be re-usable, it reduces the cost because it means that new connecting wire does not have to be bought when building the electronic circuit design, and it is also more ecologically friendly because it means that less wire goes to waste.By simply straightening the connecting wire the electronics project being built can look very much neater and far more presentable.Although the straightened wire is often left with a slight bend, this is no more than would be present if it were taken straight from a reel.If it is needed totally straight, then it can be gently run over the screwdriver shank as shown in the video.This method of straightening wire for an electronics, or other project is very easy and doesn't cost a penny.More information about removing the bends and kinks from interconnecting wire can be found at: electronics-notes.com/articles/constructional_techniques/hints_and_tips/how-to-straighten-kinked-wire.phpMore ideas about electronics manufacture and construction techniques: electronics-notes.com/articles/constructional_techniquesWebsite homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Useful Electronics Breadboard System ElectronicsNotes 2023-07-31 | In this video we describe a very useful electronics breadboard system that can be used for quickly connecting up an electronics circuit.Often it is necessary to connect a number of electronic components together to make a circuit, and when there is no real need to make a printed circuit board for a prototype, etc, an electronics breadboard system is very useful.One useful example or an electronics breadboard system I found came as an electronics experimenters kit. From a company called Elegoo it is called the Elegoo Electronics Fun Kit, Upgraded.The main component of the kit or electronics breadboard system is the breadboard itself and this has holes into which components can be slotted. The horizontal rows along the top and bottom are all connected together and they are for the power rails. but between these are some vertical rows that can be used for the heart of the circuit.In addition to the electronics breadboard itself the kit contains many other electronic components. There is a good selection of resistors and capacitors as well as a few transistors, diodes, etc. There are some sounders, LEDs including an RGB LED, switch buttons, a precision thermometer, etc.Along with these are some connecting wires and a power supply regulator module that enables an unregulated 9V supply to be used and regulated down to 5V or 3.3V, which is aprticaulrly useful for logic and other circuits. Be careful to make sure this plugs into the strip-board so that the supplies are the correct way round -ve to -ve, and +ve to +ve, etc.The Elego Electronics Fun Kit can be obtained from Amazon: amzn.to/3O5qQEW(Note: Electronics Notes receives a small commission at no cost to you from any sales)Discover the various options for breadboarding electronic circuits: electronics-notes.com/articles/constructional_techniques/building-electronic-circuits/how-to-build-electronic-circuits-prototypes-hookups.phpFind out more about electronics circuit design: electronics-notes.com/articles/analogue_circuitsWebsite homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
How to Make Twisted Pair Cable Very Easily ElectronicsNotes 2023-07-18 | This video details a very easy way to make professional long and performing twisted pair cable or twisted pair wire and what's more it costs next to nothing and only takes a couple of minutes.Twisted wire cable is often used to keep wires tidy by keeping pairs of them together - it prevents too many wires crossing a workspace, or in an electronics project.Probably more importantly twisted wire cable reduces the amount of stray pick up and radiation. As the wires are kept together, the fields around them cancel out and as a result the level of radiation and pickup is considerably reduced.In this video, I show you how to make very good looking twisted wire cable from ordinary wires that may be available in the wire rack, the junk box, or wherever. It only takes a few minutes as you will see.Using a simple anchor point and a drill, either and electric drill or a hand drill, it is possible to make professional looking twisted pair wire cable.In the video I also provide some extra top tips to help make sure that the twisted wire cable is right for what you need.More information about making twisted pair cable can be found at: electronics-notes.com/articles/constructional_techniques/hints_and_tips/how-to-make-twisted-pair-wire.phpMore ideas about electronics manufacture and construction techniques: electronics-notes.com/articles/constructional_techniquesWebsite homepage: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Understanding Ceramic Capacitors: Disc Ceramic MLCC SMT #capacitors #ceramiccapacitors ElectronicsNotes 2023-07-11 | This video provides the essential information about ceramic capacitors revealing their key specifications, characteristics, dielectrics, and other interesting and essential information.Ceramic capacitors form the mainstay of many electronic circuit designs. The leaded versions of these electronic components have a number slightly different formats, but in most cases they are reasonably similar. The surface mount versions are widely used in mass produced equipment. These SMT capacitors are very cheap and easy to manufacture and are seen on almost every mass produced printed circuit board assembly.The performance of the ceramic capacitors mean that these electronic components are ideal in a huge number of electronic circuit design applications. They are ideal for general decoupling and interstage coupling situations and they are also ideal for many RF designs. Their characteristics mean that they have low levels of spurious inductance, especially the surface mount capacitors. Often the SMT capacitors are used for frequencies up into the microwave region making them ideal for many wireless and other systems.More information about ceramic capacitors can be found at: electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/capacitors/ceramic-dielectric-types-c0g-x7r-z5u-y5v.phpCapacitor codes and markings: electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/capacitors/capacitor-codes-markings.phpUnderstanding the different types of capacitor: electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/capacitors/capacitor-types.phpAssociated website: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Inside a 1920s Vintage Radio: GECoPHONE BC2830 ElectronicsNotes 2023-06-20 | Have you ever wondered about the technology used for vintage radios or antique radios from the 1920s.Here's your chance to look inside a genuine TRF or tuned radio frequency radio that was launched in 1925. A true vintage radio or wireless set using real vacuum tubes or valvesThis GECoPHONE BC2830 was the latest in technology when it was launched. Using three valves or vacuum tubes it was able to provide top level performance for its day - the superhet radio had not yet become commonplace.It was battery powered as the valves of the day used directly heated cathodes, etc. It also had a control called an "Intensifier" to provide additional gain. This would be called a reaction or regeneration control. Feedback was applied in the detector stage and by advancing the feedback more gain and selectivity were achieved, but as the point of oscillation was approached, the signal would become more distorted, and when it broke into oscillation, the output consisted of a whistle and distortion.The internal construction of this old tube radio or wireless set is magnificent and the tuning or selector control was a mechanical wonder.The wire wound resistors mentioned in the video are 2 Ohm resistors - there are some capacitors that could be mistaken for wire wound resistors. These are not visible in the shots taken. They were quite interesting but very unusual. They were made by taking a metal rod was covering it with a thin layer of insulation and then winding a coil of tinned copper wire. The turns were soldered together along one side to make them non-inductive. One connection was made to the metal rod and the other to the winding layer. These capacitors were used extensively in many early GECoPHONE sets including a GECoPHONE crystal set I have.Overall this was a magnificent valve radio set, and although the technology would be overtaken ion only a few years, it would have provided excellent service in its day.More information about the GECoPHONE BC2830 antique valve radio: electronics-notes.com/articles/history/radio-receivers/gecophone-bc2830-vintage-radio.phpMore information about vintage radios in general: electronics-notes.com/articles/history/radio-receivers/classic-vintage-radio-receivers.phpCheck out the Electronics Notes website: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Understanding Ceramic Capacitor Dielectrics: codes, classes, C0G, X7R . . ElectronicsNotes 2023-06-07 | This video explains the secrets about ceramic capacitor dielectrics and their codes or designations.Ceramic capacitors are the most common form of in use in electronic circuits today, but their dielectrics and designations are not widely understood. Designations such as C0G, X7R, Y5V and many others are often seen, but their means are not widely understood. In this video we explain all the information that is needed to be able to decode the performance expected.We provide the information about the two main classes of dielectric used these days, explaining the rationale behind the coding and giving examples. We reveal the types of circuit application for C0G or NP0, Y5V, X7R and the like.In the video, we also provide information about some of the typical uses for the various types of capacitor so that it is possible to understand which type to use in a given position in a circuit design. Where might a C0G capacitor be used, or where an X7R one of a Y5V ceramic capacitor might be ideal.More information about ceramic capacitors including the various dielectrics and their designations as well as the tables can be found at: electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/capacitors/ceramic-dielectric-types-c0g-x7r-z5u-y5v.phpGeneral information about capacitor codes and markings: electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/capacitors/capacitor-codes-markings.phpUnderstanding the different types of capacitor: electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/capacitors/capacitor-types.phpAssociated website: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Understanding Square Waves in Electronic Circuits ElectronicsNotes 2023-05-26 | Square waves are found in many electronic circuits, and it is important to understand them so that any issues arising from the circuits using them can be resolved quickly and effectively.Square waves are seen in very many electronic circuits. Although the term square wave describes a very specific waveform, they can be considered as part of a more generic waveform called a rectangular waveform or even a digital waveform.Find out all about the characteristics of square waves in this video: aspects including their time period, frequency, rise time, etc.It is also important to understand how the amplitude of a square wave is measured and the limits required for logic circuits and why a voltage window is used for the high and low states. An example is given for the 5V TTL logic series showing how the windows fort he input and output are different to ensure that the high and low states of the square wave, rectangular wave, etc, are properly defined.Even find out how square waves consist of a series of sine waves of with harmonics at odd multiples of the fundamental.Also check out or top tips when using square waves in electronic circuits: some of the pitfalls, and issues that need to be thought about.For more information about waveforms check out our web page: electronics-notes.com/articles/basic_concepts/electronic-electrical-waveforms/square-waveform-rectangular-pulsed.phpCheck out the Electronics Notes website: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1And please don't forget to "like" the video
Morse Code SOS: true facts; what it sounds like #morsecode #SOS ElectronicsNotes 2023-05-16 | Here is the unmistakable sound of the Morse Code SOS distress signal: three dots, three dashes and three dots.This distress signal or distress message is very well known - it is known globally, but what is less well known is that the signal should not be sent as S O S, but as a single character . . . _ _ _ . . . When the SOS signal is sent as a single character it has a very different sound to when the letters are sent individually.The SOS signal was chosen because the character could not be confused with other Morse code procedural characters, and it was very distinctive.When it was introduced, the letters SOS were used to signify it, but it could just as easily have been IWD, 3V and a number of other combinations, but SOS is the most memorable.Also the letters do not stand for anything, although many people liked to think it stood for "Save Our Ship" or "Save Our Souls" but this was not the case.For more fascinating information about the Morse code SOS distress signal, Morse Morse code, etc there are links below:Morse code SOS message: electronics-notes.com/articles/history/morse-code-telegraph/morse-code-sos-distress-message.phpWhat is Morse Code: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/what-is-the-morse-code.phpLearning Morse code: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/learn-practice-tutorial.phpAssociated website: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Electrolytic Capacitor Markings: how to interpret them & what they mean ElectronicsNotes 2023-04-29 | Discover the meaning of the markings & codes that are found on electrolytic capacitors, and understand how they may affect any electronic circuit designs.Electrolytic capacitors a have a variety of markings on them that give away a lot about them and its really important to understand them There are many types of electrolytic capacitor from small to large, but they all have markings on them showing which way they should be used in a circuit, and what their value and other specifications might be.These markings provide information about the polarity (electrolytics are polarised capacitors and need to be used with the correct orientation), value, working voltage, temperature range, tolerance and even the maximum ripple current.Knowing what the various markings are and what they mean can ensure that the right capacitor is inserted in the right place in a circuit, and with the correct orientation. It is essential for anyone associated with electronics hardware to be able to understand these markings and codes.Although there are many types of electrolytic capacitor: aluminium electrolytic, tantalum, etc, the type that is most often used is the aluminium electrolytic capacitor. Often the term electrolytic capacitor is used to refer to this type.More information about electrolytic capacitors can be found at: electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/capacitors/electrolytic.phpCapacitor codes and markings: electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/capacitors/capacitor-codes-markings.phpAssociated website: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
What do Common Electronic Waveforms Sound Like: sine, square, triangle, sawtooth ElectronicsNotes 2023-04-25 | There are various common basic waveforms used in electronic circuits: sine wave, square wave, triangular wave, and the sawtooth or ramp waveform.When these are listened to or hear these common waveforms sound very different, but al have their distinctive sounds.The sine wave sounds very round and musically has little interest. This is because it does not have the richness of any harmonics - it consists simply of the fundamental as shown on the spectrum analyser screen output.The square wave is rich in harmonics and it sounds quite harsh, but musically more interesting.The triangular waveform sounds more rounded than the square wave, but has more interest musically than a sine wave.Both versions of the sawtooth waveform sound very similar, and quite 'electronic' in their sound. They have a high content of harmonics because the sharp rise and fall of one of the edges means that this waveform is rich in harmonics.For more information about waveforms head over to our web page: electronics-notes.com/articles/basic_concepts/electronic-electrical-waveforms/waveform-types-basics-sine-square-triangle-ramp.phpLong form video of waveform sounds: youtu.be/MrZ6E_HWB7UOur website URL is: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Learning Morse Code: Numbers Practice ElectronicsNotes 2023-04-20 | When learning Morse code, it is essential to practice so that the sound of the numbers is learned. By learning the rhythm and sound of the code rather than the visual dots and dashes, it is possible to read the Morse code numbers far more easily and very much faster.By learning the Morse code numbers in this way, it is far easier to directly read the incoming message and write it down.This video has been prepared to provide the Morse code practice "on-the-go" and available through a mobile phone to enable learning the Morse code numbers.Repeatedly listening to the sounds and associating them with the numbers will help learn Morse code much faster and more easily.There are plenty of resources available for learning Morse code and there are more Morse code practice videos available through Electronics Notes, as well as guidance on our website.Shorts Practice Morse Code Letters: youtube.com/shorts/l1Dk4w-otAw?feature=sharePractice receiving Morse code letters (1) : youtu.be/6PRY-LczCB4Practice receiving Morse code numbers (2): youtu.be/ywiJWSdO1r4Practice receiving Morse code letters (random order (3): youtu.be/Ple8n-NmS1APractice receiving Morse code numbers (random order) (4): youtu.be/VftVLNMuLrIPractice receiving Morse code letters (random order no indication of letters on the video, but instead in the description field for checking) (5): youtu.be/7ZX2cLjAAYMMore details about learning Morse Code can be found at: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/learn-practice-tutorial.phpWhat is the Morse code: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/what-is-the-morse-code.phpAssociated website: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Learning Morse Code: Letters Practice ElectronicsNotes 2023-04-18 | When learning Morse code, it is essential to practice so that the sound of the characters is learned. By learning the rhythm and sound of the code rather than the dots and dashes, it is possible to read the Morse code much more easily and far faster.By learning the sound of the letters in Morse code rather than the dots and dashes as they are written, it is far easier to later transcribe an incoming Morse code message than having to work out the dots and dashes.This video has been prepared to provide the Morse code practice "on-the-go" and available through a mobile phone to enable learning the letters of the alphabet.Repeatedly listening to the sounds and associating them with the letters will help learn Morse code much faster and more easily.There are plenty of resources available for learning Morse code and there are more Morse code practice videos available through Electronics Notes, as well as guidance on our website.Practice receiving Morse code letters (1) : youtu.be/6PRY-LczCB4Practice receiving Morse code numbers (2): youtu.be/ywiJWSdO1r4Practice receiving Morse code letters (random order (3): youtu.be/Ple8n-NmS1APractice receiving Morse code numbers (random order) (4): youtu.be/VftVLNMuLrIPractice receiving Morse code letters (random order no indication of letters on the video, but instead in the description field for checking) (5): youtu.be/7ZX2cLjAAYMMore details about learning Morse Code can be found at: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/learn-practice-tutorial.phpWhat is the Morse code: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/what-is-the-morse-code.phpAssociated website: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
The Sound of Morse Code (with interference, noise & fading) ElectronicsNotes 2023-04-15 | Check out the what a real message might sound like on Morse code. This is effectively a Morse code sound effect, with interference, noise and fading - this is how a real signal might be copied on the short wave bands.Fading, interference and noise are experienced on virtually every signal on the short wave bands, and this Morse code sound effect shows just how it might sound.For many years Morse code was used over the radio because it provided a very effective way of sending messages for ships, for the military and for general communications as well as for radio amateurs.The Morse code sound is easy to copy, even at very low levels and this was one of its major advantages. In fact, Morse code sounds can be heard on various sections of the short wave bands tot his day.The Morse code message sent on this shorts video reads "This is a Morse Code message"For more fascinating information about the Morse code sounds and sound effects, etc there are links below:What is Morse Code: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/what-is-the-morse-code.phpMorse code SOS distress message: electronics-notes.com/articles/history/morse-code-telegraph/morse-code-sos-distress-message.phpLearning Morse code: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/learn-practice-tutorial.phpAssociated website: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Morse Code Sounds & Sound Effects ElectronicsNotes 2023-04-13 | We are all used to hearing the sound of Morse code emanating for a radio. The Morse code sound can be that of a tone that changes in pitch as the radio is tuned around the radio morse code signal. The sound effect of the Morse code is soemthing that is often heard on films or movies, etc.Or the Morse code sound can be a constant tone. The Morse code signal can have interference, and in fact this is more normal. The Morse code sound may also be heard to fad in and out as the radio propagation conditions change. This makes the overall Morse code sound effect more realistic. However Morse code wasn't always sent over a radio, but it was used with a wired telegraph system. When used int his way an item known as a sounder was used. This was basically an electromagnet that was pulled in and out with the dots and dashes of the code.The Morse code sound effect for this was very different and it consisted of clicks and clacks as the electromagnet moved the arm up and down.In this way there were many different Morse code sound effects and they were dependent upon the technology with which the Morse code was used.For more fascinating information about the Morse code sounds and sound effects, etc there are links below:What is Morse Code: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/what-is-the-morse-code.phpMorse code SOS distress message: electronics-notes.com/articles/history/morse-code-telegraph/morse-code-sos-distress-message.phpLearning Morse code: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/learn-practice-tutorial.phpAssociated website: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
Morse Code SOS Signal: Facts, Fiction ElectronicsNotes 2023-04-11 | There are many stories, about the Morse code signal, some of which are true and others untrue: facts and fiction. This video details the SOS message and aims to unravel the mysteries associated with the SOS signal, how it should be sent, how it came about and some of the history. We want to separate the facts from the fiction.Initially introduced in 1905 and then ratified as the international standard for a distress signal for use from 1908, it was slow to catch on with the Titanic using both old and new distress messages when it sank in 1912.The when sending the SOS signal, it should not be sent as three letters, S, then O and then S. Instead it is a signal consisting of three short, three long and three short transmissions. The signal was devices because it could not easily be confused with other procedural and other signals.As a result, the letters SOS may often be seen with an over-line, i.e. a line above it to signify this.Also it was not chosen to signify anything. Although it may be romantic to think it might stand for Save Our Ship or Save Our Souls, this is not the case.For more fascinating information about the Morse code SOS distress signal, the SOS sound effect, Morse Morse code, etc there are links below:Morse code SOS distress message: electronics-notes.com/articles/history/morse-code-telegraph/morse-code-sos-distress-message.phpWhat is Morse Code: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/what-is-the-morse-code.phpLearning Morse code: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/learn-practice-tutorial.phpAssociated website: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
What is Morse Code: All You Need to Know ElectronicsNotes 2023-03-28 | This video describes what Morse code is including, how it works, and where was used and where it is used today. It contains some fascinating information: all you need to know.Morse code is a really important form of code and it's essentially an early form of digital or data code used for sending messages. You may think it was ahead of its time and in many ways it was.The Morse system has been in used since 1844 when the first demonstration line was set up between Baltimore and Washington DC in the USA. This makes it one of the oldest electrical data codes and it is still in use to this day.The Morse code system keys or turns a signal on an off - it is this simplicity that gives it many advantages. Each character is made up of a series of long or short "ON" periods. These can be built up to make characters and then messages.Originally Morse code was used with wire telegraph systems. A Morse key with a battery was used at one end and when the key was pressed down it caused a current to flow in the wire and then at the far end a sounder sounded and the message could be read.Although the original Morse keys look very similar to the "straight" keys used today there have been developments in terms of electronic keyers that can be used to make high speed operation easier.Originally Morse code was used with landline telegraph systems, but when radio was invented, Morse code was ideal for sending messages over the air. It was much simpler to turn a transmission on and off than modulate it with a sound. Also Morse code signals could be copied at much lower signal strengths or when there was more interference around.This was one of the reasons Morse code was used for carrying all sorts of radio messages. As a result it was not only used for carrying ship to shore and many other messages but it was also widely used for military communications, especially in the second world war.Today, with other digital or data codes generated by computers being used for many forms of resilient high speed commercial communications, Morse is used in relatively few areas: mainly by a few select groups including radio amateurs, but is still a very effective form of communication.Looking at the code itself, it consists of a number of what are called dots and dashes. A dot is one unit long and a dash is three units long. The space between any adjacent dots and dashes in one character is one dot length.The spacing between letters is three dot lengths, i.e. time equal to a dash, and the spacing between words is seven. It is really important to keep the lengths and spacings all correct as this makes the Morse code much easier to read.For more fascinating information about the Morse code, Morse keys and the general topic of the Morse telegraph there are links below:What is Morse Code: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/what-is-the-morse-code.phpLearning Morse code: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/learn-practice-tutorial.phpHistory of Morse keys: electronics-notes.com/articles/history/morse-code-telegraph/morse-key-development.phpAssociated website: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
The Surprising History of the Morse Telegraph: the facts you didnt know ElectronicsNotes 2023-03-14 | There are many surprising facts about the development of the Morse telegraph and even Morse code. Often it is easy to overlook the interesting history behind the Morse telegraph system and the people who invented and developed it.First of all, Morse himself. His name was Samuel Morse and it is surprising to note that he was primarily an artist - a portrait painter and another surprising fact is that he was probably the foremost portrait painter from North America, and he has paintings in the White House.The idea for a communications system using electricity and some electromechanical elements came to Morse when he was returning from a visit from the US to Europe where he had been wanting to learn more about the European style of art.The return journey across the Atlantic in those days too around a month and in it he met other passengers and discussed various topics. It was with one passenger to discussed the new science of electricity and magnetism and this sparked some ideas in Morse's mind.On his return he worked on his now idea, but needed to take on some associates to broaden the expertise available.One was Alfred Vail and it is surprising to note that it was probably he who invented the Morse key, so should it really be called a Vail key.The original concept for the Morse telegraph was to use a machine called an inker, marker or register that used a clockwork mechanism to drive a paper tape past an electromagnetically operated pen that would ink the paper tape in line with the dots and dashes of the Morse code message - this could be manually deciphered later.It is surprising to note that operators became so used to the sound of the clicks and clacks that they did not need the paper tape as the could decipher the code from the sounds. As a result sounders - electromagnets operated by the Morse signals were normally used.As American Morse telegraphists were normally itinerant and took their own keys with them, these often had a sounder with the key on a wooden base - these were often called Key-on-Base, or KOB assemblies.For more surprising information about the Morse code, Morse keys and the general topic of the Morse telegraph there are links below:Samuel Morse: electronics-notes.com/articles/history/morse-code-telegraph/samuel-morse-biography-invention.phpDevelopment of the Morse telegraph: electronics-notes.com/articles/history/morse-code-telegraph/telegraph-history.phpHistory of Morse keys: electronics-notes.com/articles/history/morse-code-telegraph/morse-key-development.phpLearning Morse code: electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/morse_code/learn-practice-tutorial.phpAssociated website: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1
The Surprising History of the LED: the amazing facts you didnt know ElectronicsNotes 2023-03-08 | If we look back at the development of the LED is it surprising when the various elements came together and when the first LED effects were noticed.Today we all use LEDs for a multitude of things: LED lamps for electronic equipment, LED alphanumeric displays, backlighting in TVs and of course LED lighting.LEDs, the indicator lamps were announced in 1962 in the UK and also in the USA. This work built on the foundations of semiconductor technology: transistor developed in later 1940s, the FET later, etc.But all of this work built on previous technology developments of diodes used in the 1940s for radars and before that theoretical particle physics of the 1920s and 1930s.However a little known Russian engineer named Oleg Vladimirovich Losov did a lot of work looking at the characteristics of the light emitting effect, plotting IV curves, looking at spectra and publishing some of his results. However most of his work was lost in the Second World War in the Nazi seige of Leningrad.However this was not the first observation of the light emitting diode effect. A British engineer named henry Round, H J Round did a lot of work on radio technology of the day and noticed the effect when he was looking at crystal detectors. A later version is seen on this 1crystal set radio from about 1923.Writing in 1907 to a British journal named Electrical World he noted: Sirs:- During an investigation of the unsymmetrical passage of current through a contact of carborundum and other substances a curious phenomenon was noted. On applying a potential of 10 volts between two points on a crystal of carborundum, the crystal gave out a yellowish light. Only one or two specimens could be found which gave a bright glow on such a low voltage, but with 11 volts a large number could be found to glow. In some crystals only the edges gave the light and others gave instead a yellow light, green orange or blue. In all cases tested the glow appears to come from the negative pole, a bright blue-green spark appearing at the positive pole. And he concluded:The writer would be glad of references to any published account of an investigation of this or any allied phenomena.H. J. RoundSo this was probably the first account of the Light Emitting Diode, LED effect.For more information check out our web pages:History of the LED:electronics-notes.com/articles/history/semiconductors/light-emitting-diode-led-history.phpH J Round:electronics-notes.com/articles/history/pioneers/captain-h-j-round.phpLED technologyelectronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/diode/light-emitting-diode-led.phpAssociated website: electronics-notes.comPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1And please don't forget to "like" the video
What is a Potential Divider or Voltage Divider Circuit #potentialdivider #resistors #circuitdesign ElectronicsNotes 2022-11-08 | The potential divider or voltage divider is very straightforward, but very useful and it's found in a large number of electronic circuits.As the name implies the potential divider or voltage divider divides the potential or voltage at the input to give a lower output voltage. It divides it down according to the value of the resistors.In its simplest form it consists of two resistors in series. As the same current flows through both resistors the voltage drop across them is in the same ratio as the value of each resistor.This means the output voltage can be calculated from the formula Vout = Vin (R2 / R1 + R2). The output voltage is the value of bottom resistor in the circuit diagram divided by the total resistance of the chain times the input voltage.In this way it divides the input voltage down to a lower value.The circuit can also be used with a component like a light dependent resistor so that any resistance variations caused by light changes are converted to a varying voltage. It is found that if the LDR is placed in the lower section of the chain, then the voltage across it will fall with increasing light levels as the resistance of an LDR falls when the light increases.For more information check out our web page:electronics-notes.com/articles/basic_concepts/voltage/voltage-potential-divider.phpAssociated website: electronics-notes.comCheck our full longer video in standard format on the potential divider: youtu.be/8ZjYM0dcc9cPlease don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel: youtube.com/electronicsnotes?sub_confirmation=1And please don't forget to "like" the video
