Why Molten Salt Nuclear Reactors are almost "Melt-Down Proof" @ArvinAsh

Arvin Ash | Why Molten Salt Nuclear Reactors are almost "Melt-Down Proof" @ArvinAsh | Uploaded 7 months ago | Updated 8 hours ago
Full video here: youtube.com/watch?v=nsKmiutJBUM
This video first talks about the differences between molten salt and conventional nuclear reactors, and then the one BIG difference that makes molten salt reactors virtually melt-down proof, and much safer.

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$The Surprising Origin of All the Elements in the Universe? Claim your SPECIAL OFFER for MagellanTV here: https://try.magellantv.com/arvinash . Start your free trial TODAY so you can watch Sun and Man about how the sun has been critical to our history: https://www.magellantv.com/series/sun-and-man Also enjoy the rest of MagellanTV’s science collection. Be sure to take advantage of the Buy one, get one free annual membership offer only available during the holidays. Background videos: Big Bang Nucleosynthesis: https://youtu.be/4Ra9oaLouGU Solar Fusion: https://youtu.be/xR88vSiOvY4 Chapters: 0:00 - Periodic table 2:21 - Where did the original lightest atoms come from? 6:05 - What atoms are produced in the core of the sun? 7:15 - Where do heavier elements come from? 8:29 - Where do elements heavier than iron come from? 10:46 - How the sun produces elements heavier than iron 12:13 - How the heaviest elements are produced by neutron star fusion Summary: The universe, shortly after the big bang only consisted of the lightest elements, Hydrogen, Helium Lithium, and some isotopes. But today we have elements on earth as heavy as Californium, element 98 on the periodic table. Where did all these elements on earth come from? The nuclei of the lightest elements first came from the first minutes of the big bang, when nucleosynthesis occurred. After 380,000 years, the universe cooled down enough to produce neutral stars. Later as hydrogen gas condensed into the first stars, the universe came out of the dark ages, as these stars began to shine. Stars shine thanks to a process called fusion. In the first stars this happened when hydrogen atoms combined to form helium atoms in the core of stars, where temperatures and pressures are high enough to initiate fusion. This process releases heat and light. The process happens something like this: You start with 4 hydrogens atoms. You can fuse the two pairs of hydrogen atoms into two deuterium atoms, as two protons can transmute into Neutrons. Then you can borrow two more protons to make two helium-3 atoms. These can then fuse to make a helium-4 atom and two free protons. Energy is also released in this process. You can continue this fusion process to make heavier and heavier atoms. But stars like our sun can continue this fusion process up until elements like carbon, or nitrogen because they dont cant produce the temperatures and pressure for further fusion. But large stars can produce elements up to iron. Iron has the largest nuclear binding energy or all elements - it has the most stable nucleus. So, the fusion process stops at iron, and the bigger stars also die. Where do the heaviest elements larger than iron come from? When a very massive star dies, they explode in a supernova. Elements beyond iron are not usually produced in the core of stars, but are formed in this explosion. The extreme temperatures in a supernova can reach billions of degrees. This drives additional nucleosynthesis of elements heavier than iron, yielding elements all the way to Zirconium, element 40. Where do element beyond Zirconium come from? Although the sun doesn’t produce elements much heavier than Nitrogen, it CONTAINS heavier elements even up top iron because these were present in the original gases that formed it. When free neutrons merge with heavy elements, they produce an even heavier isotope of the element. Then over time, due to the weak force, some of the neutrons transmute into protons inside the nucleus creating heavier elements. This way, Iron turns into Cobalt, then Nickel, and so forth, all the way to bismuth, element 83. Heavier elements than this can be produced when the core of a supernovae, called neutron stars merge. When two neutron stars merge, they can free up a lot of neutrons which can get absorbed by heavy atoms. And over time these heavier elements become even heavier as some of the neutrons transmute into protons. This can produce elements all the way to plutonium, element 94. Elements heavier than Plutonium only have very unstable isotopes. So, we find them typically only around radioactive sources., in very minute amounts as elements like uranium absorbs neutrons. These neutrons transmute to produce isotopes of heavier elements. The remaining 20 heaviest elements from 99 to 118 on the periodic table are man made. They do not occur naturally and are highly unstable lasting sometimes only fractions of a second. Three elements - boron, beryllium, and some lithium are not produced by any of these mechanisms, but from fission due to cosmic rays. 98% of the visible matter in the universe is made of only Hydrogen and Helium. The remaining 96 natural elements make up only 2% of the remaining. Most of the atoms in our bodies and on earth, like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are part of this tiny 2%. #nucleosynthesis #periodictable$

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$Yes Virginia, The Death Star Is Real! The Insane power of a Hypernova Get 50% off the first month of KiwiCo: https://www.kiwico.com/arvin and code ARVIN - By signing up you help support our channel, so I really appreciate that! TALK TO ME on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/arvinash REFERENCES Why stars shine: https://youtu.be/xR88vSiOvY4 How white holes, neutron stars and black holes form: https://youtu.be/EZqLLAC5clc Journey into a black hole: https://youtu.be/iUr8Obv_DeA NASA gamma ray detection: https://tinyurl.com/26qf8b9f Paper: How gamma ray bursts form: https://tinyurl.com/28zo4zuk What causes gamma ray bursts? https://tinyurl.com/ygq5h7un Are we safe from gamma ray bursts? https://tinyurl.com/22vynrzk How gamma rays would sterilize earth: https://tinyurl.com/27xkwqar CHAPTERS 0:00 What happens to stars after fuel runs out? 2:12 Kiwico: how to practice science: https://www.kiwico.com/arvin 3:31 The birth and death of stars 7:04 How Black Holes form 8:23 What is a Hypernova 9:42 How does a collimated or narrow gamma ray beam form? 11:36 Can a gamma ray burst kill us? SUMMARY Stars represent a celestial battle of two opposing forces, gravity trying to collapse the star, and radiation pressure trying to explode the star. But it comes to an end close to the time that it runs out of fuel. Gravity then collapses the star. If the star is extremely large, at least 30 times as massive as the sun, a massive explosion so enormous that its power is second only to the Big Bang itself. This is called a hypernova. This can be detected because it sends out a gamma ray burst, which are the most powerful and energetic form of electromagnetic radiation known. If such a hypernova burst occurs even 200 light years from us, it would fry our atmosphere, and end life on earth. And we would not see it coming because the gamma ray beam would be traveling at the speed of light. The moment we saw it hit us, it would kill us. All the stars you see in the sky, including the sun started out in a cloud of dust and gas in a stellar nursery. Gravitational forces cause these clouds to condense and contract, increasing the density and temperature at their cores. As the cloud contracts further, it forms a dense, hot core called a protostar. It starts to shine when the core reaches 10 million degrees Celsius. Eventually the core of the star runs out of hydrogen. Then the star can no longer hold up against gravity. Its inner layers start to collapse, which squishes the core, increasing the pressure and temperature in the core. While the core collapses, the outer layers of material in the star to expand outward into a red giant. But for massive stars greater than 8 times the mass of our sun, they explode in a supernova. And for larger stars greater than 30 times the mass of our sun, they explode into a hypernova. The core of such stars collapses to a black hole with gamma rays emanating from its poles. What distinguishes this explosion from other supernova explosions is first that they are 10 to 100 times more powerful than a supernova, and that they result in a collimated, or narrow beam of gamma rays, similar to a laser that travels across the universe. These gamma ray bursts can last anywhere from fractions of a second to hours. A typical burst releases as much energy in a few seconds as the Sun will release in its entire 10-billion-year lifetime. They are rare. A few such bursts occur per galaxy every million years. But since there are at least 200 billion galaxies in the universe, a few hundred thousand of these occur every year somewhere in the universe. About one gamma ray burst is detected every day on earth . But so far, every burst we have detected has occurred outside of our own galaxy. How does a narrow beam of gamma rays form? Shouldn’t these photons be emitted spherically, just like the way that the matter is expelled from a hypernova? When scientists first discovered these gamma ray bursts, calculations showed that the source of the explosion would have more energy than the big bang itself, which was not possible. But this calculation was based on a spherical photon burst, not a contained narrow burst. The hypothetical mechanism is the following: The rapid rotation of the dying star twists up its magnetic field. This means that the easiest path of escape for any of the charged particles being ejected from the supernova is along a narrow beam at the poles of rotation, since the magnetic field can’t get as tangled in that direction. The twisted magnetic field causes the electrons to travel in a kind of helix. The rapid change of direction produce high energy photons, or gamma rays. A hypernova is the most energetic event in the universe, exceeded only by the Big Bang. If it is pointed directly at us within our galaxy at about 200 light year or closer, it would cause a global extinction event. Since they travel at the speed of light, we would have no warning. We and the earth would just fry with no warning whatsoever. #supernova #hypernova #kilonova$

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