Name: NASA Space Shuttle Launch - MATLAB and FlightGear @VDEngineering
Uploaded: 2026-09-19T08:17:00-05:00
Duration: 8 min 17 s
Description: NASA Space Shuttle Launch - MATLAB and FlightGear

NASA Space Shuttle Launch - MATLAB and FlightGear

VDEngineering 2026-09-19 | NASA Space Shuttle Launch - MATLAB and FlightGear

Create Your Own Flight Simulations with Python and FlightGear | A Complete Guide!

VDEngineering 2023-11-20 | Resources:

~~ Connect FlightGear to Python: pypi.org/project/flightgear-python
~~ Download FlightGear: flightgear.org/download
~~ FlightGear and Python Examples: flightgear-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/quickstart.html
~~ Connecting Matlab and Simulink to FlightGear (Parts 1 to 3):
youtube.com/watch?v=jB-80cvV1Ao
youtube.com/watch?v=b-hK5-4D5Rc
youtube.com/watch?v=kFklbdU9eSQ

Learn how to connect and send aircraft data from variables within a Python script (e.g.: position, orientation and control surface information) to FlightGear (Windows / macOS) to build custom high fidelity flight simulations from scratch!

This will be of use if you're interested in building your own algorithms and visualizing them using open source software.

Similarly how Matlab and Simulink connects to FlightGear, Python does the same via a UDP connection. Moreover you can also send data in reverse from FlightGear to Python. You can transmit and receive data between FG / Python simultaneously. This would be required when designing your own autopilot using the build in flight dynamic models in FG.

Instead of running the Python script from the IDE, you can directly run it from the terminal. This will improve performance. On my Windows 10 machine I was having trouble using Spyder, however using the command prompt fixed this issue.

Thanks for watching!

~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms
~~Contact Me: vinayakd.com
~~Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh

Air Canada Business Class: Toronto to Seoul: Flight Review

VDEngineering 2023-11-12 | I had the incredible opportunity to fly business (signature) class for the first time ever for a work trip to Korea! Here is my flight review

~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms
~~Contact Me: vinayakd.com
~~Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh

Design a Trajectory for Rocket Landing | C++ and Qt Application!

VDEngineering 2023-09-21 | Resources:
~~ QCustomPlot - Basics: youtube.com/watch?v=xWGEvlDWokQ&ab_channel=VannevarMorgan

Learn how to design a smooth trajectory for landing of rockets, given the start location and the landing zone coordinates in latitude, longitude and altitude. You will gain familiarity with the basics of navigation using GPS coordinates along with the sigmoid curve which is used in multiple areas of engineering.

Timestamps:
Theory: 00:00:40
C++ and Qt GUI App: 00:06:32
App Demo: 0:14:20

Thanks for watching!

~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation and Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms
~~Contact Me: vinayakd.com
~~Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh

Arduino: How to build a Radar/Sonar with a User Interface Heads Up Display using C++ and Qt!

VDEngineering 2023-07-26 | Download My Code: github.com/Vinayak-D/ArduinoRadar

Resources:
~~ More on QSerialPort: youtube.com/watch?v=AX-HhBXBzGg&ab_channel=VannevarMorgan
~~ Adding images / resource files to your Qt project: youtube.com/watch?v=CTbpS0PN-JQ&ab_channel=ProgrammingKnowledge

Learn how to create a simple Arduino based radar detection display, along with plotting data on a realistic user interface created in C++ and Qt. The user can control the angle of the radar through the UI via QSerialPort. The range and detection information is passed back from the Arduino and then displayed on the UI.

Components:
1) Arduino Uno (or any other 5V compatible microcontroller)
2) HC-SRO4 Ultrasonic Sensor
3) HC-SR04 attachment frame
4) Breadboard
5) Servo Motor

Timestamps:
Intro: 00:00
Components: 01:05
Circuit Diagram: 01:26
Arduino Code: 01:59
UI Design (Qt): 04:00
C++ UI Code (Qt): 07:50
UI Demo: 20:40
Project Demo: 22:05

Thanks for watching!

~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms
~~Website: vinayakd.com
~~Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh

British Columbia Vlog: Vancouver | Victoria | Whistler

VDEngineering 2023-07-02 | What I got up to in my week long trip to the west coast of Canada.

Thanks for watching!

~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms
~~Website: vinayakd.com
~~Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh

Arduino Bluetooth Mobile Car with Sensor Feedback!

VDEngineering 2023-06-11 | Download My Code: github.com/Vinayak-D/ArduinoBluetoothCar

My first robotics project, an Android app Bluetooth controlled car powered by an Arduino Uno, L-298N Motor Driver, and HC05 bluetooth module. Sensor feedback for acceleration and orientation is provided by an MPU6050 IMU.

Timestamps:

Introduction: 0:00
Parts List and Circuit Diagram: 00:46
3D Model: 04:00
Code Explanation: 04:35
Outro: 11:21

Resources:

L298N: youtube.com/watch?v=dyjo_ggEtVU&ab_channel=DroneBotWorkshop
MPU6050: components101.com/sensors/mpu6050-module
HC05: youtube.com/watch?v=gL7b8E_5aYs&ab_channel=Maker101

Thanks for watching!

~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms
~~Website: vinayakd.com
~~Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh

Create a Rocket Engine Design App | Nozzles | Method of Characteristics | Theory | Implementation!

VDEngineering 2023-05-13 | Download My Project: github.com/Vinayak-D/MethodOfCharacteristicsNozzle

Resources:
~~ http://mae-nas.eng.usu.edu/MAE_6530_Web/New_Course/Section1/section1.1.pdf

Learn how to create a graphical user interface based desktop or web application to design a rocket engine nozzle using the method of characteristics. I have used C++ and Qt, however you can also use anything else (Python, Javascript etc). I will explain the theory of compressible flows, propulsion, nozzle design and the method of characteristics in detail before going over the design process and architecture of the app. This way, you can recreate this application in any programming language of your choice.

Timestamps:

Ch0 - Introduction: 00:00
Ch1 - Review of Rocket Propulsion, Nozzles and Compressible Flows: 00:00:41
Ch2 - Method of Characteristics - Theory: 00:04:51
Ch3 - Method of Characteristics For Rocket Engine Nozzles: 00:13:04
Ch4 - Object Oriented Programming - the Backend: 00:39:05
Ch5 - App Frontend Walkthrough (C++ and Qt): 00:50:57
Ch6 - The MOC Algorithm: 00:53:51
Ch7 - Demo of the App!: 01:06:12

Thanks for watching!

~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms
~~Website: vinayakd.com
~~Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh

Create a GUI for your Arduino Project | QSerialPort | C++ and Qt Tutorial

VDEngineering 2023-02-12 | #VDEngineering #arduino

Resources:
~~ How QSerialPort Works: youtube.com/watch?v=hLB1FfxSl1A&ab_channel=VannevarMorgan

Learn how to build a GUI using Qt to send data from your computer to Arduino for various projects. I cover two examples, controlling the position of a servo motor, and the speed of a DC motor.

Timestamps:

Intro: 0:00
QSerialPort Installation: 00:53
Arduino Code: 01:53
Qt GUI: 02:35
Servo Motor: 09:52
DC Motor: 11:50

Thanks for watching!

~~Website: vinayakd.com
~~Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh

Data Structures: How to Implement a Tree on an Arduino microcontroller

VDEngineering 2023-02-05 | #shorts

~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms

Learn how to implement a n-ary tree data structure in Arduino.

A detailed tutorial on N-ary trees in C++: youtube.com/watch?v=bADJ2IjFsWs&ab_channel=VDEngineering

Thanks for watching!

~~Website: vinayakd.com
~~Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh

Guidance, Navigation and Control Engineering explained in 49 seconds!

VDEngineering 2023-01-20 | #shorts

So what exactly is GNC engineering?

Design a GNC system using Matlab!: youtube.com/watch?v=0AJ6E48Aj9U&ab_channel=VDEngineering

Thanks for watching!

~~Website: vinayakd.com
~~Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh

Vehicle Trajectory Simulator using Threads | C++ Tutorial

VDEngineering 2023-01-02 | Resources:
~~ Threads for Windows (MinGW): github.com/meganz/mingw-std-threads
~~ GNUPlot: http://www.gnuplot.info
~~ C++ Threading Playlist: youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5jc9xFGsL8E12so1wlMS0r0hTQoJL74M

In this video we will use multithreading to build a car simulator in C++. Two threads will be created representing each car with different parameters and initial conditions. Multithreading is an extremely powerful tool in programming to create efficient robust code. The result values will be output to text files and then visualized using gnuplot. You will need the standard thread library in C++. Alternatively you can also complete the program without using threads.

Car Dynamic Model: 0:45
Code: 02:11
Testing: 16:45
Results: 19:47

Thanks for watching!

~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms
~~Website: vinayakd.com
~~Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh

Using ChatGPT as a Mechanical or Aerospace Engineer | This is Awesome!

VDEngineering 2022-12-31 | #chatgpt #aerospace

Using the recently developed AI ChatGPT to solve common problems in mechanical and aerospace engineering. Topics covered include rocket propulsion, motion planning, guidance navigation and control, along with finite element analysis.

Thanks for watching!

~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms
~~Website: vinayakd.com
~~Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh

Outro Music: Sappheiros - Promise

My Robotics Software Web Application - Motion Planning Visualizer!

VDEngineering 2022-12-10 | ~~ Project Link!: vinayak-d.github.io/MotionPlanningVisualizer

~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms

~~ Source Code: github.com/Vinayak-D/MotionPlanningVisualizer

Hello,
Interested in robotics and self driving cars?
Then check out my new project website!
Set a start location, goal location, obstacles and visualize RRT, RRT* and A* algorithms.
You can also visualize the A* algorithm on Dubai or Las Vegas maps.
I had a great time creating this project, thank you for checking it out!

Background Music: youtube.com/watch?v=urPoCm28XHw&ab_channel=Mokka-NoCopyrightMusic

C++ and Qt Tutorial: Image Processing Application!

VDEngineering 2022-11-17 | Download My Code: github.com/Vinayak-D/ImageProcessor/tree/master

Resources:
QFileDialog: youtube.com/watch?v=tKdfpA74HYY&ab_channel=ProgrammingKnowledge
Leetcode problem: leetcode.com/problems/number-of-islands
Qt Avionics Library: github.com/marek-cel/QFlightinstruments

In this video we will use C++ and Qt to build a simple image processing application, along with exporting the image data to a text file as a 2D array.

Thanks for watching!

~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms
~~Website: vinayakd.com
~~Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh

Motion Planning: Rapidly Exploring Random Trees (RRT): Algorithm Implementation Step by Step!

VDEngineering 2022-09-10 | #VDEngineering #motionplanning

~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms

Resources:
Mathworks RRT video: youtube.com/watch?v=QR3U1dgc5RE
RRT paper: https://www.cs.csustan.edu/~xliang/Courses/CS4710-21S/Papers/06%20RRT.pdf
A very good article on RRT by Tim Chinenov (SpaceX): theclassytim.medium.com/robotic-path-planning-rrt-and-rrt-212319121378

You will learn how to implement the well known Rapidly Exploring Random Trees (RRT) algorithm in Python from scratch. I will show you every step including creating the configuration space which will be a binary image along with setting up the grid and finding the generated path. You will also learn how to calculate the length of the trajectory generated by the RRT algorithm along with the number of waypoints and their locations.

There are more advanced versions of the RRT such as RRT*, CL-RRT and RRT# and these will be covered in future videos.

Timestamps:

RRT Intro: 00:45
RRT Explanation: 01:24
Setting up the code: 07:24
Completing the code: 12:50
Running the code: 25:10

Intro Music: Sappheiros - Dawn
Outro Music: Sappheiros - Promise
From: youtube.com/c/Sappheiros/videos

Thanks for watching!

~~Website: vinayakd.com
~~Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh

My First Desktop Application (Company Manager) - C++ Code Breakdown

VDEngineering 2022-08-20 | Download Application: vinayakd.com/resources
Source Code: github.com/Vinayak-D/CompanyManagerUI

Resources:
~~ Print N-ary tree in 2D: geeksforgeeks.org/print-n-ary-tree-graphically
~~ Using Resource Files in Qt: youtube.com/watch?v=CTbpS0PN-JQ&ab_channel=ProgrammingKnowledge
~~ Deleting a node from N-ary tree: youtube.com/watch?v=6j4Nz_ZLz9w&ab_channel=VDEngineering

In this video I will go over the complete C++ source code for my first desktop application - Company Manager, created with Qt Creator. You will learn how to connect the UI (frontend) with the backend, how to properly pass class objects and use constructors.

Timestamps:

Application Demo: 00:30
Class Diagram: 04:45
Activity Diagram: 07:45
Code (Backend) Walkthrough: 11:30
Code (UI) Walkthrough: 16:15

Thanks for watching!

~~ Website: vinayakd.com
~~ Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh

My First Desktop Application - Company Employee Manager

VDEngineering 2022-08-13 | #Shorts

Try the application (Windows 10 needed): vinayakd.com/resources

For the source code: github.com/Vinayak-D/CompanyManagerUI

My first GUI app created with C++ and Qt.

Thanks for watching!

~~Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh

Data Structures: Delete a node from N-ary tree | C++ Tutorial

VDEngineering 2022-08-10 | In this data structures video you will learn how to delete a node from an n-ary tree using C++. This is a tree in which each node can have more than 2 children. There are four unique cases, the node to be deleted either;
1) Is a leaf node,
2) Has one child,
3) Has many children and you want to promote all of the children.
4) Has many children and you want to promote only one of the children.
You will also learn how to use recursion to search for a node in an n-ary tree using Depth First Search (DFS).

Previous topics covered included deleting a node from a binary tree or binary search tree. This topic is slightly more advanced and is not asked on LeetCode. However, it is relevant to real world projects.

Resources:
~~MyCodeSchool: Deleting a node from a binary search tree: youtube.com/watch?v=gcULXE7ViZw
~~Creating an n-ary tree: youtube.com/watch?v=bADJ2IjFsWs
~~The code for printing a tree in 2D to the screen was taken from: geeksforgeeks.org/print-n-ary-tree-graphically

Thanks for watching!
~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms
~~Website: vinayakd.com
~~Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh

Data Structures: Create an N-ary Tree: C++ Quick Tutorial

VDEngineering 2022-07-10 | A quick tutorial on creating a tree with a varying number of nodes, i.e an n-ary tree in C++.
You should have a basic understanding of pointers and structs.
From this point onwards my channel will focus on C++ mainly, data structures and algorithms.
These topics are relevant to the field of control theory and software engineering in general.

The basics of a node self-referencing struct ~~ youtube.com/watch?v=DneLxrPmmsw&ab_channel=NesoAcademy

N-ary Tree Class Based Implementation:
~~ kalkicode.com/n-ary-tree-node-insertion-in-cpp

Useful resources for learning data structures and algorithms:
~~ MyCodeSchool: youtube.com/user/mycodeschool/playlists
~~ Leetcode pratice: leetcode.com/tag/tree

Thanks for watching!

~~ vinayakd.com
~~ instagram.com/vinayak_desh

Introducing Collimator: Next Generation Block Diagram based Modeling and Simulation

VDEngineering 2022-05-21 | Try Collimator: collimator.ai

I introduce Collimator, a California based startup company creating a modeling and simulation tool which is similar to Simulink however cloud based, having a Python backend and compatible with High Performance Computing (HPC) platforms.

Thanks for watching!

My Website: vinayakd.com
My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh

My First Web Application (Python, Django, HTML) - with Backend - Easy

VDEngineering 2022-04-18 | Step by Step: Create a Django Application from scratch (from Souvik Paul): medium.com/swlh/create-a-calculator-using-django-d2d5573dfe61

In this video I explain my first web application, a simple hotel reservation system having a front-end and a back-end. The editor used was VSCode and the Django framework of Python was used.
The backend is also written in Python. In addition, the web pages are made using HTML.

Note that the purpose of this video is just to go over the framework and a basic implementation of a frontend and backend program.

More complex functions such as back buttons, form reloads / refreshes, username and passwords and databases are not covered.

Thanks for watching, Happy Easter!
~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms
My Website: vinayakd.com
My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh

Simulink Beginners Tutorial 4: Discrete and Continuous Time Integration, Resets and using the Clock

VDEngineering 2022-04-09 | Part 4 of my Simulink beginnner series where I cover integration, resets and using the clock.

Thanks for watching!
~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms
My Website: vinayakd.com
My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh

Python OOP (Object Oriented Programming) Project - A Hotel Reservation System - Complete explanation

VDEngineering 2022-01-23 | Download My Code: github.com/Vinayak-D/HotelReservation
List of All Projects: github.com/karan/Projects

I recently worked on a programming side project related to Object Oriented Design. This video explains the code, the activity diagram and the class diagram in detail. This will be helpful if you are working on your own programming projects either for school or for work.

Timestamps:

Intro: 01:45
Class Diagram: 04:45
Activity Diagram: 06:50
Code Breakdown: 10:00
Outro: 21:00

Thanks for watching!
~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms
My Website: vinayakd.com
My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh

A Model Predictive Control Design Tool with Python - Full code explanation

VDEngineering 2022-01-08 | Download My Code: github.com/Vinayak-D/efficientMPC

In this video I explain how to design your own Model Predictive Controller for any Linear System which you can define. The design of the MPC is validated through running 2 iterations of one of two Quadratic Programming algorithms.

Timestamps:

Functions: 04:36
System Class: 06:20
MPC Design Class: 09:05
Quadratic Optimization Class: 16:10
Example: 19:15
Outro: 26:15

Thanks for watching!
~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms
My Website: vinayakd.com
My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh

Fault Detection in Control Systems - Python Implementation Tutorial

VDEngineering 2021-10-24 | #python #controlsystems #VDEngineering

Resources:
Fault Detection Paper (Video Example): ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=1470483&casa_token=3zk_uK4C0jcAAAAA:psAlz6Q-HTY0k0-hGiiS6zf_qiEO10Ewr8J2y8W-sc9WP_9gajKngXznVUEsM0okpK6rjwEvyA&tag=1
Fault Detection Paper 2 (Aerospace Application): ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=1507341&casa_token=9gEy7ldB1FsAAAAA:uP58V94wd2ONACkpCzGc69gWaXAEWGZHN6RoNEwKzvn6YQYJD_6rAsOyatIt-xkd4S7OrmHEuQ
Fault Detection Theory: tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00207179408923128?casa_token=LO5Sb-MxHiUAAAAA:8NeVhSSfGTX46hQODvve2Le9QHocwHvlPgU9UU26xsnLTG7SyTTkTCAiH05H1H9c00pTaqCRf5-L

In this video we will build a simple observer based Fault Detection algorithm in a Linear Time Invariant (LTI) control system. The purpose of this algorithm is to be able to detect and measure actuator faults as a Loss of Effectiveness (LOE). In the field of engineering, the ability of a computer algorithm to detect faults which can occur in real time is very critical for the safe continued operation of any software or hardware.

There are several algorithms available for detecting actuator faults. As this is an introductory tutorial, this specific algorithm is simple to design and implement. A major advantage is the ability to tune the parameters offline to avoid calculations in real time.

Timestamps:

00:58 - Actuator Faults
03:45 - Observer for States and Faults Theory
04:31 - Observer Implementation
05:15 - Python Implementation
09:00 - Simulation Results

Thanks for watching!

My Website: vinayakd.com
My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh

Understanding Model Predictive Control (MPC) for Beginners (Python Implementation)

VDEngineering 2021-07-23 | Free Udemy Course (Motion Planning): udemy.com/course/an-introduction-to-sampling-based-motion-planning-algorithms

Project Code: github.com/Vinayak-D/efficient_MPC/tree/master

Efficient MPC Algorithm: arc.aiaa.org/doi/pdf/10.2514/1.52162?casa_token=FfyVyxsEEYwAAAAA%3AnqlGuDKbibdBNpunkFmSd21fgcE5sunM_cgq3IUDdpNU5BuH6QdtnKAQvCpjFtKMAtoYSJ4a1Tc&

My MPC Paper: ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=9282815&casa_token=_ZjJSJCMdbIAAAAA:jqdPZmDU6Bimt2B5SCRTll9oUWtTsl2l7TthOW3wJUKysgYpat88q9Jludqtwv1XztB7V7912Q&tag=1

Python Controls Library: python-control.readthedocs.io/en/0.9.0/intro.html#installation

Anaconda for Python: anaconda.com/products/individual

Hi everyone!

In this video you will learn the basics of MPC and how to put together a quick simulation in Python without using any optimization toolboxes and solvers, so you can learn the process from scratch. Note that if you're using a version of Python which is not 3.7, then you may need to change the syntax. Numpy, scipy and matplotlib will be needed.

The MPC algorithm used will be the efficient MPC algorithm originally developed by P.W. Gibbens and E.D. Medagoda at the University of Sydney. This algorithm is a little less complex than the standard integral action MPC methods, however the underlying concept is identical in all methods of model predictive control.

Thanks for watching!

Sorry for the delay in uploads, as I am moving cities and just graduated from University!

My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh
My Website: vinayakd.com

Optimization for Model Predictive Control - Simulink Implementation Tutorial

VDEngineering 2021-06-05 | Original Parallel Quadratic Programming Algorithm: merl.com/publications/docs/TR2011-056.pdf
My Paper: ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9282815

Hello!

In this video you will learn how to implement a Quadratic Optimization solver in Simulink without using any built in toolboxes. Optimization is an extremely important mathematical concept used within statistics, machine learning, control systems, and artificial intelligence algorithms. It is also used in all industries (finance, engineering etc.).

The background is covered in that paper I published as part of my Master's thesis. This video is the first part of my tutorial series on model predictive control (MPC). You will learn the following Simulink concepts:

1) Working with project files
2) Variant Subsystems
3) Iterator Subsystems (For / While Loops)
4) Struct objects
5) Assignment and Selector blocks

You will also get the hang of basic Optimization concepts needed for MPC such as:

1) Cost function
2) Constraints
3) Primal-Dual Procedure

Thanks for watching!

My Website: vinayakd.com
My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh

Simulink Beginners Tutorial 3: Things to Know for Engineering Jobs

VDEngineering 2021-04-22 | #matlab #simulink

Hello Everyone,

Welcome to Part 3 of my Simulink Beginners Series. Here you will learn very useful tools which are commonly used by the industry in Simulink.

Knowing these skills will help you in a job which uses Simulink extensively (such as control systems, simulation, dynamics, electronics etc.)

This tutorial will cover:

1) Working with Simulink Project (.prj) files.
2) Bus Creator and Bus Selector blocks (very important)
4) Signal routing to source and destination (extremely useful)
5) Logging signal data into the workspace.
6) Other quick tips (default font, subsystem masks, running models from MATLAB)

Thanks for watching!

My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh
My Website: vinayakd.com

Interceptor Missile Guidance & Control: Full Flight Simulation Tutorial! (MATLAB / Simulink)

VDEngineering 2021-03-12 | ~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms

Code: github.com/Vinayak-D/PNGuidance

In this video you will learn the fundamentals of missile guidance, navigation and control. This tutorial will cover developing a MATLAB and Simulink model of a missile hitting it's target using Proportional Navigation Guidance. Next, a Simulink 3D animation is done! You will learn

1) 3-Loop Autopilots (pitch attitude control)
2) Proportional Navigation Guidance
3) Missile Line of Sight and Miss Distance Calculation
4) Build a full flight simulation!

TIMESTAMPS:

Simulation!: 0:00
Intro: 4:28
MATLAB Code: 12:06
Simulink Model: 12:29
Results: 24:30

LINKS:

Missile Autopilot Model: https://www.jhuapl.edu/Content/techdigest/pdf/V29-N01/29-01-Jackson.pdf

Missile Guidance: https://www.jhuapl.edu/Content/techdigest/pdf/V29-N01/29-01-Palumbo_Principles_Rev2018.pdf

Proportional Navigation (PN) Video 1: youtube.com/watch?v=T2fPKUfmnKo&

PN Video 2: youtube.com/watch?v=cXDyyQrfY5M&ab_channel=BenDickinson

PN Video 3 [Derivations]: youtube.com/watch?v=uiXvksoOoG8&

Thanks for watching! Subscribe for more videos like this!
My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh
My Website: vinayakd.com
____________________________________________________________________

Sounds taken from: [NO COPYRIGHT]
- youtube.com/watch?v=KhNeOZM7dHs&
- youtube.com/watch?v=JAKW76he5d4&
- youtube.com/watch?v=KfYto9Szei8&

Guidance and Navigation of Aircraft using Model Predictive Control

VDEngineering 2021-02-02 | One of my projects during my master's degree thesis.

Thanks for watching!

My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh
My Website: vinayakd.com

Using Simulink with Joysticks Part 2 - Actuator Modeling

VDEngineering 2021-02-01 | #simulink #joystick #control

This video is a follow up from Part 1 (in 2016) where I introduced how to connect MATLAB and Simulink to a joystick. I use the Logitech Extreme 3D Pro, in this video you will learn:

1) How Actuators Work? Command / Rate Saturation, Deadzone, DeadTime etc.
2) Advanced topics on building an actuator model with a joystick

Thanks for watching!

My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh
My Website: vinayakd.com

Links:

Part 1: youtube.com/watch?v=A7KkciHn0jc&

Logitech Extreme 3D Pro: google.com/search?q=logitech+extreme+3d+pro&rlz=1C1CHBD_enCA915CA915&oq=logitech+extreme+3d+pro&aqs=chrome.0.69i59j69i60l3.2598j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

Rocket Takeoff AND LANDING! - Matlab & Simulink Tutorial

VDEngineering 2021-01-21 | This is a tutorial on how to perform a full flight simulation of a rocket taking off and landing. You will learn how a gravity turn works, the deorbit descent phase, boostback and entry burn, and controlling the pitch angle for a vertical touchdown.

It will be assumed that a single stage rocket takes off and lands i.e there is no stage seperation for this tutorial. You can then visualize it in FlightGear. If you do not have FlightGear, I also show you how to use MATLAB 3D Animation instead, which is just as good!

TIMESTAMPS:

00:31 - Intro and Theory
05:03 - Free Body Diagram of the Rocket
06:50 - Explaining the rocket flipping, re-entry, descent and touchdown
07:30 - Matlab Code Tutorial
08:30 - Simulink Model Tutorial
20:13 - Explaining simulation results
21:40 - Connecting the simulation to FlightGear
22:00 - Matlab 3D Animation (if you don't have FlightGear!)
22:51 - What the simulation looks like in FlightGear!
24:10 - Explaining the results / conclusion

Useful Links and Videos:

Falcon 1 (Merlin 1C Engine): http://www.georing.biz/usefull/Falcon1UsersGuide.pdf and here: http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets_2/United_States_1/Falcon-9/Merlin/index.htm
Connecting MATLAB to FlightGear (Part 1): youtube.com/watch?v=jB-80cvV1Ao&
Guidance, Navigation and Control Design: youtube.com/watch?v=0AJ6E48Aj9U&

Thanks for watching!
~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms
My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh
My Website: vinayakd.com

Simulink Beginners Tutorial 2 - Speed and Traction Control Design for a Car

VDEngineering 2020-12-05 | #Simulink #Matlab #AutomotiveEngineering

This is a beginner tutorial to Simulink where you will learn how to design speed and traction controllers for an automobile powered by a DC Motor.

TIMESTAMPS:

Intro: 00:00
Matlab Code: 04:16
Simulink Model: 05:51
Discussion: 18:00

Thanks for watching!
Vinayak

Disclaimer: This content is intended for academic use only
~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms
My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh
My Website: vinayakd.com

Guidance, Navigation and Control System Design - Matlab / Simulink / FlightGear Tutorial

VDEngineering 2020-10-25 | Model: github.com/Vinayak-D/GNCAirstrike

In this video you will learn how to build a complete guidance, navigation and control (GNC) system for a rocket / missile which is commanded to reach a specified target starting from a random initial position, by using LQR /LQG and Kalman filtering methods for control and estimation. You will learn

1) How to calculate azimuth, latitude, and longitudes
2) Calculate guidance commands, range, miss distance, elevation
3) Design Linear Quadratic Regulator / Gaussian (LQR) for a 2d state space model
4) Build a 3-DOF Simulation with the Aerospace Blockset provided within Simulink
5) Perform simulation with FlightGear

TIMESTAMPS:

Theory: 00:50
Matlab Code: 06:00
Simulink Model (Control): 10:05
Simulink Model (Guidance, Navigation): 17:13
Guidance Command Calculation: 19:30
Simulation: 22:02
Conclusion: 25:10

RESOURCES:

Run Simulink in real time (Pacer): mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/29107-real-time-pacer-for-simulink
Raytheon Paper: researchgate.net/profile/Curtis_Mracek2/publication/303256153_Missile_Longitudinal_Autopilots_Connections_Between_Optimal_Control_and_Classical_Topologies/links/573a1c2308ae9ace840dc5cc.pdf
MATLAB & Simulink Tutorials Playlist: youtube.com/playlist?list=PLlIRr36VdiM_Ja6tr91mk_ZQF6ATvVRXP]

Thanks for watching!
~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms
My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh
My Website: vinayakd.com

Who is VDEngineering? Life of a Mechanical Engineering Graduate Student in Canada

VDEngineering 2020-09-07 | A glimpse of some of my research, lifestyle and stuff I do on a regular basis living as a funded graduate Master's Degree student in Mechanical Engineering at Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.

I also have an interview with a friend who came from Mumbai, India on adjusting to life here along with his internship experience at Bombardier Aerospace.

Note that due to the current global situation things are not usually the same as before.

TIMESTAMPS:

Intro: 00:00
My Research: 01:52
Flight Controls Lab: 02:36
Interview: 04:25
Life in Montreal: 08:06

Thanks for watching!
~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms
My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh
My Website: vinayakd.com

MATLAB / Simulink Tutorial: Discrete MIMO Kalman Filter Design and Implementation

VDEngineering 2020-07-27 | In this video you will learn how to design a Kalman filter and implement the observer using MATLAB and Simulink for a multivariable state space system with 5 states and 2 inputs. The dynamic model represents the longitudinal dynamics of the aircraft and is taken from here:

arc.aiaa.org/doi/pdf/10.2514/1.52162?casa_token=PMvmAh2K1hgAAAAA:SuHlBlrRm9-_LKHLa54uDsYCAUYUXDa9peVgy38oyW-cL-74plBl7iHX6akL45opXugyMpn4ErUK

In this video you will learn step-by-step:

1) Algebraic Riccatti Equation and Observer Theory
2) Assessing stability of the Kalman Filter
3) Determining the optimum Kalman Gain based on covariance matrices (Q and R)
4) Implementing the design in Simulink and using tools such as: adding noise, discrete time integration (z domain), block diagram structure of the observer, along with analyzing the kalman filter results (innovation error) and filter performance.

Thanks for watching!

Best Wishes,
VDEngineering
~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms
My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh
My Website: vinayakd.com

Connecting MATLAB & Simulink to FlightGear (Part 3) - High Fidelity Simulations

VDEngineering 2020-06-05 | Hello,

This is Part 3 of my MATLAB to FlightGear Series where I cover advanced topics on building flight simulations using MATLAB, Simulink, and FlightGear (FG). We will be looking at how to simulate moving control surfaces such as flaps, spoilers, rudder etc.

The Aerospace Blockset within Simulink will once again be used extensively. The topics covered in Part 1 and 2 will not be repeated here so please watch those to learn how to get FlightGear setup with MATLAB, and to run basic Simulink models using FG. The ability to get FlightGear working with Simulink smoothly is a prerequisite for this video. Make sure you use the correct version selected within the Aerospace Toolbox blocks.

My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh
My Website: vinayakd.com

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

LINKS AND REFERENCES (2023 UPDATED):

Model is not available anymore, but you can create it by watching the video

FlightGear Extra Downloads: http://mirrors.ibiblio.org/flightgear/ftp

The pack net_fdm inputs and their descriptions:
mathworks.com/help/aeroblks/packnet_fdmpacketforflightgear.html

Simulink Data Types: mathworks.com/help/simulink/ug/data-types-supported-by-simulink.html

Aerospace Blockset: mathworks.com/help/aeroblks/flight-simulator-interfaces.html?s_tid=CRUX_lftnav

HL-20 Landing Example: mathworks.com/help/aeroblks/working-with-the-flight-simulator-interface.html

~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms

MPC Flight Control Design (6-DOF simulation) - Longitudinal and Lateral Coupling

VDEngineering 2020-06-03 | This is a flight simulation of a fixed wing aircraft in 6-DOF using MPC (model predictive control), using MATLAB, Simulink, and FlightGear.

The model predictive control (MPC) design was implemented in Python and then the states/inputs were exported to MATLAB via a csv file, then loaded onto FlightGear.

A linear MPC formulation is developed for both longitudinal and lateral modes (where there is coupling between the two), via constrained quadratic programming QP.

The simulation shows that due to the inherent MIMO coupling of inputs, some of the controlled variables exhibit overshoot.

However, the actuator position and rate constraints are satisfied, thereby demonstrating that the QP solver works well.

Furthermore, there is a limit on the maximum setpoints that can be used on the controlled variables. For instance,nthe maximum pitch angle which can be reached is 0.04 rad and -0.035 rad. This is due to the QP formulation itself.

Part 3 of my FlightGear video series is coming soon.

Thanks for watching!

VDEngineering
~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms
My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh
My Website: vinayakd.com

How to get accepted into a fully funded Masters Degree program in Canada

VDEngineering 2020-05-12 | Hello,

In this video I will be explaining the process of getting admitted to a fully funded Mechanical / Aerospace / other Engineering graduate degree (Master's and/or PhD) program at a Canadian University. This information also applies to other STEM majors (Physics, Math, Biology etc.).

I will be explaining admission requirements, deadlines, scholarships, opportunities and sources of funding, along with specific details about how a thesis based program works.

Thanks for watching and be sure to subscribe!

Regards,
Vinayak D.

My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh/?hl=en

Dubai Stock Footage: youtube.com/watch?v=p6dKMZGB4PE

Toronto Stock Footage: youtube.com/watch?v=xulXurc1QCU

My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh
My Website: vinayakd.com

Arduino Tutorial: Register Programming | Analog to Digital Conversion | Multiple Channels

VDEngineering 2020-05-07 | In this video I will be showing you how to use register level programming on Arduino, to perform analog to digital (ADC) conversion of multiple channels at once.

For this example, we will be using Pins A1, A3 and A5.

ADC involves tweaking registers such as ADCSRA, ADMUX and the Arduino prescaler.

TIMESTAMPS:

Arduino Basics: 00:15
Atmel ATmega328p Datasheets: 04:20
ADC Conversion Tutorial: 05:50
Arduino Program: 08:00
Results and Simulation: 11:00

The ADC conversion program results in a perfect voltage reading on the Arduino, where an RC filter is implemented, and an average of 100 samples is taken for each pin.

VDEngineering

My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh
My Website: vinayakd.com

C++ & Arduino Tutorial - Implement a Kalman Filter - For Beginners

VDEngineering 2020-05-04 | In this video I will be showing you how to use C++ in order to develop a simple, fast Kalman Filter to remove noise from a sensor measurement.

TIMESTAMPS:

Kalman Filter Theory: 00:07
Probability Theory (Review): 03:23
Kalman Filter Equations: 06:09
C++ Tutorial: 08:18
Arduino Tutorial: 13:29

You will also learn how to implement this filter on an Arduino via a C++ function.

You will learn basic C++ techniques (functions, loops) along with the theory of the Kalman Filter method as well.

Thanks for watching and be sure to subscibe for more videos like this!

VDEngineering
~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms
My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh
My Website: vinayakd.com

C++ Tutorial | Numerical Methods | Runge Kutta 4th Order - Solving Nonlinear Equations

VDEngineering 2020-05-01 | In this video I will be showing you how to use C++ in order to solve a system of 2 nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs), by using the Fourth Order Runge Kutta Numerical Method.

This is a follow up to the MATLAB RK4 video which I released a couple of years ago.

You will learn basic C++ techniques (functions, loops) along with the theory of the RK4 method as well.

Thanks for watching and be sure to subscibe for more videos like this!

VDEngineering
~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms
My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh
My Website: vinayakd.com

ANSYS Tutorial: Quick and Easy Nozzle Meshing for CFD Simulations

VDEngineering 2020-04-03 | In today's video we will be using ANSYS Fluent CFD Meshing to develop a nice accurate 2D mesh for a nozzle. This can be used to obtain great CFD results. The relevant ANSYS tools you will learn are:

1) Face Meshing
2) 2D Geometry from SolidWorks
3) Mesh Control, Sizing and Face Splitting

The reason why a nozzle must be meshed accurately is to account for the throat velocity effects, change in Mach number from subsonic to supersonic, along with oblique and normal shocks, if they form inside the nozzle (this is dependant on the pressure ratio).

Other ANSYS Vids:
Basics of Face Meshing: youtube.com/watch?v=Lx_kjZiKREk&
Nozzle CFD Simulation: youtube.com/watch?v=oY_3_c0rDiw

Thanks for watching and have a good quarantine period!

Best wishes,
Vinayak,
VDEngineering

My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh
My Website: vinayakd.com

Lateral Flight Control Design - PID & Root Locus Method - Step By Step

VDEngineering 2020-03-30 | Free Udemy Course (Motion Planning): udemy.com/course/an-introduction-to-sampling-based-motion-planning-algorithms

In today's video we will be using the Root Locus Method to design a control system for lateral flight control of a fixed wing aircraft. The topics you will learn are:

1) Root Locus
2) PID Control
3) Final Value Theorem
4) Steady State Error

For those of you who have me as a TA right now, feel free to email me if you have any questions.

Thanks for watching and have a good "quarantine period"!

Best wishes,
Vinayak,
VDEngineering

My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh
My Website: vinayakd.com

Steering Control Design for a Self Driving Car - MATLAB / Simulink Tutorial

VDEngineering 2020-02-15 | #MATLAB #Simulink #Self-Driving #Autonomous

In this video we are going to be designing a discrete time Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) for a self-driving car steering system.

This video covers the following concepts central to control theory and controller design.

1) PID Control
2) LQR Control
3) Discrete and Continuous Control
4) Laplace and Z Domain
5) Discretization Methods: Step Invariance, Impulse Invariance, Zero Order Hold (ZOH) etc.
6) Samping and Pole Zero Matching
7) Linear Quadratic Integration (LQI) Control

I suggest you download the project files and go through the code yourself to grasp the concepts completely.

Thanks for watching!
VDEngineering

Reference Videos:

State-Space: youtube.com/watch?v=dUVgBBw3eeY&
Laplace: youtube.com/watch?v=ktHFoYsb1C0
Simple Autopilot: youtube.com/watch?v=CJGlKCfGEA0
PID Control: youtube.com/watch?v=ORisA8UAEV8

Disclaimer: This content is intended for academic use only
~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms
My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh
My Website: vinayakd.com

MATLAB & Simulink - 15 Beginner Tools You Must Learn

VDEngineering 2020-01-09 | Here are 15 basic MATLAB / Simulink tools you should be aware of (and learn)

1) Using Variables
2) Matrices in Simulink
3) Subsystems
4) Scope
5) Matrix Multiplication
6) Integral action
7) Signal Re-routing
8) To stop a simulation
9) Converting Coordinates
10) Reading Excel Files
11) Writing to Excel Files
12) State Space Models
13) Matrix Norm
14) Matrix Rank
15) State Space to TF

All these tools can be found within the MATLAB tutorial documentation and the Simulink blocks can be found within the Library Browser.

Be sure to watch my other MATLAB, Simulink tutorials which go in-depth into these tools.

Best wishes,
Vinayak

My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh
My Website: vinayakd.com

How Do Rocket Engines Regulate Temperature - Regenerative Cooling Explained!

VDEngineering 2019-12-21 | #Rockets #Propulsion #NASA #Nozzle #Cooling #Regenerative

In this video we are going to talk about how rocket engines regulate their temperature by a process called Regenerative Cooling.

We will focus on liquid rockets as they produce an extremely high amount of thrust and impulse. The primary concepts which will be covered in this video are:

1) Area-Mach Relation
2) Isentropic Flow
3) Convective Heat Transfer
4) Sizing of cooling channels
5) Material strength vs temperature

The scientific references that I used to produce this video are as follows:

1) Crunch CFD for Cooling: crunch.craft-tech.com
2) researchgate.net/publication/321314974_Regenerative_cooling_of_liquid_ rocket_engine_thrust_chambers
3) Ulas, A., & Boysan, E. (2013). Numerical analysis of regenerative cooling in liquid propellant rocket engines. Aerospace Science and Technology, 24(1), 187-197.
4) Marchi CH, Laroca F, Silva AF, Hinckel JN. Numerical solutions of flows in rocket engines with regenerative cooling. Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications. 2004 Apr 1;45(7):699-717.
5) The Best Book on Rocket Propulsion: Sutton, George P., and Oscar Biblarz. Rocket propulsion elements. John Wiley & Sons, 2016.

My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh
My Website: vinayakd.com

Flight Dynamics Modeling, Linearization & Control of an Unstable Aircraft

VDEngineering 2019-11-26 | #SimulinkChallenge2019 #Matlab #Flight

Files: github.com/Vinayak-D/F-16-Longitudinal

My entry to the Simulink Student Challenge 2019

Longitudinal Nonlinear Flight Dynamics and Control of an unstable Fighter Aircraft.

The equations of motion, stability derivatives, aerodynamic coefficients for a longitudinal motion of an aircraft are all computed using Simulink which provides quick turnaround time.

A linearized MIMO state space model is then developed using PID Loops to control both speed and pitch angle simultaneously

Source:
https://dept.aem.umn.edu/~balas/darpa_sec/SEC.Accom.html

Thank you for your consideration

My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh
My Website: vinayakd.com

Multivariable (MIMO) Control Fundamentals: MATLAB & Simulink Tutorial

VDEngineering 2019-11-10 | In this video we're going to look at the following concepts for multivariable control, using a 3-DOF longitudinal flight control model as an example:

1) MIMO state space models
2) State feedback
3) Observability
4) Controllability
5) Matlab and Simulink example

Thanks for watching!
~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms
My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh
My Website: vinayakd.com

code: mathworks.com/help/control/ug/mimo-state-space-models.html

C++ Quick Tutorial: How To Store Data from a File into Arrays

VDEngineering 2019-10-17 | Code: github.com/Vinayak-D/FileIO

This video is a quick C++ tutorial on how to import files and scan data into an array (or various arrays), so you can perform mathematical operations on it. This can be very useful for aerodynamic coefficients, or working with external data obtained from another software. It is assumed you know the basics of programming and loops already. This C++ video covers:

1) fstream
2) stringstream (sstream)
3) vector (arrays)
4) opening and closing a file
5) cin / cout functions
6) vector push_back function
7) converting string to float (stof)

Thanks for watching!
VDEngineering
~~My Udemy Courses on Motion Planning / Navigation / Trajectory Planning:
udemy.com/course/autonomous-robots-nonholonomic-motion-planning-algorithms
My Instagram: instagram.com/vinayak_desh
My Website: vinayakd.com