Stefan Milo
The Life Of A Carthaginian Merchant (or a bit of it anyway)
updated
Anthony's paper: nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07652-1
Other great info on the topic: mikepitts.wordpress.com/2024/08/14/whats-new-about-the-stonehenge-altar-stone
A book about Stonehenge I love https://a.co/d/bsyA5ez
Edited by Michael Laput
Written by Stefan Milo
Huge thanks to Anthony Clarke
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According to some the Richat structure is Atlantis. I think they are wrong. This is the actual archaeology of the Richat.
Milo's channel
youtube.com/@miniminuteman773
Sources:
Archaeologist Robert Vernet's Blog (the best source)
prehistoireouestsaharienne.wordpress.com
prehistoireouestsaharienne.wordpress.com/2020/06/27/les-gravures-rupestres-de-ladrar-de-mauritanie-iii-autres-stations
prehistoireouestsaharienne.wordpress.com/2022/10/13/le-paleolithique-en-mauritanie
Sao, Ousmane, et al. “Les environnements Sédimentaires des Gisements Pré-Acheuléens et Acheuléens des wadis Akerdil et Bamouéré (guelb er-richât, adrar, Mauritanie), une première approche.” L’Anthropologie, vol. 112, no. 1, Jan. 2008, pp. 1–14, doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2008.01.001.
Vernet, Robert. “Un siècle de Préhistoire en Mauritanie Occidentale (1910-2010).” Les Nouvelles de l’archéologie, no. 120–121, 1 Sept. 2010, pp. 122–128, doi.org/10.4000/nda.1034.
Vernet, Robert, et al. Dictionnaire Archéologique de La Mauritanie. CRIAA, Université de Nouakchott, 2003.
Intractable by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
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10,000 years ago the last mammoths to walk the earth were trapped on Wrangel island, northern Siberia. New genetic insights reveals, how many were trapped, how their population grew and perhaps even how they became extinct. I chatted to geneticst Marianne Dehasque about her fascinating research into the dna of the last mammoths.
Sources:
Temporal dynamics of woolly mammoth genome erosion prior to extinction
Dehasque, Marianne et al.
Cell, Volume 187, Issue 14, 3531 - 3540.e13
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How far north did Neanderthals get? Did Neanderthals ever reach Scandinavia, Denmark, Sweden? It's an interesting question because we often think of Neanderthals as cold adapted. However answering it is very difficult.
I chatted to the team at NeanderEDGE who are working on answering this very problem.
https://projects.au.dk/neanderedge
Sources:
Yaworsky, Peter M., et al. “The Neanderthal niche space of western Eurasia 145 ka to 30 ka ago.” Scientific Reports, vol. 14, no. 1, 2 Apr. 2024, doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57490-4.
Roebroeks, Wil, et al. “Landscape modification by last interglacial neanderthals.” Science Advances, vol. 7, no. 51, 17 Dec. 2021, doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abj5567.
Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Sabine, et al. “Widespread evidence for elephant exploitation by Last Interglacial Neanderthals on the North European Plain.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 120, no. 50, 4 Dec. 2023, doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2309427120.
Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre, and Anna Degioanni. “Neanderthal demographic estimates.” Current Anthropology, vol. 54, no. S8, Dec. 2013, doi.org/10.1086/673725.
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This month, I tried:
Elysium Pour Homme by Roja- sbird.co/3Ubi1hb
Yellowstone Ride Reserve by Tru Western- sbird.co/3UdgyqM
Padre by MA|LO- sbird.co/3xDVkt0
Jazmin Yucatan by DS & Durga- sbird.co/49vlJGP
Hundreds of perforated batons have been found across western and central Europe. Typically they are made from Antler, but this one from Hohle Fels is made of Mammoth Ivory.
What were they used for? Ritual or something practical? I spoke to Prof. Nicholas Conard of the University of Tubingen to discuss his idea that they were used to produce rope.
Sources:
Nicholas J. Conard, Veerle Rots ,Rope making in the Aurignacian of Central Europe more than 35,000 years ago.Sci. Adv.10,eadh5217(2024).DOI:10.1126/sciadv.adh5217
Lucas, C., Galway-Witham, J., Stringer, C.B. et al. Investigating the use of Paleolithic perforated batons: new evidence from Gough’s Cave (Somerset, UK). Archaeol Anthropol Sci 11, 5231–5255 (2019). doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00847-y
Artwork by Ettore Mazza
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At Cueva des Cubierta, central Spain, archaeologists uncovered 35 skulls, all of horned animals in one cave chamber. What were Neanderthals doing with all these skulls? Are they the subtle traces of a Neanderthal ritual site?
Timestamps:
0:00 Introduction
2:54 the problem with ritual
5:10 The site
8:02 What were Neanderthals doing
10:36 other funky stuff
12:27 other odd sites
15:53 Neanderthal art nearby
Sources:
Baquedano, Enrique, et al. “A symbolic Neanderthal accumulation of large herbivore crania.” Nature Human Behaviour, vol. 7, no. 3, 26 Jan. 2023, pp. 342–352, doi.org/10.1038/s41562-022-01503-7.
Hoffmann, D. L., et al. “U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art.” Science, vol. 359, no. 6378, 23 Feb. 2018, pp. 912–915, doi.org/10.1126/science.aap7778.
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My thoughts on Hancock vs Flint dibble debate on Joe Rogan
The podcast:
youtu.be/-DL1_EMIw6w?si=H5iRTaLTPpbAzeS6
Graham's article:
grahamhancock.com/hancockg23
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Timestamps:
0:00 Intro
2:16 Controlling a wolf's breeding
4:47 Was dog domestication deliberate?
6:56 Thanks to Keeps
8:38 Why domesticate dogs?
10:47 Were dogs food?
14:17 Were dogs ritual tools?
17:37 Dogs as fish eaters?
20:40 What does dog domestication say about us?
David's great lecture on dogs
youtu.be/CiD-qZDl9jQ?si=8Plhz1bWx_YPDv0f
Main source:
Losey, Robert J., et al. “Dogs were domesticated in the Arctic: Culling practices and dog sledding at Ust’-Polui.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, vol. 51, Sept. 2018, pp. 113–126, doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2018.06.004.
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What was Humanity up to 1,000,000 years ago?
Timestamps
0:00 Intro
1:20 Thanks to Kiwico
3:17 Our strangest cousins
6:48 Big game hunters
8:36 Hand axes
11:05 The first carpenters
12:56 A global species
15:42 Our tiniest cousin
18:04 life in the cold
20:35 Burnt grass
22:27 The biggest difference
23:55 A hard life
Sources:
journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0080347
nature.com/articles/s41598-021-86642-z
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379120305746
pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1221285110
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248400904664
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248414002309
nature.com/articles/nature08844
nature.com/articles/163492b0
journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0088329
pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1117620109
royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2015.0164
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248412001406
Written and Edited by Stefan Milosavljevich
Artwork by Ettore Mazza
Script help by Dr. Anna Goldfield
Footage from Getty, Shutterstock, Wikimedia Commons
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Did Romans travel all the way to China, through Vietnam? I reckon so.
Sources:
badancient.com/claims/romans-reach-vietnam
ancientworldmagazine.com/articles/marcus-aurelius-mysterious-embassy-china
theconversation.com/how-did-4th-century-roman-coins-end-up-in-a-medieval-japanese-castle-66417
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What's going on with these ancient Amazon cities!
Sources:
Prümers, Heiko, et al. “Lidar reveals pre-Hispanic low-density urbanism in the Bolivian amazon.” Nature, vol. 606, no. 7913, 25 May 2022, pp. 325–328, doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04780-4.
Rostain, Stéphen, et al. “Two Thousand Years of garden urbanism in the Upper Amazon.” Science, vol. 383, no. 6679, 12 Jan. 2024, pp. 183–189, doi.org/10.1126/science.adi6317.
Šprajc, Ivan, et al. “Origins of mesoamerican astronomy and calendar: Evidence from the olmec and maya regions.” Science Advances, vol. 9, no. 1, 6 Jan. 2023, doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abq7675.
Timestamps:
0:00 Introduction
1:02 Thanks to Betterhelp
2:26 Spanish Accounts
6:22 LIDAR
7:17 Paper 1
11:25 Paper 2
15:19 Paper 3
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Across the riverbanks of Russia and Ukraine, archaeologists have found enormous piles of mammoth bones. What are they?
Timestamps
0:00 Introduction
0:57 Mammoths
2:50 Thanks to AG1
4:23 Mammoth Structures
8:03 Houses?
10:53 Not Ritual AGAIN!
12:36 Odd construction
20:15 Bear Ritual
Sources:
Sablin, Mikhail, et al. “The Epigravettian Site of Yudinovo, Russia: Mammoth bone structures as ritualised middens.” Environmental Archaeology, 19 Apr. 2023, pp. 1–21, doi.org/10.1080/14614103.2023.2182977.
“Paleolythic dwellings of Anosovka-Mezin type: Construction features and the issue of interpretation.” Rossiiskaia Arkheologiia, no. 4, Nov. 2019, doi.org/10.31857/s086960630007212-2.
Khlopachev, Gennady A. “Les Cabanes de Type « anosovka-mézine » du site de Yudinovo : éléments de construction, architecture, Classification.” L’Anthropologie, vol. 125, no. 4, Sept. 2021, p. 102923, doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2021.102923.
Iakovleva, Lioudmila. “The architecture of mammoth bone circular dwellings of the Upper Palaeolithic settlements in Central and Eastern Europe and their socio-symbolic meanings.” Quaternary International, vol. 359–360, Mar. 2015, pp. 324–334, doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.08.050.
Pryor, Alexander J.E., et al. “The chronology and function of a new circular mammoth-bone structure at Kostenki 11.” Antiquity, vol. 94, no. 374, 17 Mar. 2020, pp. 323–341, doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2020.7.
Ethno-archaeology among Evenkian forest hunters. Preliminary results and a different approach to reality! Mesolithic on the Move Papers presented at the Sixth International
Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, Stockholm 2000, Ole Gren and Oleg Kuznetsov
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Local Elevator by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Electrodoodle by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
0:00 rambly thank you
4:07 I know where I am
4:20 log 1
4:38 more rambly thank yous
5:08 log 2
5:16 rambly 2024 plans
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People in South America share a complicated connection to groups in South Asia and Oceania? Do they share ancestry from a mysterious group geneticists call Population Y?
Today the help of expert geneticists Tábita Hünemeier and Marcos Araújo Castro e Silva we're going to discuss one of the biggest questions in archaeology and prehistory, who was Population Y?
This research connects remote Indian islands, to the mountains of Vietnam, to caves deep in Brazil. It's fascinating stuff.
0:00 Introduction
3:53 Peopling of America
7:04 What do we know
12:48 Why not in the north?
17:27 Where did Pop Y come from?
23:46 In America First?
26:55 I see into your brain
30:00 Conclusione
Quick note Some images at 17:53 are not of the Onge, but of the neighbouring Jarawa ethnic group. I try really hard to source accurate images and video footage but for very small groups that is not always possible.
$1000 of the Myheritage sponsorship was donated to Amazon Watch in appreciation of the help provided by Native Groups in understanding our past. Much love to all!
Sources:
https://www.scielo.br/j/gmb/a/SSGnGN8cGXbLBx3vgZ4GjmQ/?lang=en
science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat3628
pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0507185102
academic.oup.com/mbe/article/39/1/msab339/6448769
nature.com/articles/nature14895
pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2025739118
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The most important archaeological sites in the entire world, definitely in America.
Source of National Park Footage
nps.gov/whsa/learn/nature/footprintsmedia.htm
Academic sources mentioned in my video:
science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh5007
cambridge.org/core/journals/quaternary-research/article/abs/critical-assessment-of-claims-that-human-footprints-in-the-lake-otero-basin-new-mexico-date-to-the-last-glacial-maximum/7EC770BAF784D0FF813711CD63C126F6?utm_campaign=shareaholic&utm_medium=copy_link&utm_source=bookmark
science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abg7586
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How do neanderthal genes affect your health? Today I'm chatting with UC Berkeley geneticist, Laurits Skov about his research in this area. We even get to look at my genome!
Sources:
nature.com/articles/srep07465
nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2818-3
johnhawks.net/weblog/tracing-the-signature-of-african-to-neandertal-gene-flow
academic.oup.com/gbe/article/13/7/evab115/6283580
patreon.com/stefanmilo
Disclaimer: Use my videos as a rough guide to a topic. I am not an expert, I may get things wrong. This is why I always post my sources so you can critique my work and verify things for yourselves. Of course I aim to be as accurate as possible which is why you will only find reputable sources in my videos. Secondly, information is always subject to changes as new information is uncovered by archaeologists.
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Klamath Sources:
craterlakeinstitute.com/crater-lake-new-archives/2002-2/2002-02-6
pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/fs092-02
Deur, Douglas. “A Most Sacred Place: The Significance of Crater Lake among the Indians of Southern Oregon.” Oregon Historical Quarterly, vol. 103, no. 1, 2002, pp. 18–49. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20615207. Accessed 17 Oct. 2023.
Gunditjmara Sources:
Early human occupation of southeastern Australia: New insights from 40Ar/39Ar dating of young volcanoes. Matchan et al. 2019.
science.org/content/article/aboriginal-tale-ancient-volcano-oldest-story-ever-told
patreon.com/stefanmilo
Disclaimer: Use my videos as a rough guide to a topic. I am not an expert, I may get things wrong. This is why I always post my sources so you can critique my work and verify things for yourselves. Of course I aim to be as accurate as possible which is why you will only find reputable sources in my videos. Secondly, information is always subject to changes as new information is uncovered by archaeologists.
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www.stefanmilo.com
www.twitter.com/Historysmilo
www.instagram.com/historysmilo
betterhelp.com/stefanmilo for a 10% discount on your first month of therapy with a licensed professional specific to your needs.
Huge thanks to Sara Mohr, Raven Todd Da Sila and Hassan Elzawy.
Written by Stefan Milosavljevich
Edited by Amanda Laws
Artwork by Ettore Mazza
Sources:
Kushim Source: Nissen, Hans-Jörg, et al. Archaic Bookkeeping Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East. University of Chicago Press, 1993.
Source for the goatherders: Green, M. W. “Animal Husbandry at Uruk in the Archaic Period.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 39, no. 1, 1980, pp. 1–35, doi.org/10.1086/372776.
Source for Gal-Sal: Visible Language: Inventions of Writing In The Middle East And Beyond, Oriental Institute Of Chicago
Source for Egypt relied heavily on Raven and Hassan but this is the Petrie book
Petrie, William Matthew. The Royal Tombs of the Earliest Dynasties, 2013, doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107337299.
patreon.com/stefanmilo
Disclaimer: Use my videos as a rough guide to a topic. I am not an expert, I may get things wrong. This is why I always post my sources so you can critique my work and verify things for yourselves. Of course I aim to be as accurate as possible which is why you will only find reputable sources in my videos. Secondly, information is always subject to changes as new information is uncovered by archaeologists.
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www.stefanmilo.com
www.twitter.com/Historysmilo
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Were humans in Oregon 18,000 years ago? Were humans in Brazil 27,000 years ago???? hmmmm tricky.
Timestamps:
0:00 Intro
1:52 Why so much debate?
7:32 Site 1 Oregon
12:52 Site 2 Brazil
22:18 What does this all mean?
Sources:
Oregon Site - opb.org/article/2023/07/15/archaeology-southern-oregon-human-habitation-18000-years-ago
Brazil - royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2023.0316
Andre Costopoulos aka Archaeothoughts - archeothoughts.wordpress.com
patreon.com/stefanmilo
Disclaimer: Use my videos as a rough guide to a topic. I am not an expert, I may get things wrong. This is why I always post my sources so you can critique my work and verify things for yourselves. Of course I aim to be as accurate as possible which is why you will only find reputable sources in my videos. Secondly, information is always subject to changes as new information is uncovered by archaeologists.
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www.stefanmilo.com
www.twitter.com/Historysmilo
www.instagram.com/historysmilo
For 50% off with HelloFresh PLUS free shipping, use code 50STEFANMILO at bit.ly/3Qec8y9
Huge thanks to Laurits Skov
Source (It's open access): nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05283-y
patreon.com/stefanmilo
Disclaimer: Use my videos as a rough guide to a topic. I am not an expert, I may get things wrong. This is why I always post my sources so you can critique my work and verify things for yourselves. Of course I aim to be as accurate as possible which is why you will only find reputable sources in my videos. Secondly, information is always subject to changes as new information is uncovered by archaeologists.
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Start speaking a new language in 3 weeks with Babbel. 🎉 Get up to 60% OFF your subscription here ➡ go.babbel.com/t?bsc=1200m60-youtube-stefanmilo-jul-2023&btp=default&utm_term=generic_v1&utm_medium=paidsocial&utm_source=YouTube&utm_content=Influencer..stefanmilo..USA..YouTube
Sources:
Harmand, Sonia, et al. “3.3-Million-Year-Old Stone Tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya.” Nature, vol. 521, no. 7552, 2015, pp. 310–315, doi.org/10.1038/nature14464.
patreon.com/stefanmilo
Disclaimer: Use my videos as a rough guide to a topic. I am not an expert, I may get things wrong. This is why I always post my sources so you can critique my work and verify things for yourselves. Of course I aim to be as accurate as possible which is why you will only find reputable sources in my videos. Secondly, information is always subject to changes as new information is uncovered by archaeologists.
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www.stefanmilo.com
www.twitter.com/Historysmilo
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An important clarification from the Nez Perce. They do not support the testing of human remains for ancient DNA as it is a destructive process and not how they believe the dead should be treated. My apologies for not making their opposition to that clear in this video.
We still don't know when humans arrived in North America but I think this is our best bet so far. It's Pre-Clovis, lines up with genetics and has a connection to Asia.
Sources:
Image of Anzick Tools courtesy of Dr. Samuel Stockton White
Davis, Loren G., et al. “Late Upper Paleolithic Occupation at Cooper’s Ferry, Idaho, USA, ~16,000 Years Ago.” Science, vol. 365, no. 6456, 2019, pp. 891–897, doi.org/10.1126/science.aax9830.
Williams, Thomas J., et al. “Evidence of an Early Projectile Point Technology in North America at the Gault Site, Texas, USA.” Science Advances, vol. 4, no. 7, 2018, doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar5954.
Jenkins, Dennis L., et al. “Clovis Age Western Stemmed Projectile Points and Human Coprolites at the Paisley Caves.” Science, vol. 337, no. 6091, 2012, pp. 223–228, doi.org/10.1126/science.1218443.
Raff, Jennifer. “6.” Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas, Twelve, Hatchett Book Group, New York, 2023.
Pratt, Jordan, et al. “A Circum-Pacific Perspective on the Origin of Stemmed Points in North America.” PaleoAmerica, vol. 6, no. 1, 2019, pp. 64–108, doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2019.1695500.
patreon.com/stefanmilo
Disclaimer: Use my videos as a rough guide to a topic. I am not an expert, I may get things wrong. This is why I always post my sources so you can critique my work and verify things for yourselves. Of course I aim to be as accurate as possible which is why you will only find reputable sources in my videos. Secondly, information is always subject to changes as new information is uncovered by archaeologists.
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The first 100 people to use code STEFANMILO at the link below will get 60% off of Incogni: incogni.com/stefanmilo"
Chapters:
0:00 Intro
4:06 Spanish Potatoes?
5:32 Thor and Lapita
10:30 Oral History Meets Genetics
14:34 Rapa Nui DNA
21:00 The New Study
29:18 When
35:14 Where
38:14 Caveat
41:34 Tei Tetua
Sources:
Ioannidis, Alexander G., et al. “Native American Gene Flow into Polynesia Predating Easter Island Settlement.” Nature, vol. 583, no. 7817, 2020, pp. 572–577, doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2487-2.
Ioannidis, Alexander G., Javier Blanco-Portillo, Karla Sandoval, Erika Hagelberg, Carmina Barberena-Jonas, et al. “Paths and Timings of the Peopling of Polynesia Inferred from Genomic Networks.” Nature, vol. 597, no. 7877, 2021, pp. 522–526, doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03902-8.
Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor, et al. “Genome-Wide Ancestry Patterns in Rapanui Suggest Pre-European Admixture with Native Americans.” Current Biology, vol. 24, no. 21, 2014, pp. 2518–2525, doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.09.057.
Ioannidis, Alexander G., Javier Blanco-Portillo, Karla Sandoval, Erika Hagelberg, Carmina Barberena-Jonas, et al. “Paths and Timings of the Peopling of Polynesia Inferred from Genomic Networks.” Nature, vol. 597, no. 7877, 2021, pp. 522–526, doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03902-8.
Eckstein, Lars, and Anja Schwarz. “The Making of Tupaia’s Map: A Story of the Extent and Mastery of Polynesian Navigation, Competing Systems of Wayfinding on James Cook’s Endeavor, and the Invention of an Ingenious Cartographic System.” The Journal of Pacific History, vol. 54, no. 1, 2018, pp. 1–95, doi.org/10.1080/00223344.2018.1512369.
patreon.com/stefanmilo
Disclaimer: Use my videos as a rough guide to a topic. I am not an expert, I may get things wrong. This is why I always post my sources so you can critique my work and verify things for yourselves. Of course I aim to be as accurate as possible which is why you will only find reputable sources in my videos. Secondly, information is always subject to changes as new information is uncovered by archaeologists.
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www.stefanmilo.com
www.twitter.com/Historysmilo
www.instagram.com/historysmilo
Sources:
Reich, David, et al. “Genetic History of an Archaic Hominin Group from Denisova Cave in Siberia.” Nature, vol. 468, no. 7327, 2010, pp. 1053–1060., doi.org/10.1038/nature09710.
Teixeira, João C., et al. “Widespread Denisovan Ancestry in Island Southeast Asia but No Evidence of Substantial Super-Archaic Hominin Admixture.” Nature Ecology & Evolution, vol. 5, no. 5, 2021, pp. 616–624., doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01408-0.
Rizal, Yan, et al. “Last Appearance of Homo Erectus at Ngandong, Java, 117,000–108,000 Years Ago.” Nature, vol. 577, no. 7790, 2019, pp. 381–385., doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1863-2.
Détroit, Florent, et al. “A New Species of Homo from the Late Pleistocene of the Philippines.” Nature, vol. 568, no. 7751, 2019, pp. 181–186., doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1067-9.
Oppenoorth, William F. “Solo Man—a New Fossil Skull.” Scientific American, vol. 147, no. 3, 1932, pp. 154–155., doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0932-154.
Hayes, Elspeth H., et al. “65,000-Years of Continuous Grinding Stone Use at Madjedbebe, Northern Australia.” Scientific Reports, vol. 12, no. 1, 2022, doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15174-x.
Westaway, K., Louys, J., Awe, R. et al. An early modern human presence in Sumatra 73,000–63,000 years ago. Nature 548, 322–325 (2017). doi.org/10.1038/nature23452
Rogers, Alan R., et al. “Neanderthal-Denisovan Ancestors Interbred with a Distantly-Related Hominin.” 2019, doi.org/10.1101/657247.
Zeitoun, Valery, et al. “Solo Man in Question: Convergent Views to Split Indonesian Homo Erectus in Two Categories.” Quaternary International, vol. 223-224, 2010, pp. 281–292., doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2010.01.018.
Jacobs, Guy S., et al. “Multiple Deeply Divergent Denisovan Ancestries in Papuans.” Cell, vol. 177, no. 4, 2019, doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.035.
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Disclaimer: Use my videos as a rough guide to a topic. I am not an expert, I may get things wrong. This is why I always post my sources so you can critique my work and verify things for yourselves. Of course I aim to be as accurate as possible which is why you will only find reputable sources in my videos. Secondly, information is always subject to changes as new information is uncovered by archaeologists.
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www.stefanmilo.com
www.twitter.com/Historysmilo
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Disclaimer: Use my videos as a rough guide to a topic. I am not an expert, I may get things wrong. This is why I always post my sources so you can critique my work and verify things for yourselves. Of course I aim to be as accurate as possible which is why you will only find reputable sources in my videos. Secondly, information is always subject to changes as new information is uncovered by archaeologists.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
www.stefanmilo.com
www.twitter.com/Historysmilo
www.instagram.com/historysmilo
Huge thanks to my generous patrons!
patreon.com/stefanmilo
Sources:
Great general source for Neanderthals:
Sykes, Rebecca Wragg. Kindred. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020.
Shanidar Neanderthals and their injuries:
Trinkaus, Erik, and M. R. Zimmerman. “Trauma among the Shanidar Neandertals.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 57, no. 1, 1982, pp. 61–76., doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330570108.
Churchill, Steven E., et al. “Shanidar 3 Neandertal Rib Puncture Wound and Paleolithic Weaponry.” Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 57, no. 2, 2009, pp. 163–178., doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.05.010.
Trinkaus, Erik, and Sébastien Villotte. “External Auditory Exostoses and Hearing Loss in the Shanidar 1 Neandertal.” PLOS ONE, vol. 12, no. 10, 2017, doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186684.
Neanderthal Medicine:
Weyrich, Laura S., et al. “Neanderthal Behaviour, Diet, and Disease Inferred from Ancient DNA in Dental Calculus.” Nature, vol. 544, no. 7650, 2017, pp. 357–361., doi.org/10.1038/nature21674.
Cannibalism:
Defleur, Alban R., and Emmanuel Desclaux. “Impact of the Last Interglacial Climate Change on Ecosystems and Neanderthals Behavior at Baume Moula-Guercy, Ardèche, France.” Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 104, 2019, pp. 114–124., doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2019.01.002.
Smith, Tanya M., et al. “Wintertime Stress, Nursing, and Lead Exposure in Neanderthal Children.” Science Advances, vol. 4, no. 10, 2018, doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau9483.
Diet:
Martínez Valle, Rafael, et al. “Bird Consumption in the Final Stage of Cova Negra (Xátiva, Valencia).” Quaternary International, vol. 421, 2016, pp. 85–102., doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.01.068.
Evins, Mary A. “The Fauna from Shanidar Cave : Mousterian Wild Goat Exploitation in Northeastern Iraq.” Paléorient, vol. 8, no. 1, 1982, pp. 37–58., doi.org/10.3406/paleo.1982.4308.
Boëda, Eric, et al. “A Levallois Point Embedded in the Vertebra of a Wild Ass (Equus Africanus): Hafting, Projectiles and Mousterian Hunting Weapons.” Antiquity, vol. 73, no. 280, 1999, pp. 394–402., doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00088335.
Henry, Amanda G., et al. “Microfossils in Calculus Demonstrate Consumption of Plants and Cooked Foods in Neanderthal Diets (Shanidar III, Iraq; Spy I and II, Belgium).” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 108, no. 2, 2010, pp. 486–491., doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1016868108.
Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Sabine, et al. “Hunting and Processing of Straight-Tusked Elephants 125.000 Years Ago: Implications for Neanderthal Behavior.” Science Advances, vol. 9, no. 5, 2023, doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.add8186.
Art & Symbolism:
Hoffmann, D. L., et al. “U-Th Dating of Carbonate Crusts Reveals Neandertal Origin of Iberian Cave Art.” Science, vol. 359, no. 6378, 2018, pp. 912–915., doi.org/10.1126/science.aap7778.
Jaubert, J., Verheyden, S., Genty, D. et al. Early Neanderthal constructions deep in Bruniquel Cave in southwestern France. Nature 534, 111–114 (2016). doi.org/10.1038/nature18291
New Burial at Shanidar:
cam.ac.uk/stories/shanidarz
Artwork by Ettore Mazza
Additional research by Dr. Anna Goldfield
Disclaimer: Use my videos as a rough guide to a topic. I am not an expert, I may get things wrong. This is why I always post my sources so you can critique my work and verify things for yourselves. Of course I aim to be as accurate as possible which is why you will only find reputable sources in my videos. Secondly, information is always subject to changes as new information is uncovered by archaeologists.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
www.stefanmilo.com
www.twitter.com/Historysmilo
www.instagram.com/historysmilo
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