Name: Did T.rex Actively Hunt Ankylosaurus? @TheOverseerDebates
Uploaded: 2026-09-18T08:17:00-05:00
Duration: 8 min 17 s
Description: Did T.rex Actively Hunt Ankylosaurus?

Did T.rex Actively Hunt Ankylosaurus?

The Overseer 2026-09-18 | Did T.rex Actively Hunt Ankylosaurus?

Could Spinosaurus Survive Modern Day Africa?

The Overseer 2025-10-19 | What if our world's Spinosaurus,, was dropped into the real-world ecosystems of Modern Day Africa? Well today we explore a scenario where this beast of the prehistoric past attempts to survive within our real world. Will it be able to dominate this harsh ecosystem, or will it struggle against its new contemporaries? There is only one way to find out!

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you liked and subscribed!

Timestamps
0:00 Spino Info
4:12 Environment
5:40 Prey
9:35 Competition
11:35 Ultimate Survival

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

Main Sources

Barker, C. T., Naish, D., Trend, J., Michels, L. V., Witmer, L., Ridgley, R., Rankin, K., Clarkin, C. E., Schneider, P., & Gostling, N. J. (2023). Modified skulls but conservative brains? The palaeoneurology and endocranial anatomy of baryonychine dinosaurs (Theropoda: Spinosauridae). Journal of Anatomy, 242(6), 1124–1145. doi.org/10.1111/joa.13837

Discoveries | Paul Sereno - paleontologist | The University of Chicago. (n.d.). https://paulsereno.uchicago.edu/discoveries/spinosaurus_aegyptiacus/

Fabbri, M., Navalón, G., Benson, R. B. J., Pol, D., O’Connor, J., Bhullar, B. S., Erickson, G. M., Norell, M. A., Orkney, A., Lamanna, M. C., Zouhri, S., Becker, J., Emke, A., Sasso, C. D., Bindellini, G., Maganuco, S., Auditore, M., & Ibrahim, N. (2022). Subaqueous foraging among carnivorous dinosaurs. Nature, 603(7903), 852–857. doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04528-0

Haddara, M. M., Haberisoni, J. B., Trelles, M., Gohou, J., Christella, K., Dominguez, L., & Ali, E. (2020). Hippopotamus bite morbidity: a report of 11 cases from Burundi. Oxford Medical Case Reports, 2020(8). doi.org/10.1093/omcr/omaa061

Hone, D., & Holtz, T. (2021). Evaluating the ecology of Spinosaurus: shoreline generalist or aquatic pursuit specialist? Palaeontologia Electronica. doi.org/10.26879/1110

Ibrahim, N., Sereno, P. C., Sasso, C. D., Maganuco, S., Fabbri, M., Martill, D. M., Zouhri, S., Myhrvold, N., & Iurino, D. A. (2014). Semiaquatic adaptations in a giant predatory dinosaur. Science, 345(6204), 1613–1616. doi.org/10.1126/science.1258750

Myhrvold, N. P., Baumgart, S. L., Vidal, D., Fish, F. E., Henderson, D. M., Saitta, E. T., & Sereno, P. C. (2024). Diving dinosaurs? Caveats on the use of bone compactness and pFDA for inferring lifestyle. PLoS ONE, 19(3), e0298957. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298957

Sakamoto, M. (2022). Estimating bite force in extinct dinosaurs using phylogenetically predicted physiological cross-sectional areas of jaw adductor muscles. PeerJ, 10, e13731. doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13731

Schade, M., Rauhut, O. W. M., & Evers, S. W. (2020). Neuroanatomy of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda) indicates potential adaptations for piscivory. Scientific Reports, 10(1). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66261-w

Sereno, P. C., Myhrvold, N., Henderson, D. M., Fish, F. E., Vidal, D., Baumgart, S. L., Keillor, T. M., Formoso, K. K., & Conroy, L. L. (2022). Spinosaurus is not an aquatic dinosaur. eLife, 11. doi.org/10.7554/elife.80092

Stembridge‐King, J., & Wilkin, J. T. R. (2025). The lifestyle of Spinosaurus. Geology Today, 41(3), 118–122. doi.org/10.1111/gto.12516

#dinosaur #spinosaurus #animals #lion #evolution #vs

Could Xenomorphs Survive The Jurassic?

The Overseer 2025-09-28 | G'day everybody! In today's video we will dive into one of the most famous horror icons of space. Aliens better known as the Xenomorphs. How would this alien perform in the middle of the Jurassic? We’ll explore its survival strategies, how it would deal with competition from other predators and how it handles gigantic herbivores. There will also be some speculative evolution!

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you liked and subscribe!

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

Artists
Spec Evo:
instagram.com/allo_artz

#dinosaur #hybrid #alien #xenomorph #battle #survival #evolution

The Ultimate Flying Hybrid | Trial of the Sky | Kuashni Trilogy

The Overseer 2025-09-06 | Humanity has been challenged by the Kuash'ni, alien bio-engineers who demand proof of our worth in the form of biological manipulation. In response, we merged traits of prehistoric giants, modern animals, and Earth's most impressive creatures to produce hybrids of unfathomable imagination. From birds to dinosaurs to mammals to even fish, we covered it all. My challenge? The Trial of the Sky.

In this first of three Episodes: Vividen, Madly and myself create hybrids to take on different alien species. Today I have created one of the greatest hybrids to grace the skies. Once completed, episodes 2 & 3 can be found on Vividen's and Madly's channels respectively.

Featuring
@TheVividen

@MadlyMesozoic

Attributions

Alien Language Font - "Kron'thul" by umut-comak

"Kuash'ni Theme" by @Poliostasis

All music featured is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Artists:
instagram.com/valsimot_
deviantart.com/valsimott

Artists:
deviantart.com/shatteredreaiity

#hybrid #hybridwar #dinosaur #battle #science #jurassicworld #jurassicpark #dinosaurs #scifi

Could The Scorpios rex Survive The Cretaceous?

The Overseer 2025-08-24 | G'day everybody! In today's video we will look into if the infamous Scorpios rex from Camp Cretaceous could survive in the Cretaceous period. Does the failed hybrid dinosaur have what it takes to survive within this ecosystem or will it fail? Let us find out!

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you like and subscribe!

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

Timestamps
0:00 - Scorpios Analysis
5:40 - Environment
6:40 - Prey
9:35 - Competition
12:45 - Ultimate Survive

Thumbnail Sources
Tyrannosaurid - Dino Pulerà

#jurassicworld #scorpiosrex #dinosaur #evolution #trex #hybrid #jurassicpark #dinosaurs #indominusrex #mesozoic #battle #survival

Great White Shark vs Killer Whale | Who Is The King Of The Ocean?

The Overseer 2025-08-02 | G'day everybody! Today we are jumping into the ocean in order to analyze a classic animal showdown. This of course being between the Great White Shark and Orca. Both of these marine animals are known as apex predators in their own right. However, in a fair showdown who truly comes out on top?

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you like and subscribe!

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

Main Sources

Collareta, A., Casati, S., Di Cencio, A., & Bianucci, G. (2023). The deep past of the white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, in the Mediterranean Sea: A synthesis of its palaeobiology and palaeoecology. Life (Basel, Switzerland), 13(10), 2085. doi.org/10.3390/life13102085

Martin, R. A., Hammerschlag, N., Collier, R. S., & Fallows, C. (2005). Predatory behaviour of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) at Seal Island, South Africa. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85(5), 1121–1135. doi.org/10.1017/s002531540501218x

Miller, P. J., & Bain, D. E. (2000). Within-pod variation in the sound production of a pod of killer whales, Orcinus orca. Animal Behaviour, 60(5), 617–628. doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2000.1503

Papastamatiou, Y. P., Mourier, J., TinHan, T., Luongo, S., Hosoki, S., Santana-Morales, O., & Hoyos-Padilla, M. (2022). Social dynamics and individual hunting tactics of white sharks revealed by biologging. Biology Letters, 18(3). doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0599

Reeves, I. M. M., Weeks, A. R., Towner, A. V., Impey, R., Fish, J. J., Clark, Z. S. R., Butcher, P. A., Meyer, L., Donnelly, D. M., Huveneers, C., Hudson, N., & Miller, A. D. (2025). Genetic evidence of killer whale predation on white sharks in Australia. Ecology and Evolution, 15(1). doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70786

Towner, A. V., Kock, A. A., Stopforth, C., Hurwitz, D., & Elwen, S. H. (2022). Direct observation of killer whales preying on white sharks and evidence of a flight response. Ecology, 104(1). doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3875

Wright, B. M., Deecke, V. B., Ellis, G. M., Trites, A. W., & Ford, J. K. B. (2021). Behavioral context of echolocation and prey‐handling sounds produced by killer whales (Orcinus orca) during pursuit and capture of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). Marine Mammal Science, 37(4), 1428–1453. doi.org/10.1111/mms.12836

Wroe, S., Huber, D. R., Lowry, M., McHenry, C., Moreno, K., Clausen, P., Ferrara, T. L., Cunningham, E., Dean, M. N., & Summers, A. P. (2008). Three‐dimensional computer analysis of white shark jaw mechanics: How hard can a great white bite? Journal of Zoology, 276(4), 336–342. doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00494.x

#greatwhiteshark #shark #orca #vs #animals #debate #killerwhales

Could The Distortus rex Survive The Mesozoic?

The Overseer 2025-07-21 | G'day everybody! In this video we are jumping into how the D. rex would perform in different prehistoric periods. Specifically, how this failed mutant would perform against real-life animals from the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods. We will be discussing how the environment, dietary options and competition would impact its survival.

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you like and subscribe!

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

Timestamps
0:00 D. rex Analysis
3:30 Triassic
8:56 Jurassic
15:10 Cretaceous

Thumbnail Sources
T.rex - RJ Palmer
Yangchuanosaurus - Gabriel N. U
Rauisuchian - FinwalSMD

#jurassicworldrebirth #drex #dinosaur #evolution #trex

Could Cowboys Survive The Cretaceous?

The Overseer 2025-06-29 | Cowboys are legendary for their toughness, survival skills, and ability to thrive in the untamed frontiers of the American West. But how would those same skills hold up if they were dropped into the deadly, unfamiliar world of the prehistoric past? Well today a group of Cowboys will be dropped into the Cretaceous and we will analyze just how well they can deal with the dinosaurs that called the place home!

As always if you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you liked and subscribed!

Timestamps
0:00 - Cowboy Information
3:45 - Environment
5:15 - Diet
7:55 - Threats
10:00 - Ultimate Survival

Thumbnail Source:
Allosaurus - Frederic Wierum
Utahraptor - Gabriel Ugueto
Gastonia - Sergey Krasovskiy

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

What Did Dinosaurs Really Sound Like? | Part 2

The Overseer 2025-06-13 | What did dinosaurs really sound like? That is a question I answered over a year ago in my original video. However, I think more than enough time has past to create a sequel. Last time we covered Tyrannosaurus rex and Parasaurolophus, but today we cover three new animals (hint: not all dinosaurs). One that ruled the river, another that ruled the sky and another that ruled the desert.

As always if you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you liked and subscribed!

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

Thumbnail Source
Spicy_rat_2

Timestamps
0:00 Context
3:30 Dinosaur Vocalization

Information Sources

paleontology: Producing the sound of the Parasaurolophus dinosaur.
sandia.gov/labnews/1997/12/19/dinosaur-story

Evans, D., Ridgely, R., & Witmer, L. (2009). Endocranial Anatomy of Lambeosaurine Hadrosaurids (Dinosauria: Ornithischia): A Sensorineural Perspective on Cranial Crest Function. The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, 292(9), 1315–1337. doi.org/10.1002/ar.20984

King, J. L., Sipla, J. S., Georgi, J. A., Balanoff, A. M., & Neenan, J. M. (2020). The endocranium and trophic ecology of Velociraptor mongoliensis. Journal of Anatomy, 237(5), 861–869. doi.org/10.1111/joa.13253

New Research Debunks The Dinosaur's Roar.
npr.org/2016/07/16/486279631/new-research-debunks-the-dinosaurs-roar

Padian, K., Cunningham, J. R., Langston, W., & Conway, J. (2021). Functional morphology of Quetzalcoatlus Lawson 1975 (Pterodactyloidea: Azhdarchoidea). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 41(sup1), 218–251. doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2020.1780247

Podos, J., & Webster, M. S. (2022). Ecology and evolution of bird sounds. Current Biology, 32(20), R1100–R1104. doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.073

Riede, T., & Goller, F. (2010). Peripheral mechanisms for vocal production in birds – differences and similarities to human speech and singing. Brain and Language, 115(1), 69–80. doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2009.11.003

Sereno, P. C., Myhrvold, N., Henderson, D. M., Fish, F. E., Vidal, D., Baumgart, S. L., Keillor, T. M., Formoso, K. K., & Conroy, L. L. (2022). Spinosaurus is not an aquatic dinosaur. eLife, 11. doi.org/10.7554/elife.80092

Thévenet, J., Kehy, M., Boyer, N., Pradeau, A., Papet, L., Gaudrain, E., Grimault, N., & Mathevon, N. (2023). Sound categorization by crocodilians. iScience, 26(4), 106441. doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.106441

Vergne, A. L., Pritz, M. B., & Mathevon, N. (2009). Acoustic communication in crocodilians: from behaviour to brain. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 84(3), 391–411. doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00079.x

Yoshida, J., Kobayashi, Y., & Norell, M. A. (2023). An ankylosaur larynx provides insights for bird-like vocalization in non-avian dinosaurs. Communications Biology, 6(1). doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-04513-x

#dinosaur #trex #sound #quetzalcoatlus #spinosaurus #velociraptor #paleontology #evolution #accurate

Could Rexy Survive The Cretaceous?

The Overseer 2025-06-03 | What if Jurassic Park’s original Tyrannosaurus rex (Rexy), was released into the real-world ecosystem of Late Cretaceous North America? Well that very question that will be explored, as this icon of a dinosaur attempts to survive within our prehistory. Let us figure out whether or not she thrives or not!

Thumbnail Source:
Tyrannosaurs rex - Max Bellomio
Triceratops - Mark Witton
Raptor - Saúl Velasco

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

0:00 - Rexy Description
3:30 - Environmental Suitability
4:25 - Diet
8:18 - Competition
11:30 - Ultimate Survival

#dinosaur #jurassicpark #jurassicworld #trex #tyrannosaurus

Allosaurus vs Giant Ground Sloth | Who Would Win?

The Overseer 2025-05-25 | Today jump into a debate I've seen touched rarely. A battle between two creatures from two different time periods. The popular Allosaurus is going up against the tank that is Megatherium. Who do you think will come out on top?

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you like and subscribed!

Thumbnail Credit:

Allosaurus: Rudolph Hima

Giant Ground Sloth: Benjamin R. Langlois

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources

#dinosaur #vs #allosaurus #sloth #debate

What Was The Largest Dinosaur To Ever Exist?

The Overseer 2025-05-21 | Ever wondered what the largest dinosaur to ever walk the planet was? Could it be the mighty T.rex? Well no, but let us go through it!

#dinosaur #trex #jurassicpark #biggest

What Dinosaurs Would Make The Best Pets?

The Overseer 2025-05-13 | G'day everybody! Today we dive into the interesting topic of the possibility of dinosaurs making great pets. We've gone through survival and debates, but if we brought them back could a few make the perfect pet?

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you like and subscribe!

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources

Thumbnail Source:
T.rex - ?
Anky - Facts: Dinosaurs
Velociraptor - Fred Wierum

#dinosaur #animal #paleontology #evolution #trex #accurate #pets

Ranking T. rexes Across Media | Tier List

The Overseer 2025-05-03 | This video is something different than what I normally do. Today we will be covering a number of different T. rex designs that have been presented throughout movies, documentaries and shows throughout the last century.

Correction: Jurassic Park was 1993!

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you like and subscribed!

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources

#dinosaur #trex #tyrannosaurus #tyrannosaurusrex

Why 100 Men vs 1 Silverback Gorilla Isn’t Close

The Overseer 2025-04-24 | The age old question of 100 men vs 1 silverback gorilla. Is this fight really as close as some people think? Well I think it is not!

#gorilla #animals #vs #fighter #boxing #ufc #fyp #silverbackgorilla #chimpanzee #monkey #debate

Utahraptor vs Smilodon | Who Would Win?

The Overseer 2025-04-22 | Today we look into a popular debate between two carnivores. These two have been debated for quite some time now, this being the Utahraptor and Smilodon. Only one these two can come out on top!

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you like and subscribed!

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources

Thumbnail Sources
Utahraptor: Mark Witton

Smilodon: LeonelSaberTooth

Sources
Utahraptor:

Bishop P. J. (2019). Testing the function of dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) 'sickle claws' through musculoskeletal modelling and optimization. PeerJ, 7, e7577. doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7577

Does Deinonychus really have one of the most powerful bites of all dinosaurs? https://markwitton-com.blogspot.com/2...

King, J. L., Sipla, J. S., Georgi, J. A., Balanoff, A. M., & Neenan, J. M. (2020). The endocranium and trophic ecology of Velociraptor mongoliensis. Journal of anatomy, 237(5), 861–869. doi.org/10.1111/joa.13253

New Dromaeosaurids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Utah, and the Evolution of the Dromaeosaurid Tail

Thomson, Tracy & Kirkland, James & Bybee, Paul. (2016). Preliminary Investigation of Utahraptor Ontogeny. https://www.researchgate.net/publicat...

Smilodon:

Figueirido, B., Lautenschlager, S., Pérez-Ramos, A., & Van Valkenburgh, B. (2018). Distinct predatory behaviors in scimitar- and Dirk-Toothed sabertooth cats. Current Biology, 28(20), 3260-3266.e3. doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.012

Freeman, Patricia W. and Lemen, Cliff A., "An experimental approach to modeling the strength of canine
teeth" (2006). Papers in Natural Resources. 12.
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natrespapers/12

Manzuetti, A., Perea, D., Jones, W., Ubilla, M., & Rinderknecht, A. (2020). An extremely large saber-tooth cat skull from Uruguay (late Pleistocene–early Holocene, Dolores Formation): body size and paleobiological implications. Alcheringa an Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 44(2), 332–339. doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2019.1701080

Pollock, T. I., Deakin, W. J., Chatar, N., Carmona, P. S. M., Rovinsky, D. S., Panagiotopoulou, O., Parker, W. M., Adams, J. W., Hocking, D. P., Donoghue, P. C., Rayfield, E. J., & Evans, A. R. (2025). Functional optimality underpins the repeated evolution of the extreme “saber-tooth” morphology. Current Biology. doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.11.059

Sorkin, B. (2008). A biomechanical constraint on body mass in terrestrial mammalian predators. Lethaia, 41(4), 333–347. doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00091.x

#dinosaur #vs #cat #raptor #debate #utahraptor #smilodon

So Dire Wolves Are Back!

The Overseer 2025-04-08 | Colossal Biosciences has revealed that they successfully altered the genome of a Gray Wolf in order to produce the characteristics of a Dire Wolf. Although not 1 to 1, it is a morphological revival of the species.

#wolf #animals #extinction #extinct #direwolf #graywolf #dog #prehistoric #colossalbiosciences #fyp

Could Barney Survive The Cretaceous?

The Overseer 2025-04-01 | April Fools! For todays video we will be discussing the funny topic of what happens when you drop Barney the Dinosaur into the brutal world of the Late Cretaceous? Will he be capable of surviving in this ecosystem or will he be nothing more than an anomaly—or a meal. Will his imagination save him, or will Hell Creek introduce him to extinction in the most brutal way possible?

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you like and subscribed!

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

#dinosaur #barneythedinosaur #trex #survival

Could The Indoraptor Survive The Mesozoic?

The Overseer 2025-03-13 | G'day everybody! In this video we will see if and how the Indoraptor would survive throughout the Mesozoic. Could this upgrade from the Indominus rex have a better chance at surviving the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods? We’ll explore its adaptability, how it would deal with competition and how it would hunt.

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you like and subscribed!

Timestamps
0:00 Indoraptor Analysis
3:18 Triassic
7:50 Jurassic
14:08 Cretaceous

Thumbnail Sources:
Tarbosaurus - PaleoNeolitic
Torvosaurus - Fred Wierum
Saurosuchus - Gabriel Ugueto
Indoraptor - Lukiethewesley13

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

#jurassicworld #indoraptor #dinosaur #evolution #jurassicworldfallenkingdom #hybrid

V.rex vs Accurate T.rex | Who Is The True King?

The Overseer 2025-02-20 | G'day everybody! In this video we go into a debate between fiction and reality. We pit the largest theropod to walk out planet, the Tyrannosaurus rex against its hypothetical descentned the Vastatosaurus rex. Who will be the king of the dinosaurs?

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you liked and subscribed!

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

Sources
Boeye, A. T., & Swann, S. (2024). Calculating muscular driven speed estimates forTyrannosaurus. bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory). doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.13.596099

Caspar, K. R., Gutiérrez‐Ibáñez, C., Bertrand, O. C., Carr, T., Colbourne, J. a. D., Erb, A., George, H., Holtz, T. R., Naish, D., Wylie, D. R., & Hurlburt, G. R. (2024). How smart was T. rex? Testing claims of exceptional cognition in dinosaurs and the application of neuron count estimates in palaeontological research. The Anatomical Record. doi.org/10.1002/ar.25459

Bates, K. T., & Falkingham, P. L. (2012). Estimating maximum bite performance in Tyrannosaurus rex using multi-body dynamics. Biology Letters, 8(4), 660–664. doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0056

Herculano-Houzel, S. (2022). Theropod dinosaurs had primate-like numbers of telencephalic neurons. bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory). https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.20.49...

Hughes, G. M., & Finarelli, J. A. (2019). Olfactory receptor repertoire size in dinosaurs. Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 286(1904), 20190909. doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0909

Johnson‐Ransom, E., Li, F., Xu, X., Ramos, R., Midzuk, A. J., Thon, U., Atkins‐Weltman, K., & Snively, E. (2023). Comparative cranial biomechanics reveal that Late Cretaceous tyrannosaurids exerted relatively greater bite force than in early‐diverging tyrannosauroids. The Anatomical Record, 307(5), 1897–1917. doi.org/10.1002/ar.25326

KENT A. STEVENS "BINOCULAR VISION IN THEROPOD DINOSAURS," Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26(2), 321-330, (1 June 2006). doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(200...[321:BVITD]2.0.CO;2

Sellers, W. I., Pond, S. B., Brassey, C. A., Manning, P. L., & Bates, K. T. (2017). Investigating the running abilities of Tyrannosaurus rex using stress-constrained multibody dynamic analysis. PeerJ, 5, e3420. doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3420

Snively, E., O'Brien, H., Henderson, D. M., Mallison, H., Surring, L. A., Burns, M. E., Holtz, T. R., Jr, Russell, A. P., Witmer, L. M., Currie, P. J., Hartman, S. A., & Cotton, J. R. (2019). Lower rotational inertia and larger leg muscles indicate more rapid turns in tyrannosaurids than in other large theropods. PeerJ, 7, e6432. doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6432

Van Bijlert, P. A., Van Soest, A. J. ‘., & Schulp, A. S. (2021). Natural Frequency Method: estimating the preferred walking speed of Tyrannosaurus rex based on tail natural frequency. Royal Society Open Science, 8(4), 201441. doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201441

#dinosaur #vrex #tyrannosaurusrex #kingkong #vs

Could The Mutant Be The Strongest Dinosaur Yet? | Jurassic World: Rebirth

The Overseer 2025-02-08 | The mutant has an interesting design, but does it have what it takes to rank at the top of the jurassic franchises carnivores?

#dinosaur #jurassicworld #jurassicpark #jurassicworldrebirth #mutant #fyp

My Opinion On The Jurassic World: Rebirth Trailer

The Overseer 2025-02-07 | So the official trailer for Jurassic World: Rebirth came out the other day and it certainly has peaked my interested!

#dinosaur #jurassicworld #jurassicpark #jurassicworldrebirth

Kuashni Trilogy Trailer | The Battle of Hybrids vs Aliens

The Overseer 2025-01-30 | The Overseer, The Vividen and Madly Mesozoic have to create three hybrids to defeat three different alien species- some of the worst the galaxy has to offer- in order to save humanity from complete destruction. Will they succeed?

Ep 1. Trial of the Sky (MAR-APR)
‪@TheOverseerDebates

Ep 2. Trial of Stone (MAY-JUN)
‪@TheVividen

Ep 3. Trial of the Sea (JUN-JUL)
‪@MadlyMesozoic

Jetterapim and Ninkul design:
deviantart.com/shatteredreaiity

Kuash'ni warships:
instagram.com/d3ad.rex/?ig..#

#dinosaur #animals #hybrid #alien

Triceratops vs Palaeoloxodon | Closer Than You Think

The Overseer 2025-01-22 | G'day everybody! In this video, we explore the interesting battle between Triceratops and Palaeoloxodon. A rather overlooked battle which is mainly the result of tyrannosaurus rex. We will be examining a number of aspects before judging a winner!

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

Thumbnail Source:
Triceratops - Anthony Hutchings

Palaeoloxodon - Paleo parallax

Main Sources
Arbour, V. M., & Mallon, J. C. (2017). Unusual cranial and postcranial anatomy in the archetypal ankylosaur Ankylosaurus magniventris. FACETS, 2(2), 764–794. doi.org/10.1139/facets-2017-0063

Bell, P. R., Hendrickx, C., Pittman, M., Kaye, T. G., & Mayr, G. (2022). The exquisitely preserved integument of Psittacosaurus and the scaly skin of ceratopsian dinosaurs. Communications biology, 5(1), 809. doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03749-3

Biswas, D. S., Chang, C., & Tsai, C. (2024). Land of the giants: Body mass estimates of Palaeoloxodon from the Pleistocene of Taiwan. Quaternary Science Reviews, 336, 108761. doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.108761

Farke A.A. Horn use in Triceratops (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae): testing behavioral hypotheses using scale models. Palaeontol. Electron. 2004:N.P. http://palaeo-electronica.org/paleo/2004_1/horn/issue1_04.htm

Gignac, P. M., & Erickson, G. M. (2017). The Biomechanics Behind Extreme Osteophagy in Tyrannosaurus rex. Scientific Reports, 7(1). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02161-w

Gregory, S.P, Christiansen P. (2000) Forelimb posture in neoceratopsian dinosaurs: implications for gait and locomotion. In Paleobiology (Vol. 26, Issue 3, pp. 450–465). https://doc.rero.ch/record/14935/files/PAL_E2081.pdf

Happ, J. (2008). An analysis of predator-prey behavior in a head-to-head encounter between Tyrannosaurus rex and Triceratops. In Larson P. & Carpenter, K. Tyrannosaurus rex the Tyrant king, Indiana University Press. p. 355-370.

Poole, J.H. (1989) Mate Guarding, Reproductive Success and Female Choice in African Elephants. Animal Behaviour, 37, 842-849.
doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(89)90068-7

Sakagami, R., & Kawabe, S. (2020). Endocranial anatomy of the ceratopsid dinosaur Triceratops and interpretations of sensory and motor function. PeerJ, 8, e9888. doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9888

Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. (n.d.). https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app001362014.html

Thulborn, R. A. (1982). Speeds and gaits of dinosaurs. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 38(3–4), 227–256. doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(82)90005-0

#dinosaur #triceratops #palaeoloxodon #elephant #animals #vs #battle

Could King Kong Survive The Mesozoic?

The Overseer 2025-01-04 | Today Kong enters the Mesozoic Era, more specifically he enters into the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous. Does the 2005 rendition has what it takes to survive these dinosaur filled regions? Let us find out!

Timestamps
0:00 Intro
0:27 Kong Analysis
3:00 Triassic
6:46 Jurassic
13:08 Cretaceous
19:55 Teaser

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

Sources
Triassic
Chatterjee, S. (1985). Postosuchus, a new Thecodontian reptile from the Triassic of Texas and the origin of Tyrannosaurs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 309(1139), 395–460. doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1985.0092

Hartman, S. A., Lovelace, D. M., Linzmeier, B. J., Mathewson, P. D., & Porter, W. P. (2022). Mechanistic thermal modeling of late triassic terrestrial amniotes predicts biogeographic distribution. Diversity, 14(11), 973. doi.org/10.3390/d14110973

Parrish, J. M. (1989). Vertebrate paleoecology of the Chinle formation (Late Triassic) of the Southwestern United States. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 72, 227–247. doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(89)90144-2

Repenning, C. A., Cooley, M. E., & Akers, J. P. (1969). Stratigraphy of the Chinle and Moenkopi formations, Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. USGS Professional Paper. doi.org/10.3133/pp521b

Weinbaum, J. C. (2013). Postcranial skeleton of Postosuchus kirkpatricki (Archosauria: Paracrocodylomorpha), from the Upper Triassic of the United States. Geological Society London Special Publications, 379(1), 525–553. doi.org/10.1144/sp379.7

ANTHONY R. FIORILLO, KEVIN PADIAN, CHAYANIN MUSIKASINTHORN; Taphonomy and Depositional Setting of the Placerias Quarry (Chinle Formation: Late Triassic, Arizona). PALAIOS 2000;; 15 (5): 373–386.

Jurassic

Danison, A., Wedel, M., Barta, D., Woodward, H., Flora, H., Lee, A., & Snively, E. (2024). Chimerism in specimens referred to Saurophaganax maximus reveals a new species of Allosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology, 12(1). doi.org/10.18435/vamp29404

Hanson, M., & Makovicky, P. J. (2013). A new specimen ofTorvosaurus tannerioriginally collected by Elmer Riggs. Historical Biology, 26(6), 775–784. doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2013.853056

Pahl, C. C., & Ruedas, L. A. (2023). Big boned: How fat storage and other adaptations influenced large theropod foraging ecology. PLoS ONE, 18(11), e0290459. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290459

Pintore, R., Hutchinson, J. R., Bishop, P. J., Tsai, H. P., & Houssaye, A. (2024). The evolution of femoral morphology in giant non-avian theropod dinosaurs. Paleobiology, 50(2), 308–329. doi.org/10.1017/pab.2024.6

Sakamoto, M. (2022). Estimating bite force in extinct dinosaurs using phylogenetically predicted physiological cross-sectional areas of jaw adductor muscles. PeerJ, 10, e13731. doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13731

Woodruff, D. C., Curtice, B. D., & Foster, J. R. (2024). Seis‐ing up the Super‐Morrison formation sauropods. Journal of Anatomy. doi.org/10.1111/joa.14108

Cretaceous

Sellers, W. I., Pond, S. B., Brassey, C. A., Manning, P. L., & Bates, K. T. (2017). Investigating the running abilities of Tyrannosaurus rex using stress-constrained multibody dynamic analysis. PeerJ, 5, e3420. doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3420

Herculano-Houzel, S. (2023). Theropod dinosaurs had primate-like numbers of telencephalic neurons. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 531, 962–974. doi.org/10.1002/cne.25453

Biomechanics of juvenile tyrannosaurid mandibles and their implications for bite force: Evolutionary biology anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ar.24602?af=R

Sakamoto M. (2022). Estimating bite force in extinct dinosaurs using phylogenetically predicted physiological cross-sectional areas of jaw adductor muscles. PeerJ, 10, e13731. doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13731

Brown CM, Currie PJ, Therrien F. Intraspecific facial bite marks in tyrannosaurids provide insight into sexual maturity and evolution of bird-like intersexual display. Paleobiology. 2022;48(1):12-43. doi:10.1017/pab.2021.29

Russell, D. A., & Manabe, M. (2002). Synopsis of the Hell Creek (uppermost Cretaceous) dinosaur assemblage. doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.169

#dinosaur #kingkong #tyrannosaurusrex #triceratops

Could The JP Spinosaurus Survive The Cretaceous?

The Overseer 2024-12-15 | What if Jurassic Park’s Spinosaurus, Asset 87, was dropped into the real-world ecosystems of Late Cretaceous Africa? Well today we explore a scenario where this beast of cinema attempts to survive within our real life prehistory.. Could it dominate this harsh ecosystem, or would it struggle against its native counterparts? There is only one way to find out!

Also let some of the grammar slide (it was a late night editing)

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you like and subscribed!

Timestamps
0:00 Introduction
0:40 Background Information
4:15 Environment
5:43 Diet
8:56 Competitors
12:12 Survival Situation
19:58 Conclusion

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

Main Sources

Environment

Ibrahim N, Sereno PC, Varricchio DJ, Martill DM, Dutheil DB, Unwin DM, Baidder L, Larsson HCE, Zouhri S, Kaoukaya A (2020) Geology and paleontology of the Upper Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of eastern Morocco. ZooKeys 928: 1-216. doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.928.47517

Chafai, K., Hssaida, T., Maatouf, W., Slimani, H., Rjimati, E., Afenzar, A., Louaya, A., Jaydawi, S., Chakir, S., & Khaffou, H. (2024). Palynostratigraphy and paleoenvironment of Upper Cretaceous sedimentary deposits from the Tarfaya-Laayoune-Boujdour-Dakhla Basin, southwestern Morocco. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 327, 105141. doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2024.105141

Barnett‐Moore, N., Hassan, R., Müller, R. D., Williams, S. E., & Flament, N. (2017). Dynamic topography and eustasy controlled the paleogeographic evolution of northern Africa since the mid‐Cretaceous. Tectonics, 36(5), 929–944. doi.org/10.1002/2016tc004280

Prey
Bunker, G., Martill, D. M., Smith, R. E., Zouhri, S., & Longrich, N. (2022). Plesiosaurs from the fluvial Kem Kem Group (mid-Cretaceous) of eastern Morocco and a review of non-marine plesiosaurs. Cretaceous Research, 140, 105310. doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105310

Paul, G.S. (2010). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 205.

MOLINA-PEREZ, RUBEN. LARRAMENDI, ASIER. (2020). DINOSAUR FACTS AND FIGURES : the sauropods and other sauropodomorphs

Paul, Gregory S. (2019). "Determining the largest known land animal: A critical comparison of differing methods for restoring the volume and mass of extinct animals

Nizar Ibrahim; David J. Varricchio; Paul C. Sereno; Jeff A. Wilson; Didier B. Dutheil; David M. Martill; Lahssen Baidder; Samir Zouhri (2014). "Dinosaur footprints and other ichnofauna from the Cretaceous Kem Kem beds of Morocco". PLOS ONE. 9 (6): e90751. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090751

Rozadilla, Sebastián; Agnolín, Federico; Manabe, Makoto; Tsuihiji, Takanobu; Novas, Fernando E. (September 2021). "Ornithischian remains from the Chorrillo Formation (Upper Cretaceous), southern Patagonia, Argentina, and their implications on ornithischian paleobiogeography in the Southern Hemisphere". Cretaceous Research. 125: 104881. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104881

Competition

Henderson, D. M., & Nicholls, R. (2015). Balance and Strength - Estimating the Maximum Prey-Lifting Potential of the Large Predatory Dinosaur Carcharodontosaurus saharicus. Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007), 298(8), 1367–1375. doi.org/10.1002/ar.23164

Rauhut, O.W.M., 1995. Zur systematischen Stellung der afrikanischen Theropoden Carcharodontosaurus Stromer 1931 und Bahariasaurus Stromer 1934. Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, E, 16.1, 357-375.

Sakamoto M. (2022). Estimating bite force in extinct dinosaurs using phylogenetically predicted physiological cross-sectional areas of jaw adductor muscles. PeerJ, 10, e13731. doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13731

Salem, B. S., Lamanna, M. C., O’Connor, P. M., El-Qot, G. M., Shaker, F., Thabet, W. A., El-Sayed, S., & Sallam, H. M. (2022). First definitive record of Abelisauridae (Theropoda: Ceratosauria) from the Cretaceous Bahariya Formation, Bahariya Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt. Royal Society Open Science, 9(6). doi.org/10.1098/rsos.220106

Sereno, Paul C.; Myhrvold, Nathan; Henderson, Donald M.; Fish, Frank E.; Vidal, Daniel; Baumgart, Stephanie L.; Keillor, Tyler M.; Formoso, Kiersten K.; Conroy, Lauren L. (2022). "Spinosaurus is not an aquatic dinosaur". eLife. 11. e80092. doi:10.7554/eLife.80092

#jurassicpark #dinosaur #jurassicworld #jurassicpark3 #spinosaurus

Indominus rex vs Accurate T.rex | Closer Than You Think

The Overseer 2024-11-24 | Today we go into a debate between fiction and reality. We pit the famous Jurassic World hybrid, the Indominus rex against the largest theropod to walk out planet, the Tyrannosaurus rex. Let us figure out which dinosaur will come out on top!

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you liked and subscribed!

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

Thumbnail art
Indominus rex: mikeypetrov

Tyrannosaurs rex: Mark Witton

SOURCES
Caspar, K. R., Gutiérrez‐Ibáñez, C., Bertrand, O. C., Carr, T., Colbourne, J. a. D., Erb, A., George, H., Holtz, T. R., Naish, D., Wylie, D. R., & Hurlburt, G. R. (2024). How smart was T. rex? Testing claims of exceptional cognition in dinosaurs and the application of neuron count estimates in palaeontological research. The Anatomical Record. doi.org/10.1002/ar.25459

Bates, K. T., & Falkingham, P. L. (2012). Estimating maximum bite performance in Tyrannosaurus rex using multi-body dynamics. Biology Letters, 8(4), 660–664. doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0056

Herculano-Houzel, S. (2022). Theropod dinosaurs had primate-like numbers of telencephalic neurons. bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory). doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.20.496834

Hughes, G. M., & Finarelli, J. A. (2019). Olfactory receptor repertoire size in dinosaurs. Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 286(1904), 20190909. doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0909

Johnson‐Ransom, E., Li, F., Xu, X., Ramos, R., Midzuk, A. J., Thon, U., Atkins‐Weltman, K., & Snively, E. (2023). Comparative cranial biomechanics reveal that Late Cretaceous tyrannosaurids exerted relatively greater bite force than in early‐diverging tyrannosauroids. The Anatomical Record, 307(5), 1897–1917. doi.org/10.1002/ar.25326

KENT A. STEVENS "BINOCULAR VISION IN THEROPOD DINOSAURS," Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26(2), 321-330, (1 June 2006). doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[321:BVITD]2.0.CO;2

Sellers, W. I., Pond, S. B., Brassey, C. A., Manning, P. L., & Bates, K. T. (2017). Investigating the running abilities of Tyrannosaurus rex using stress-constrained multibody dynamic analysis. PeerJ, 5, e3420. doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3420

Snively, E., O'Brien, H., Henderson, D. M., Mallison, H., Surring, L. A., Burns, M. E., Holtz, T. R., Jr, Russell, A. P., Witmer, L. M., Currie, P. J., Hartman, S. A., & Cotton, J. R. (2019). Lower rotational inertia and larger leg muscles indicate more rapid turns in tyrannosaurids than in other large theropods. PeerJ, 7, e6432. doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6432

Van Bijlert, P. A., Van Soest, A. J. ‘., & Schulp, A. S. (2021). Natural Frequency Method: estimating the preferred walking speed of Tyrannosaurus rex based on tail natural frequency. Royal Society Open Science, 8(4), 201441. doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201441

#indominusrex #trex #vs #dinosaur #jurassicworld

Why Suchomimus vs Majungasaurus Isn’t Close

The Overseer 2024-11-12 | In this video, we dive into a debate between two underrated theropods: Majungasaurus and Suchomimus. The show Jurassic World Chaos Theory might have crowned Majungasaurus as the victor, but how accurate is that?

#dinosaur #jurassicworld #jurassicpark #jurassicworldchaostheory #suchomimus #majungasaurus

Could Cryptids Survive The Pleistocene?

The Overseer 2024-11-02 | In this video, we look into myth, legend and folklore to analyze a number of different creatures that we know as Cryptids. Can they survive the Pleistocene? Let us find out!

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you liked and subscribed!

Timestamps
0:00 Overview
3:40 Environment
5:52 Diet
9:16 Competitors
14:30 Threat
16:54 Conclusion

Thumbnail Sources:
Wendigo - Dane Cozens
Bigfoot - Vincent Hie
Mothman - Suviridian

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

#iceage #horror #cryptid #evolution #animals #dinosaur

The Loudest Animals Recorded

The Overseer 2024-10-19 | Ever wondered what the loudest animals on our planet are?

Could The Indominus rex Survive The Mesozoic?

The Overseer 2024-10-07 | G'day everybody! Today we are diving into how the Indominus rex would perform in different prehistoric periods. More specifically looking at how this genetically-engineered dinosaur would fare against real-life species from the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods. We’ll explore its survival strategies, how it would deal with competition from other predators and it might handle massive herbivores.

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you like and subscribed!

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

Timestamps
0:00 I.rex analysis
2:44 Triassic
7:17 Jurassic
13:51 Cretaceous

Thumbnail Sources:
Tyrannosaurus rex - PaleoNeolitic
Allosaurus - Frederic Wierum

#jurassicworld #indominusrex #dinosaur #evolution #trex

Mahoraga As A Real Animal!

The Overseer 2024-09-04 | Ever wondered what would be the animal equivalent to the Divine General Mahoraga? Well here is the example!

Deinosuchus vs Mosasaurus | Closer Than You Think

The Overseer 2024-08-31 | Today we dive into an intense underwater between two prehistoric reptiles! In this video, we pit Mosasaurus, the ocean’s apex predator during the time of the dinosaurs, against Deinosuchus, the colossal alligator that was known to eat dinosaurs. Who will emerge victorious?

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you like and subscribed!

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

Thumbnail

Deinosuchus: DastardlyDilong

Mosasaurus: Baols

#deinosuchus #mosasaurus #vs #battle #dinosaur #prehistoric

Even Orcas Are Afraid Of This

The Overseer 2024-08-22 | Orcas are known as the most powerful predators alive in our modern day. However, the animal kingdom doesn't work like power scaling, there may be a bigger 'fish' but there is always something an animal has to worry about. This even includes our very own apex predator, the orca.

Could Felines Survive The Cretaceous?

The Overseer 2024-08-18 | What would happen if modern felines roamed the Cretaceous? More specifically, what if they roamed North America during the Late Cretaceous? In this video, we drop a number of felines into this unique ecosystem and discuss how well they would perform against this prehistoric environment. From environment, to hunting to competition, we figure out if our modern day apex predators are really that impressive!

Again shout out to both Madly Mesozoic and Vividen: Paleontology Evolved

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you like and subscribed!

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

#dinosaur #cat #evolution #animals #lion #tiger #trex

Naming Every Dinosaur I Can Within 30 Seconds

The Overseer 2024-07-17 | ...

The Bear That Stands On Business

The Overseer 2024-07-10 | In today's video we will be covering an individual bear located in the Banff National Park, known as the Boss Bear. When I tell you he is an impressive specimen, I mean it. Watch and hear some of his most famous stories!

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you like and subscribed!

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources

#bear #animals #bossbear #facts

Quetzalcoatlus vs Argentavis | Who Rules The Skies?

The Overseer 2024-06-26 | In today's debate we have two rulers of the skies from seperate eras. In one corner we have one of the largest flying organisms to ever exist, known as Quetzalcoatlus. In the other corner, we have the heaviest bird to take to the skies, known as Argentavis. Who will rule the skies? Stay tuned and find out!

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you like and subscribed!

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources

Thumbnail Picture Credit
Quetz: Spuno
Argi: Prehistorica_CM

Sources
Witton, M. P., & Habib, M. B. (2010). On the size and flight diversity of giant pterosaurs, the use of birds as pterosaur analogues and comments on pterosaur flightlessness. PloS one, 5(11), e13982. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013982

Goto, Y., Yoda, K., Weimerskirch, H., & Sato, K. (2022). How did extinct giant birds and pterosaurs fly? A comprehensive modeling approach to evaluate soaring performance. PNAS nexus, 1(1), pgac023. doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac023

Witton, M. P. (2019) We need to talk about teratorns markwitton-com.blogspot.com/2019/08

Chatterjee, S., Templin, R.J. and Campbell, K.E. (2007) ‘The aerodynamics of argentavis, the world’s largest flying bird from the miocene of Argentina’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(30), pp. 12398–12403. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702040104.

Witton, M. P., & Naish, D. (2008). A reappraisal of azhdarchid pterosaur functional morphology and paleoecology. PloS one, 3(5), e2271. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002271

Williams, H. J., Shepard, E. L. C., Holton, M. D., Alarcón, P. A. E., Wilson, R. P., & Lambertucci, S. A. (2020). Physical limits of flight performance in the heaviest soaring bird. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(30), 17884–17890. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907360117

#dinosaur #quetzalcoatlus #argentavis #vs #debate

Short-Faced Bear vs Carnotaurus | Who Would Win?

The Overseer 2024-06-13 | Today we get into a debate between two prehistoric giants: the fearsome Carnotaurus and the massive Arctodus Simus! Discover which of these amazing animals would dominate in a head-to-head battle.

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you like and subscribed!

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources

Thumbnail Picture Credit
Carno: Marcos Villarroel

Arctodus: HodariNundu

Sources
Sakamoto M. (2022). Estimating bite force in extinct dinosaurs using phylogenetically predicted physiological cross-sectional areas of jaw adductor muscles. PeerJ, 10, e13731. doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13731

Soibelzon LH, Schubert BW. The largest known bear, Arctotherium angustidens, from the early Pleistocene Pampean region of Argentina: with a discussion of size and diet trends in bears. Journal of Paleontology. 2011;85(1):69-75. doi:10.1666/10-037.1

Persons, W. S., 4th, & Currie, P. J. (2011). Dinosaur speed demon: the caudal musculature of Carnotaurus sastrei and implications for the evolution of South American abelisaurids. PloS one, 6(10), e25763. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025763

Mauricio A. Cerroni, Ariana Paulina-Carabajal, Novel information on the endocranial morphology of the abelisaurid theropod Carnotaurus sastrei, Comptes Rendus Palevol, Volume 18, Issue 8, 2019, Pages 985-995, ISSN 1631-0683, doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2019.09.005.

Cerroni, Mauricio A.; Paulina-Carabajal, Ariana (2019). "Novel information on the endocranial morphology of the abelisaurid theropod Carnotaurus sastrei". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 18 (8): 985–995. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2019.09.005

Matheus, Paul E. (2003). Locomotor adaptations and ecomorphology of short-faced bears (Arctodus simus) in eastern Beringia. Yukon Palaeontologist, Gov't. of Yukon

Figueirido, B., Pérez-Claros, J. A., Torregrosa, V., Martín-Serra, A., & Palmqvist, P. (2010). Demythologizing Arctodus simus, the ‘short-faced’ long-legged and predaceous bear that never was. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(1), 262–275. doi.org/10.1080/02724630903416027

#dinosaur #bear #vs #carnotaurus #shortfacedbear #debate

The Newly Discovered Dinosaur From Patagonia

The Overseer 2024-05-26 | There's been a newly described theropod (technically discovered a decade ago) that existed in Patagonia during the Late Cretaceous. Interestingly enough, this carnivore seemed to have coexisted with the classic Carnotaurus. If that's grabbed your interest, well let us jump into this.

Thumbnail Credit
Gabriel Díaz Yantén

#paleontology #dinosaur #kolekeninakayali #animals

When Sloths Took Over The Ocean

The Overseer 2024-05-23 | We are all familiar with sloth as slow moving animals. Some of us might be familiar with the giant sloths which used to roam our lands. However, there is an interesting genus that used to be semi-aquatic! Let's get into it

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you liked and subscribed!

Timestamps
0:00 Intro
0:25 Discovery & Species
1:09 Classification Process
2:27 Part Terrestrial?
3:05 Environment
3:24 Size
4:13 Limbs
5:21 Skull
6:07 Tail
6:24 Bone Density
6:57 Diet
7:32 Competition
8:50 Predation
10:03 Extinction

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

Gorilla vs Orangutan | Who Is The Strongest Primate?

The Overseer 2024-05-16 | With the release of the latest Planet Of The Apes Movie, I decided that I couldn't pass up the opportunity to discuss the debate of which primate is the true king. Our animals up for debate include the Gorilla and the Orangutan? Let us find out who the true winner is!

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you liked and subscribed!

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

Timestamps
0:00 Introduction
0:40 Gorilla
5:30 Orangutan
9:46 Debate

#animals #vs #gorilla #orangutan #primate #debate

The New Troodon That Rivalled Utahraptor In Size

The Overseer 2024-05-06 | Ever wondered where the news about the Troodontids has been? Well we have a new discovery to unpack which presents one of the largest deinonychosauria to exist! For now it is known as Fujianipus yingliangi.

Let us get into this!

Timestamps
0:00 Introduction
0:46 Background Knowledge
2:32 Size
5:00 Speed
6:07 Environment
7:32 Conclusion

Thumbnail Credit
HodariNundu

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you liked and subscribed!

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

Sources
Lida Xing, Kecheng Niu, Martin G. Lockley, Anthony Romilio, Ke Deng, W. Scott Persons, Deinonychosaur trackways in southeastern China record a possible giant troodontid, iScience, 2024, 109598,
ISSN 2589-0042, doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.109598.

Aaron J. van der Reest and Philip J. Currie. 2017. Troodontids (Theropoda) from the Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, with a description of a unique new taxon: implications for deinonychosaur diversity in North America. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 54(9): 919-935. doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2017-0031

Farlow, J. Estimates of dinosaur speeds from a new trackway site in Texas. Nature 294, 747–748 (1981). doi.org/10.1038/294747a0

van der Reest, A. J.; Currie, P. J. (2017). “Troodontids (Theropoda) from the Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, with a description of a unique new taxon: implications for deinonychosaur diversity in North America”. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 54 (9): 919–935

#troodon #dinosaur #discovery #paleontology #raptor

The Giant Duck With Terrible Claws

The Overseer 2024-04-28 | Deinocheirus is often thought to just be a giant duck, however it is one of the most interesting theropods to have ever existed. Dating back to the Cretaceous, this biped ruled over the marshland with its massive size and terrible claws.

Thumbnail Credit
tuomaskoivurinne

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you liked and subscribed!

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

Timestamps
0:00 Intro
0:13 Discover & Classification
1:15 Distribution and habitat
1:57 Size
2:32 Claw Function
3:45 Skull Function
4:25 Neural Spine
5:00 Feathering
5:46 Diet
6:53 Competition
7:51 Predators
9:26 Extinction
10:00 Conclusion

Sources

Lee, YN., Barsbold, R., Currie, P. et al. Resolving the long-standing enigmas of a giant ornithomimosaur Deinocheirus mirificus. Nature 515, 257–260 (2014). doi.org/10.1038/nature13874

Qin, Z., Liao, C. C., Benton, M. J., & Rayfield, E. J. (2023). Functional space analyses reveal the function and evolution of the most bizarre theropod manual unguals. Communications biology, 6(1), 181. doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-04552-4

Rauhut, O. W. M., & Pol, D. (2019). Probable basal allosauroid from the early Middle Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation of Argentina highlights phylogenetic uncertainty in tetanuran theropod dinosaurs. Scientific reports, 9(1), 18826. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53672-7

Tsogtbaatar Chinzorig, Thomas Cullen, George Phillips, Richard Rolke, Lindsay E. Zanno Large-bodied ornithomimosaurs inhabited Appalachia during the Late Cretaceous of North America doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.25.485782

Xi Yao, Corwin Sullivan, Qingwei Tan, Xing Xu, New ornithomimosaurian (Dinosauria: Theropoda) pelvis from the Upper Cretaceous Erlian Formation of Nei Mongol, North China, Cretaceous Research, Volume 137, 2022, 105234, ISSN 0195-6671, doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105234.

Senter, P.; Robins, J.H. (2010). "Hip heights of the gigantic theropod dinosaurs Deinocheirus mirificus and Therizinosaurus cheloniformis, and implications for museum mounting and paleoecology" Bulletin of the Gunma Museum of Natural History (14): 1–10

Loewen, M. A., Irmis, R. B., Sertich, J. J., Currie, P. J., & Sampson, S. D. (2013). Tyrant dinosaur evolution tracks the rise and fall of Late Cretaceous oceans. PloS one, 8(11), e79420. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079420

#dinosaur #deinocheirus #tarbosaurus

This Newly Discovered Snake Was Larger Than Titanoboa

The Overseer 2024-04-20 | We've got a new snake discovered you already know I have to cover it. You might also be surprised that I'm not a month late to a discovery for month but hey we adapt.

Now despite being new it was originally discovered in 2004, but was described as a new genus and species of madtsoiid snake.

Presenting the newest contender for the world's largest snake that was discovered in India: vasuki indicus

Thumbnail Credit
HodariNundu

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you liked and subscribed!

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

Sources
Datta, D., Bajpai, S. Largest known madtsoiid snake from warm Eocene period of India suggests intercontinental Gondwana dispersal. Sci Rep 14, 8054 (2024). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58377-0

McCartney, J. A., Roberts, E. M., Tapanila, L. & Oleary, M. A. Large palaeophiid and nigerophiid snakes from Paleogene Trans-Saharan Seaway deposits of Mali. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 63, 207–220 (2018).

Rivas, Jesus. (2023). What can studying anacondas tell us about Titanoboa cerrejonensis? Exploring the life of an extinct giant snake using an extant pretty big snake. Herpetological Conservation and Biology. 33. 68-75. 10.33256/33.3.6875.

#snake #paleontology #dinosaur #titanoboa #fossil #extinction

How Do We Know The Power Behind A Dinosaurs Bite?

The Overseer 2024-04-07 | We've all heard the many numbers provided by paleontologists on bite force of dinosaurs such as Tyrannosaurs rex. However, do you know the methods used to come up with these numbers? Well I won't go all sciencey on you but let's figure it out!

Sources
Sakamoto M. 2022. Estimating bite force in extinct dinosaurs using phylogenetically predicted physiological cross-sectional areas of jaw adductor muscles. PeerJ 10:e13731 doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13731

Peterson, J. E., Tseng, Z. J., & Brink, S. (2021). Bite force estimates in juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex based on simulated puncture marks. PeerJ, 9, e11450. doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11450

Rayfield, E.J. (2005), Using finite-element analysis to investigate suture morphology: A case study using large carnivorous dinosaurs. Anat. Rec., 283A: 349-365. doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.20168

Lautenschlager, Stephan. (2015). Estimating cranial musculoskeletal constraints in theropod dinosaurs. Royal Society Open Science. 2. 150495. 10.1098/rsos.150495.

Bishop PJ, Cuff AR, Hutchinson JR. How to build a dinosaur: Musculoskeletal modeling and simulation of locomotor biomechanics in extinct animals. Paleobiology. 2021;47(1):1-38. doi:10.1017/pab.2020.46

Sakamoto, Manabu. (2020). Assessing bite force estimates in extinct mammals and archosaurs using phylogenetic predictions. 10.1101/2020.11.17.386771.

Ian N. Cost, Kaleb C. Sellers, Rachel E. Rozin, Anthony T. Spates, Kevin M. Middleton, Casey M. Holliday; 2D and 3D visualizations of archosaur jaw muscle mechanics, ontogeny and phylogeny using ternary diagrams and 3D modeling. J Exp Biol 8 March 2022; 225 (Suppl_1): jeb243216. doi: doi.org/10.1242/jeb.243216

Bates, K.T., & Falkingham, P.L. (2012). Estimating maximum bite performance in Tyrannosaurus rex using multi-body dynamics. Biology Letters, 8, 660 - 664.

#paleontology #dinosaur #science #biteforce #trex

JW Velociraptor vs Accurate Raptors | Jurassic Park vs Science

The Overseer 2024-04-01 | In today's battle debate, we have a gauntlet of Dromaeosaurs. These accurate Dromaeosaurs are in the was of Jurassic Park's most famous velociraptor "Blue". Will Blue be able to complete gauntlet? Comment down below and watch to find out!

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you like and subscribed!

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

Timestamps
0:00 Introduction
0:36 Blue Analysis
3:30 Velociraptor
5:52 Deinonychus
8:01 Achillobator
10:21 Utahraptor
14:06 Mystery Raptor
16:09 Conclusion

Sources:
Bishop PJ. 2019. Testing the function of dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) ‘sickle claws’ through musculoskeletal modelling and optimization. PeerJ 7:e7577 doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7577

Sellers, W. I., & Manning, P. L. (2007). Estimating dinosaur maximum running speeds using evolutionary robotics. Proceedings. Biological sciences, 274(1626), 2711–2716. doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0846

Sakamoto M. (2022). Estimating bite force in extinct dinosaurs using phylogenetically predicted physiological cross-sectional areas of jaw adductor muscles. PeerJ, 10, e13731. doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13731

Mark P Witton. (2014) Does Deinonychus really have one of the most powerful bites of all dinosaurs? markwitton-com.blogspot.com/2014/09/does-deinonychus-really-have-one-of.html

Sues, Hans-Dieter; Averianov, Alexander; Britt, Brooks B. (2022-12-22). "A giant dromaeosaurid theropod from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) Bissekty Formation of Uzbekistan and the status of Ulughbegsaurus uzbekistanensis". Geological Magazine. 160 (2): 355–360. doi:10.1017/S0016756822000954. ISSN 0016-7568.

Sellers, W. I., & Manning, P. L. (2007). Estimating dinosaur maximum running speeds using evolutionary robotics. Proceedings. Biological sciences, 274(1626), 2711–2716. doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0846

Erickson, G.M., Lappin, A.K., Parker, T. and Vliet, K.A. (2004), Comparison of bite-force performance between long-term captive and wild American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). Journal of Zoology, 262: 21-28. doi.org/10.1017/S0952836903004400

Ostrom, J.H. (1976). "On a new specimen of the Lower Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Deinonychus antirrhopus". Breviora. 439: 1–21.

Brian T. Roach and Daniel L. Brinkman "A Reevaluation of Cooperative Pack Hunting and Gregariousness in Deinonychus antirrhopus and Other Nonavian Theropod Dinosaurs," Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 48(1), 103-138, (1 April 2007). doi.org/10.3374/0079-032X(2007)48[103:AROCPH]2.0.CO;2

James Kirkland (1993) A large dromaeosaurid (Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Eastern Utah https://www.academia.edu/225747/A_large_dromaeosaurid_Theropoda_from_the_Lower_Cretaceous_of_Eastern_Utah

#dinosaur #paleontology #velociraptor #jurassicworld #vs #blue #utahraptor #deinonychus #achillobator

The New Mosasaurid Which Was The Bulldog Of Its Family

The Overseer 2024-03-27 | A new mosasaur, that's sure to hit the spotlight which it exactly did. This giant predator named khinjaria acuta and was part of the family Mosasauridae. Let's learn a bit more about this apex predator.

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you like and subscribed!

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

Thumbnail Credit
Aberrantologist

Sources

Longrich, Nicholas R.; Polcyn, Michael J.; Jalil, Nour-Eddine; Pereda-Suberbiola, Xabier; Bardet, Nathalie (2024-03-01). "A bizarre new plioplatecarpine mosasaurid from the Maastrichtian of Morocco". Cretaceous Research: 105870. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105870

Longrich, Nicholas R (2024). "Yet another terrifying predatory mosasaur from Morocco" nicklongrich.com/blog/yet-another-terrifying-predatory-mosasaur-from-morocco

Michael J. Polcyn, Louis L. Jacobs, Ricardo Araújo, Anne S. Schulp, Octávio Mateus, Physical drivers of mosasaur evolution, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 400, 2014, Pages 17-27, ISSN 0031-0182, doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.05.018.

Madzia, D., & Cau, A. (2017). Inferring 'weak spots' in phylogenetic trees: application to mosasauroid nomenclature. PeerJ, 5, e3782. doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3782

#mosasaurus #extinction #ocean #fossil #paleontology #dinosaur #reptiles

When Rhinos Were Bigger Than Dinosaurs

The Overseer 2024-03-23 | Who remembers the time that Rhino's evolved to be one of if not the largest mammals to have ever walked the planet? Well let's talk about the enormous Paraceratherium!

Thumbnail Art Credit
Mauricio Anton

Timestamps
0:00 Introduction
0:20 Origins & Evolution
2:15 Physical Attributes
4:15 Distribution and Habitat
5:25 Feeding
6:09 Predators
7:35 Extinction
9:42 Conclusion

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you liked and subscribed!

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

Main sources
Deng, T.; Lu, X.; Wang, S.; Flynn, L. J.; Sun, D.; He, W.; Chen, S. (2021). "An Oligocene giant rhino provides insights into Paraceratherium evolution" doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02170-6

C. Martin, I. Bentaleb, P.-O. Antoine, Pakistan mammal tooth stable isotopes show paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental changes since the early Oligocene, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 311, Issues 1–2, 2011, Pages 19-29, ISSN 0031-0182, doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.07.010.

Pierre-Olivier Antoine, S.M. Ibrahim Shah, Iqbal U. Cheema, Jean-Yves Crochet, Dario de Franceschi, Laurent Marivaux, Grégoire Métais, Jean-Loup Welcomme,
New remains of the baluchithere Paraceratherium bugtiense (Pilgrim, 1910) from the Late/latest Oligocene of the Bugti hills, Balochistan, Pakistan, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, Volume 24, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 71-77, ISSN 1367-9120, doi.org/10.1016/j.jaes.2003.09.005.

palaeo-electronica.org/2005_1/wang6/system.htm

Sen, S.; Antoine, P. O.; Varol, B.; Ayyildiz, T.; Sözeri, K. (2011). "Giant rhinoceros Paraceratherium and other vertebrates from Oligocene and middle Miocene deposits of the Kağızman-Tuzluca Basin, Eastern Turkey". Naturwissenschaften. 98 (5): 407–423. doi:10.1007/s00114-011-0786-z.

Wang, Y.; Deng, T. (2005). "A 25 m.y. Isotopic record of paleodiet and environmental change from fossil mammals and paleosols from the NE margin of the Tibetan Plateau". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 236 (1–2): 322–338. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.05.006.

Holbrook, L. (1999). "The phylogeny and classification of tapiromorph perissodactyls (Mammalia)". Cladistics. 15 (3): 331–350. doi:10.1006/clad.1999.0107

Prothero, 2013

Tissier, J.; Becker, D.; Codrea, V.; Costeur, L.; Fărcaș, C.; Solomon, A.; Venczel, M.; Maridet, O.; Smith, T. (2018). "New data on Amynodontidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Eastern Europe: Phylogenetic and palaeobiogeographic implications around the Eocene-Oligocene transition".. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193774

Martin, Jeremy E. (2018). "The Taxonomic Content of the Genus Gavialis from the Siwalik Hills of India and Pakistan". Papers in Palaeontology. 5 (3): 483–497. doi:10.1002/spp2.1247
Martin, Jeremy E.; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Perrier, Vincent; Welcomme, Jean-Loup; Metais, Gregoire; Marivaux, Laurent (2019). "A large crocodyloid from the Oligocene of the Bugti Hills, Pakistan" . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (4): e1671427. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1671427

Sun, Zhiqian; Han, Aili; Li, Yan; Jiangzuo, Qigao; Wang, Shiqi; Li, Shijie (2022-05-04). "New material of Amphicyon zhanxiangi from laogou, linxia basin suggests a possible southern dispersal with increasing omnivory". Historical Biology. 34 (5): 857–864. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1949009

#paraceratherium #paleontology #casestudy #animals #extinct #megafauna #rhino

What Did Earth Sound Like Before The DInosaurs?

The Overseer 2024-03-16 | When you think of prehistoric arthropods (insects, bugs, arachnids and all that good stuff) making sound, you might have no clue how they sounded.
But today you're in lucky as we go through a select number of some of the largest extinct arthropods to have ever lived and what sounds they produced! Many of which predate even the dinosaurs.

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you like and subscribed!

Also for those that are interested, Arthropods is the Phylum. Hence bugs, arachnids, insects etc = Arthropod. However, Arthropod ≠ everything in the Phylum to be a bug.

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

My Video On Dinosaur Vocalisation: youtu.be/Fqf8EYdCehw?si=DnVsBFUDWqw1us1f

Timestamps
0:00 Intro
0:48 Mesozoic Bush Cricket
2:09 Arthropleura
4:25 Sea Scorpion
6:58 Meganeura
8:54 Conclusion

Sources

Alan E. R. Cannell, The engineering of the giant dragonflies of the Permian:
revised body mass, power, air supply, thermoregulation
and the role of air density doi:10.1242/jeb.185405

Stork NE. How Many Species of Insects and Other Terrestrial Arthropods Are There on Earth? Annu Rev Entomol. 2018 Jan 7;63:31-45. doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043348. Epub 2017 Sep 22. PMID: 28938083.

Rodriguez, J., Jones, T.H., Sierwald, P. et al. Step-wise evolution of complex chemical defenses in millipedes: a phylogenomic approach. Sci Rep 8, 3209 (2018). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19996-6

Braddy, S. J., Poschmann, M., & Tetlie, O. E. (2008). Giant claw reveals the largest ever arthropod. Biology letters, 4(1), 106–109. doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0491

Arjan Boonman, Yossi Yovel, Ofri Eitan, Wing-Beat Frequency and Its Acoustics in Birds and Bats, Integrative and Comparative Biology, Volume 60, Issue 5, November 2020, Pages 1080–1090, doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa085

Chunpeng Xu et al. 2023. High acoustic diversity and behavioral complexity of katydids in the Mesozoic soundscape. PNAS 119 (51): e2210601119; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2210601119

#arthropleura #dinosaur #bug #extinction #evolution #animals #paleontology #meganeura #jaekelopterus

The Predator That Ruled Antarctica

The Overseer 2024-03-07 | In today's case study we will be diving into a continent whose dinosaur life is quite unknown, this being Antarctica's top predator. This theropod is the largest known terrestrial theropod to have lived on Antarctica of the time of this video. This being Cryolophosaurus.

If you enjoyed then I'd appreciate if you like and subscribed!

I do not own any of the footage and images utilized, they belong to their respected sources.

Thumbnail Credit:
On X: @Cynderen

Timestamps
0:00 Introduction
0:30 Origins
2:20 Physical Attributes
4:56 Habitat
5:40 Hunting
7:35 Competitors
8:15 Extinction
9:38 Conclusion

Sources

Smith et al. (2007) Smith ND, Makovicky PJ, Hammer WR, Currie PJ. Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2007;151(2):377–421. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00325.x.

NATHAN D. SMITH, PETER J. MAKOVICKY, WILLIAM R. HAMMER, PHILIP J. CURRIE, Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 151, Issue 2, October 2007, Pages 377–421, doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00325.x

Changyu YUN An enigmatic theropod Cryolophosaurus:
Reviews and comments on its paleobiology VOLUMINA JURASSICA, 2019, XVII: 103–110

S. P WELLES; NEW JURASSIC DINOSAUR FROM THE KAYENTA FORMATION OF ARIZONA. GSA Bulletin 1954;; 65 (6): 591–598. doi: doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1954)65[591:NJDFTK]2.0.CO;2

Marsh AD, Rowe TB. A comprehensive anatomical and phylogenetic evaluation of Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria, Theropoda) with descriptions of new specimens from the Kayenta Formation of northern Arizona. Journal of Paleontology. 2020;94(S78):1-103. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.14

Sereno, P.C.; Wilson, J.A.; Larsson, H.C.E.; Dutheil, D.B.; Sues, H-D. (1994). "Early Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Sahara". Science. 266 (5183): 267–270doi:10.1126/science.266.5183.267

Price, G., Twitchett, R., Wheeley, J. et al. Isotopic evidence for long term warmth in the Mesozoic. Sci Rep 3, 1438 (2013). doi.org/10.1038/srep01438

Bruce W. Sellwood, Paul J. Valdes, Jurassic climates, Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, Volume 119, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 5-17, ISSN 0016-7878, doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7878(59)80068-7.

#dinosaur #facts #cryolophosaurus #antarctica #paleontology #casestudy