The Pi Cast (3/26) Oscar Vermeulen: PiDP8 and PiDP10 and the history of DEC Computers Toms Hardware 2024-03-27 | From the 1960s, the PDP8 and PDP10 were common sights in industry and educational computing departments, but did you know that you can build your own replica using the humble Raspberry Pi? We're joined by Oscar Vermeulen to talk about these kits and the history of these classic pieces of computing history. https://www.ceds.dev/pidp-8
The Pi Cast (4/2): GurgleApps announce their latest product Toms Hardware 2024-04-02 | Returning guests GurgleApps have been tinkering with the Raspberry Pi Pico W and have launched their latest product. We talk to them about this, and their may other projects. gurgleapps.com/reviews/electronics/wifi-controlled-color-word-clock-kit-micropython
The Pi Cast (3/19): Have a chat with The Pi Cast team Toms Hardware 2024-03-20 | There is no guest this week, but that gives us a great opportunity to chat about a plethora of new Raspberry Pi 5 products which dropped through Les' letterbox last week. The gorgeous all aluminum DeSalvo Galactic case for the Raspberry Pi 5 Cytron's Edu Pico and Maker Uno RP2040. Ash ash some great projects for us to talk about. Join us and ask your questions live to the team!
The Pi Cast (3/12) StoRPer modular robot kit for Raspberry Pi Pico Toms Hardware 2024-03-13 | This week we have Jo Hinchliffe aka Concretedog on the show to talk about their new Raspberry Pi Pico powered robotics platform StoRPer. tomshardware.com/raspberry-pi/raspberry-pi-pico-drives-storper-modular-diy-robot-rover Join us and ask your questions directly to our guest and your hosts Avram Piltch, Ash Hill, and Les Pounder.
The Pi Cast (3/5): Creating Raspberry Pi Audio Projects with Alan Boris Toms Hardware 2024-03-06 | What have an old hi-fi radio separate and a VHS cassette got in common? Both of these products have been hacked by our guest, Alan Boris, with a Raspberry Pi! Join us as we learn how to build audiophile projects using our favorite single board computer tomshardware.com/raspberry-pi/raspberry-pi-transforms-old-radio-into-audiophile-grade-network-music-streamer tomshardware.com/raspberry-pi/this-raspberry-pi-composite-video-players-fits-inside-a-vhs-tape
The Pi Cast (2/27): Raspberry Pi 12th Birthday Special Toms Hardware 2024-02-28 | The Raspberry Pi is 12 (or is it 3?) on February 29 and we take a look back through Les' museum of Raspberry Pis and talk about the features that each model introduced. We go all the way back to the very fist Raspberry Pi, with a meagre 256MB of RAM and a single core 700 Mhz, all the way to the 8GB Raspberry Pi 5 with its quad-core 2.4 GHz CPU.
The Pi Cast (2/20): PiCamera 2 Web UI with James Mitchell Toms Hardware 2024-02-21 | This week we learn how to control any Raspberry Pi camera using a web interface for PiCamera 2. youtube.com/watch?v=K_pSdu5fv1M Raspberry Pi expert James Mitchell shows us how he created the project and demonstrates how to use it live on the show!
The Pi Cast (2/13): Have a chat with The Pi Cast team Toms Hardware 2024-02-14 | There is no guest this week, but that gives us a great opportunity to chat about a plethora of new Raspberry Pi 5 products which dropped through Les' letterbox last week. New cases, cooling and power supply for the flagship Raspberry Pi. Join us and ask your questions live to the team!
The Pi Cast (2/6): Guy Duponts ThinkPad TrackPoint light switch and other Pico projects Toms Hardware 2024-02-07 | Maker Guy Dupont joins us to talk about an eclectic range of Raspberry Pi Pico powered projects. A trackpoint light switch tomshardware.com/raspberry-pi/thinkpad-nubbin-controlled-dimmer-light-uses-raspberry-pi-rp2040-and-esp32 A mailbox for mobile notifications tomshardware.com/raspberry-pi/raspberry-pi-mailbox-push-notifications A lunchbox that prints real menus from restaurant QR codes tomshardware.com/news/esp-32-lunchbox-prints-qr-code-menus A Stranger things inspired telephone prop tomshardware.com/news/raspberry-pi-stranger-things-phone Join us and ask Dupont your questions live on the show!
The Pi Cast (1/30): Bluetooth on the Raspberry Pi Pico W with Kev McAleer Toms Hardware 2024-01-31 | We're feeling a bit blue this January. We don't understand how to use Bluetooth on the Raspberry Pi Pico W with MicroPython. So who ya gonna call? Kev McAleer of course! Join us live and learn how to use Bluetooth with MicroPython on the Raspberry Pi Pico W.
The Pi Cast (1/23) Pi Wars 2024 Toms Hardware 2024-01-24 | This week we've got the Pi Wars team on the show to talk about their preparations for the 2024 event. How do you plan a large event in 2024? What courses will the robots face? Which Raspberry Pi can be used? We ask all of these questions, and more to our special guests. Join us live and ask your questions directly to our guests.
The Pi Cast (1/16) Hacker Twins Jeff and Mark Rosenberg Toms Hardware 2024-01-17 | Here at The Pi Cast we love robots, and the Hacker Twins Jeff and Mark Rosenberg present their latest tripedal creation, along with more of their Pi-based projects. Join us and ask your questions directly to the Hacker Twins.
The Pi Cast (1/9): PyScript with Nicholas Tollervey Toms Hardware 2024-01-10 | Have you ever wanted to run Python code in HTML? With PyScript you can do just that! We have Nicholas Tollervey on the show to talk about this clever framework which aims to bring Python to your webpage. Join us live and ask our guest all of your Python questions!
Nvidia RTX 4070 Super FE Unboxing Toms Hardware 2024-01-09 | Reviews • Best Picks • Unboxing SUBSCRIBE to the Tom's Hardware YouTube channel → http://www.shorturl.at/fzCV5Twitter→ http://twitter.com/tomshardwareFacebook→ http://www.facebook.com/tomshardwarePinterest→ http://www.pinterest.com/tomshardwareCommunity Forums→ forums.tomshardware.comTom's Hardware is the leading destination for tech enthusiasts of all skill levels. Whether you're building a PC, buying a laptop or learning how to create robots with your kids, #TomsHardware has comprehensive editorial resources and a vibrant expert community to help you on your journey.
The Pi Cast (12/19) Pimoroni Yukon with Dr Chris Parrott Toms Hardware 2023-12-20 | Returning guest Dr Chris Parrott (left of photo) joins us to talk about Pimoroni Yukon, a project that is dear to the good doctors heart. Pimroni Yukon harnesses the power of the RP2040 into a module platform for robotics, advanced RGB and prop use. Dr Parrott has been teasing this project for months, we've seen one in the flesh back in July, but now we have one on the bench and we can't wait to chat with Dr Parrott about what it can do. Join us and ask your questions live.
The Pi Cast (12/12) Pineberry Pi NVMe Hat Drives Toms Hardware 2023-12-13 | This week we have the founders of Pineberry Pi, Michał Gapiński and Mirosław Folejewski on the show to talk about their new Hat Drives. The Hat Drives are compatible with the Raspberry Pi 5 and provide NVMe SSD via the new PCIe interface. We chat with the founders and learn more about this project. Join us and ask your questions live!
The Pi Cast (12/5) Pimoronis NVMe Base Toms Hardware 2023-12-06 | This week we've got team Pimoroni on the show to talk about its latest Raspberry Pi add-on, NVMe Base. Designed for the Raspberry Pi 5, this board brings NVMe storage to the platform via the Raspberry Pi 5's PCIe connector. We'll be learning more about this new board, and other NVMe boards during the show. Ask your questions directly to Pimoroni and learn more about this interesting new add-on.
The Pi Cast (11/21) Building A Giant Tetris With Dr David Pride Toms Hardware 2023-11-22 | Is there a doctor in the house? Returning guest Dr Pride joins us with a new Raspberry Pi and LED based project which recreates Tetris on a big scale. How did Dr Pride accomplish this project, and did he have any help? We will find out! Join us live and ask your questions directly to our guest and your hosts.
The Pi Cast (11/14): Andy-Stanford-Clark Toms Hardware 2023-11-15 | Join us to talk to distinguished IBM Master Inventor Andy Stanford-Clark. Stanford-Clark co-created the MQTT protocol, loves Raspberry Pi and has even helped bring a dinosaur island to life (not that one!) with Professor Lucy Rogers and a gang of makers. Join us live and learn more about Stanford-Clark's career and how he uses the Raspberry Pi.
The Pi Cast (11/7): Raspberry Pi 5 Shenanigans With Jeff Geerling Toms Hardware 2023-11-08 | The person leading the charge for attaching PCIe devices to the Raspberry Pi 5 and Compute Module 4 is clearly Jeff Geerling. Geerling (or Red Shirt Jeff) joins us to talk PCIe on the Raspberry Pi 5, and for a general chat about the new flagship Raspberry Pi. Join us live and ask your questions directly to Geerling.
The Pi Cast (10/31) Pimoronis Spooky New Pi Products Toms Hardware 2023-11-01 | ##UK Viewers: We'll be at 6pm for this week only## This episode is all treat and no tricks! We're joined by Phil, John and Paul from Pimoroni and we'll be talking about new products for the Raspberry Pi 5, PicoVision and perhaps something else... Join us and ask your questions live during the show.
The Pi Cast (10/24): James Adams Talks Raspberry Pi 5 Toms Hardware 2023-10-25 | Raspberry Pi's Chief Operating Officer James Adams joins us to celebrate the launch of the Raspberry Pi 5 and to answer your burning questions on the latest flagship Raspberry Pi. We'll be talking specs, PCIe and the GPIO with Adams, along with our usual mix of projects and news.
The Pi Cast (10/17) Ubuntu 23.10 on the Raspberry Pi 5 with Dave Jones Toms Hardware 2023-10-18 | Special guest Dave Jones from Canonical joins us to talk about the Ubuntu 23.10 on the Raspberry Pi 5.
The Pi Cast (10/10): Martin Parkers Chicken McNugget Location System Toms Hardware 2023-10-11 | Not to be out done by Doom on a Chicken McNugget, Martin Parker has hollowed out the shell of a plastic McDonald's "Tetris" toy to create a means to locate the nearest source of Chicken McNuggets. The serious part of this project is the Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W powering a small LCD screen and GPS board. An onboard LiPo battery and charge controller make this project portable and easily used via the "nuggets" buttons. How did Parker manage this feat of culinary engineering? We'll find out that, and more live on the show.
The Pi Cast (10/3): Kev McAleer Talks Raspberry Pi 5 Toms Hardware 2023-10-04 | It has been a quiet week since the last show, not much has happened really... Well, apart from a new Raspberry Pi! Yes the Raspberry Pi 5 was announced and will be on general sale from October 23. We'll chat to Kev about the Raspberry Pi 5, his interviews with Eben Upton, Jeff Geerling and Christopher Barnatt from Explaining Computers. We will also talk about stock levels, our test results, projects and hacks! Our review: tomshardware.com/reviews/raspberry-pi-5 3 GHZ Overclock: tomshardware.com/news/overclocking-raspberry-pi-5 Live Blog: tomshardware.com/news/live/raspberry-pi-5-launch Join us live!
The Pi Cast (9/26) Max Björverud Introduces Technoframes Toms Hardware 2023-09-27 | This week we are joined by Max Björverud to talk about Technoframes, an interactive art piece that uses the Raspberry Pi and ESP32s to create music. Each frame has a plethora of touch inputs which send data to a Raspberry Pi. These inputs are instruments, and touching them will alter the sounds / beat to produce your own custom music. tomshardware.com/news/raspberry-pi-technoframes-blast-custom-techno-music-when-touched We love this project and can't wait to talk with Max Björverud about it, and their many other projects.
The Pi Cast (9/19): Allie Katzs Cool Maker Projects Toms Hardware 2023-09-20 | Allie from Katz Creates is back with more cool maker projects. 3D printed models of knees, BMOctoprint print servers or a giant LED-encrusted Dynamax Ball to capture Pokemon, Allie has made them all! We'll be talking cool projects with Allie, how to use Raspberry Pi in projects and learn about the many ways that you can be a maker! We'll be taking your questions, live!
The Pi Cast (9/12) Limor Ladyada Fried from Adafruit: Writing Arduino Drivers With AI Toms Hardware 2023-09-13 | Writing libraries to support our favorite microcontrollers is a big task, but what if ChatGPT could lend a hand? Adafruit's own Limor "Ladyada" Fried has tasked ChatGPT to write Arduino drivers in her own style, creating a "mini-Limor" bot to handle the task. We sat down with Fried to talk about how AI can help Adafruit and the wider community to write drivers, and improve workflows. tomshardware.com/news/chatgpt-creates-arduino-drivers-in-the-style-of-adafruits-ladyada Got a project that you'd like Tom's Hardware to feature? Drop an email to les.pounder@futurenet.com and tell us all about it!
The Pi Cast (9/5): Custom Raspberry Pi Cyberdeck with Jorvon Moss Toms Hardware 2023-09-06 | We love cyberdecks and Jorvon Moss' latest Raspberry Pi project brings a circular display to the popular project. Moss is no stranger to The Pi Cast, and last time brought along a plethora of robotic Raspberry Pi companion robots. Join us live and learn more about Moss' many projects.
The Pi Cast (8/29): Raspberry Pi Projects with Dr Footleg Toms Hardware 2023-08-30 | Have you ever wielded a lightsaber made from NeoPixels and 3D printed parts? Ever played a game of battleship with LEDs? Made music with squishy keys? How about remote controlled robots? Our guest, Dr Footleg aka Paul Fretwell has done this and more with many different Raspberry Pi boards, and we have the good Dr on the show to talk about them all and to answer your questions.
The Pi Cast (8/22) Building a Tiny Cyberdeck with Mike Horne Toms Hardware 2023-08-23 | Here at The Pi Cast we love Cyberdecks, especially when they use a Raspberry Pi. Mike Horne has been building his own version (a second Cyberdeck build) inside of a $3 aluminum case using the Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W. Join us and learn more about the project, and ask your questions directly to Horne and your hosts.
The Pi Cast (8/8) Doomed Chicken McNugget with Kev McAleer Toms Hardware 2023-08-09 | Doom will run on anything, right? You can even play Doom, inside of Doom! But what about a McDonald's Happy Meal toy? Well it seems that with a little Raspberry Pi magic, a chicken McNugget can be Doomed!
The Pi Cast (8/1) Turning a Truck Into a Printer with Ryder Damen Toms Hardware 2023-08-02 | Turning a truck into an inkjet printer is the ideal project for a Raspberry Pi, according to its creator Ryder Damen. Yes you read that correctly, Damen has created a printer which squirts water onto the road, in a similar manner to how a printer prints characters to a page. How did he do this, more importantly, why? We'll find out this, and more during the show. tomshardware.com/news/raspberry-pi-truck-printer ##News## Raspberry Pi Supply is all green! tomshardware.com/news/raspberry-pi-supply-improves-where-to-buy ##Reviews## Coming Soon Review: Elecfreaks CM4 XGo Robot Kit - LIVE DEMO ##Pi Projects of the Month## We'll also have a sneak peek of our Raspberry Pi projects of the month. tomshardware.com/features/best-raspberry-pi-projects
Xreal Beam Demo Toms Hardware 2023-07-27 | We used the Nebula app in Windows 11 to invoke the Augmented Reality Desktop. While the YouTube video clip played fine on the Intel NUC 8, it stuttered a bit on the Air glasses using the Augmented Reality Desktop.Reviews • Best Picks • Raspberry PiSUBSCRIBE to the Tom's Hardware YouTube channel → http://www.shorturl.at/fzCV5Twitter→ http://twitter.com/tomshardwareFacebook→ http://www.facebook.com/tomshardwarePinterest→ http://www.pinterest.com/tomshardwareCommunity Forums→ forums.tomshardware.comTom's Hardware is the leading destination for tech enthusiasts of all skill levels. Whether you're building a PC, buying a laptop or learning how to create robots with your kids, #TomsHardware has comprehensive editorial resources and a vibrant expert community to help you on your journey.
The Pi Cast (7/25) Edublocks with Josh Lowe Toms Hardware 2023-07-26 | Learning to code with Python is fun, but it can also be difficult. So how can we help learners moving from blocks to Python? edublocks.org is a block based code editor with a difference, it writes real Python. In fact, it also writes MicroPython and CircuitPython using blocks. We chat with its creator, Josh Lowe and learn more about this free app and the supporting learning curriculum.##Reviews##We take a look at Cytron's new Pico powered board, the Robo Picotomshardware.com/reviews/cytron-robo-pico##News##Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W Brings Lego Pacman to Lifetomshardware.com/news/raspberry-pi-zero-2-w-brings-lego-pacman-to-life##Projects##Raspberry Pi Pico Animates LED Retro Art 'Neon' Framestomshardware.com/news/raspberry-pi-pico-retro-led-art
The Pi Cast (7/18): Arduino Co-Founder Massimo Banzi Toms Hardware 2023-07-19 | This week we are joined by Arduino co-founder Massimo Banzi to talk about the success of the Arduino, and its latest boards. Massimo Banzi is the co-founder of the Arduino project. He is an Interaction Designer, Educator and Open Source Hardware advocate. He has worked as a consultant for clients such as: Prada, Artemide, Persol, Whirlpool, V&A Museum and Adidas. Massimo started the first FabLab in Italy which led to the creation of Officine Arduino, a FabLab/Makerspace based in Torino. We'll be talking about the latest Arduino Uno R4 boards, the Minima and WiFi which we have already reviewed! tomshardware.com/reviews/arduino-uno-r4 Join us and ask your questions directly to Banzi, and your Pi Cast hosts, Avram Piltch, Ash Hill and Les Pounder.
The Pi Cast (7/11): Raspberry Pi Projects, News, Reviews and Deals Toms Hardware 2023-07-12 | This week we cover the latest Raspberry Pi news, reviews, projects and deals from the page of Tom's Hardware. ##News## New SB Components Micro RP2040 is announced. tomshardware.com/news/sb-components-announce-micro-rp2040-for-smaller-raspberry-pi-pico-projects ##Reviews## We take a look at Arduino's new Uno R4 boards, the Uno R4 Minima and Uno R4 WiFi tomshardware.com/reviews/arduino-uno-r4 ##Sneak Preview## Cytron has a new Pico powered board, the Robo Pico and we have one on the bench. cytron.io/p-robo-pico-simplifying-robotics-with-raspberry-pi-pico ##Project## Ash will have a cool project from the Raspberry Pi community
The Pi Cast (7/4): Raspberry Pi News, Reviews and Projects Toms Hardware 2023-07-05 | This week we're talking about General Raspberry Pi stock levels: They're getting better! Bluetooth on the Raspberry Pi Pico W New Arduino boards Soldering irons New "Stellar" Pimoroni board Raspberry Pi projects of the month.
The Pi Cast (6/27): Raspberry Pi Pico W Bluetooth with Phil Howard Toms Hardware 2023-06-28 | The Raspberry Pi Pico W now support Bluetooth in C and MicroPython and on the show we have Phil Howard (@gadgetoid) from Pimoroni to talk about how he is adding support to Pimoroni's many Pico W based boards. Join us live and ask your questions to our guest and your hosts.
The Pi Cast (6/20): Liverpool Makefest 2023 with Caroline Keep and Dan Lynch Toms Hardware 2023-06-21 | Returning guests Caroline Keep and Dan Lynch are part of the team which organizes Liverpool Makefest (liverpoolmakefest.org/). Started in 2015, Liverpool Makefest is a popular maker event, drawing makers from across the United Kingdom. after a brief hiatus due to the pandemic, the event returned in 2022 to the glorious location of Liverpool's Central Library. Join us as we talk about the UK maker movement, how the Raspberry Pi has helped educate and inspire makers and learn more about Liverpool Makefest, which returns on July 1st 2023.
The Pi Cast (6/13) Raspberry Pi and Ethical Hacking with FC (Freakyclown) Toms Hardware 2023-06-14 | This episode we are excited to have FC (Freakyclown) as our guest. FC is a renowned ethical hacker and social engineer, as well as global keynote speaker. He has been working in the information security field for over 25 years and is motivated by a drive to make individuals, organisations, and countries more secure. When he is not legally breaking into companies, FC takes audiences on an eye-opening journey into the hacker’s mindset. He has delivered over 50 keynotes including CPX360, CERN and Intersec. FC demystifies security with his expertise, humour, and passion. His book ‘How I rob banks’ will be published in August 2023. We'll be talking about his career and how the Raspberry Pi fits into the world of ethical hacking and learning.
The Pi Cast (6/6): Pi Wars 2024 with Mike, Tim and David Toms Hardware 2023-06-07 | After a brief break in 2023, Pi Wars is back for 2024. If you're not familiar with Pi Wars,Pi Wars is a not-for-profit competition for Raspberry Pi robots. The events are primarily organised by Michael Horne, Tim Richardson & David Booth who are based in Potton & Dunton, Bedfordshire, with the assistance of Steve Upton and Paul Freakley. We've got Horne, Richardson and Booth on the show to talk about the 2024 event. How you can apply and the theme for 2024. We'll also be talking about past projects and how the Raspberry Pi Pico fits into the world of Pi Wars.
The Pi Cast (5/23) Tiny 486 PC with Eric Mackrodt Toms Hardware 2023-05-24 | On this week's show we have Eric Mackrodt from the YouTube channel The Eric Experiment on to talk about and demonstrate his unique 3D printed 486 DX4 PC. Rather than emulate a 486 PC with a Raspberry Pi, Mackrodt chose to use a 486 SBC powered by an Intel 486 DX3 100 CPU. To house the project, Mackrodt then designed and 3D printed a tiny case and monitor that are perfect miniature replicas of a case from this era. Join us and learn more about this fascinating project. tomshardware.com/news/tiny-intel-486-runs-ms-dos
The Pi Cast (5/16) Musical Robot Stroller with Jeff Levine Toms Hardware 2023-05-17 | Jeff Levine from High Quality Fun joins us to talk about his Raspberry Pi 4 powered musical robot stroller. Using a mixture of MIDI, Rosegarden DAW and a custom Python script, this stroller is a mobile music masterpeice. Join us and ask your questions live! tomshardware.com/news/raspberry-pi-musical-robot-stroller http://www.highqualityfun.com
The Pi Cast (5/9) The Return of Cambridge Raspberry Jam with Brian Corteil and Mike Horne Toms Hardware 2023-05-10 | At the end of April 2023, Cambridge Raspberry Jam returned after a long break caused by the coronavirus pandemic. The event, organised by Brian Corteil was a smash-hit return to the days of sharing maker skills, face-to-face. On the show we have Brian Corteil to talk about organising the event, and how you can start your own event. Mike Horne was at the event and will be telling us how it went from a guests' point of view. Join us and ask your questions live!
The Pi Cast (5/2) Ben Garside: Learning AI With the Raspberry Pi Foundation and DeepMind Toms Hardware 2023-05-03 | In a world where ChatGPT, LLM and machine learning are becoming the norm, kids need to understand how to use it, and when to spot it being used. Ben Garside, a learning manager from the Raspberry Pi Foundation joins us to talk about a new AI and machine learning programme for teachers, students, and other educators created by the Raspberry Pi Foundation and DeepMind. Join us live and ask your questions to Ben and your hosts, Editor-in-Chief Avram Piltch, Raspberry Pi expert Ash Hill and Associate Editor Les Pounder.
Toms Hardware Innovation Awards 2023: Live Broadcast Toms Hardware 2023-04-27 | Join us for a live awards show where we announce the winners of our 2023 innovation awards. This year, 25 winners broke the mold and we're here to recognize their achievements and talk about what they mean for the rest of us.
The Pi Cast (4/25): Raspberry Pi ChatGPT Desk Lights With Sean Tracey Toms Hardware 2023-04-26 | Returning guest Sean Tracey is back with another RGB heavy project. Fresh from his success with "Glowie Bowie", Tracey has built a Raspberry Pi powered RBG desk light with ChatGPT as his programming co-pilot. Join us and learn how Tracey and ChatGPT built their latest project.
The Pi Cast (4/18): Raspberry Pi Pico Projects With GurgleApps Toms Hardware 2023-04-19 | We're joined by Amelie, Caleb and Ziva: the genius wonder kids behind the GurgleApps YouTube channel. The team will be showing us their latest Raspberry Pi Pico based projects and talking about their YouTube channel. youtube.com/@GurgleApps Join us live and ask your questions direct to our guests.
Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 Review Toms Hardware 2023-04-14 | Has the RTX 40-series finally gone "mainstream?" That depends on your financial view of things, but we'll cover the specs, performance, pricing, and availability in today's livestream. We'll cover everything from gaming to professional and AI performance, take a closer look at upscaling with DLSS 2, DLSS 3, and FSR 2, and also look at overclocking and power requirements.
