Convective Chronicles
Forecast Discussion - May 21, 2024 - Severe Weather Outbreak Expected across the Midwest
updated
Thumbnail image by Michel Fortier via the San Antonio Express-News.
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Contents
0:00 Introduction
1:05 Meteorological analysis
18:39 Event radar, rain totals
21:44 Wrap-up
Significant severe weather is likely today across the northern Plains, where SPC has outlined an Enhanced Risk (level 3/5). Supercells should develop in an upslope regime across eastern Montana/western North Dakota initially, posing a risk for all hazards, before additional convection with an all-hazards threat develops farther east. Strong tornadoes, very large hail, and significant damaging winds are possible.
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On June 16, 2025, an incredibly photogenic, long-lived tornado occurred somewhat unexpectedly near Wellfleet, NE, just south of North Platte. We'll take a brief look at the meteorology behind this tornado to begin this video.
Today, the SPC has outlined a Moderate Risk (level 4/5) across much of Kansas into northern Oklahoma. A complex setup is expected to unfold, with multiple rounds of severe storms forecast between ongoing convection and additional convection to develop later. Storms should congeal into an intense complex this evening, posing a risk for significant straight-line winds approaching 100 mph. Very large hail and a few tornadoes are possible, especially with any more discrete supercells. The threat shifts east tomorrow.
***Please note that this was recorded before SPC shifted today's Moderate Risk area southeastward a bit with the 11:30am update.***
Thumbnail photo from the Lincoln County (NE) Sheriff's Office.
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Chapters
0:00 Introduction, risk areas
3:08 Meteorological breakdown of yesterday's incredible NE tornado
16:26 Forecast discussion on today's Moderate Risk
32:24 Discussion of tomorrow's setup
35:47 Wrap-up
An intense MCS/possible derecho is expected today across the southern Plains. SPC has outlined a Moderate Risk (level 4/5) across southern Oklahoma and north Texas to cover this risk. Initial supercells should pose a risk for very large hail and damaging winds before congealing into a forward-propagating MCS that could produce straight-line wind gusts in the 80-100 mph range this evening.
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Our severe weather outbreak sequence is beginning to wind down but not before a final day of all-hazards risk. SPC has outlined an Enhanced Risk (level 3/5) from the Ohio River southward into the Southeast, where supercells are expected to fire along and ahead of a cold front. All hazards are possible, including very large hail and tornadoes, with an isolated strong tornado not out of the question. Transient supercells with a brief tornado risk are also possible near the surface low/warm front across Illinois/Indiana.
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Our significant severe weather outbreak sequence continues today across the central and southern Plains. SPC has outlined a Moderate Risk (level 4/5) centered on the eastern half of Oklahoma, surrounded by a large Enhanced Risk (level 3/5) from southeast Nebraska down into Texas. An initial round of warm-advection-driven severe storms are forecast to develop across eastern portions of the risk area by midday or so, posing a risk for all severe hazards, including strong tornadoes and very large hail. By mid-afternoon, another round of storms should develop along the dryline back to the west, initially posing a risk for mainly large to very large hail and damaging winds before the tornado threat increases by late afternoon/early evening.
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A tornado outbreak may be on tap today across the central and southern Plains. SPC has outlined a Moderate Risk (level 4/5) across southwest Kansas and northwest Oklahoma, surrounded by a large Enhanced Risk (level 3/5) from western Nebraska down into Texas. Several discrete supercells are expected to develop this afternoon across this corridor, posing a risk for all severe hazards, including intense/long-track tornadoes and giant hail.
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Our active pattern continues as a classic stretch of severe weather setups take aim at the Plains starting today. Enhanced Risks (level 3/5) have been outlined by the SPC for the next four days, with each day posing a risk for significant severe hazards, including strong tornadoes and very large hail.
Today, widespread convection is expected across southern Oklahoma and north Texas, with a more conditional risk along the warm front from central into northwest Oklahoma. Large to very large hail and damaging winds will be the main risks, but a couple tornadoes are possible, especially if any storms fire near the warm front and via any favorable storm interactions.
Tomorrow, discrete supercells are expected ahead of a robust dryline from Nebraska into Texas, with the greatest risk centered on Kansas into northern Oklahoma. All hazards are possible, including strong tornadoes and large to very large hail.
Stronger forcing for ascent will overspread the dryline on Monday, leading to a higher-ceiling but lower-floor event. Once again, intense supercells are possible with all hazards, but storm mode remains a question. The threat shifts east into the Mid-South/Southeast on Tuesday.
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Chapters
0:00 Introduction, risk areas
4:39 Discussion of today's setup
23:16 Discussion of tomorrow's setup
30:07 Discussion of Monday/Tuesday setups
33:01 Wrap-up
A regional severe weather outbreak is expected today, focused on the Ohio River Valley. SPC has outlined a Moderate Risk (level 4/5) across this area. Multiple rounds of supercells are expected, posing a risk for all severe hazards, including strong/long-track tornadoes, very large hail, and significant damaging straight-line winds in excess of 80 mph.
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Chapters
0:00 Introduction, risk areas
2:38 Brief discussion the next several days' risk areas
6:04 Current data analysis
22:19 Model analysis
32:25 Convection allowing model analysis
38:00 Wrap-up
Significant severe weather is on tap for the next couple days from the Great Lakes to the Mid-South. Today, an Enhanced Risk (level 3/5) has been outlined from Wisconsin southeastward as a potent trough and robust surface low swing into the region. Widespread storms are expected along the associated frontal zones, posing a risk for all severe hazards, including very large hail and tornadoes, perhaps one or two strong. Tomorrow, the threat shifts slightly south into the Ohio River Valley region, where another Enhanced Risk has been outlined. It's unclear how early convection and storm mode will evolve, but supercells with all hazards, some significant, are once again possible. This active pattern will continue into the weekend and early next week, as well.
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Chapters
0:00 Introduction, risk areas
5:18 Discussion of today's setup
40:00 Discussion of tomorrow's setup
48:50 Brief discussion of setups this weekend/early next week
52:01 Wrap-up
In this video, I sit down with Chris to discuss his thought process in the days leading up to his High Risk issuance. He goes through, in detail, what he was seeing in model data regarding the forecast synoptic environment, along with several of the in-house SPC tools that he used to make his High Risk forecast. We also discuss this setup in the context of his OMEGA Project research, including an analysis of the 500 mb jet.
Thumbnail image from Luke Robbins (X: @LukeRobbinsWX).
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Chapters:
0:00 Introduction
3:07 OMEGA Project background
8:33 Comparison of tools for High/Moderate Risk discrimination
12:30 Meteorological analysis for April 2 event - Day 3
21:10 Meteorological analysis for April 2 event - Day 2
29:01 Meteorological analysis for April 2 event - Day 1
52:23 Discussion of High Risk placement
55:13 Discussion of right entrance region of jet
57:49 High Risk outlook verification
1:00:33 Final comments
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Resources:
"The OMEGA Project" paper by Broyles et al. - spc.noaa.gov/publications/broyles/omega.pdf
After a bit of a lull in widespread severe weather across the US, a pattern shift is on its way this week and beyond. A multi-day stretch of severe weather is expected to begin Wednesday evening and peak Thursday and Friday from the Great Lakes to the Mid-South. SPC has outlined Slight Risks (level 2/5) for each day Wednesday-Friday. In this video, we'll compare and contrast a few different model solutions and discuss the potential outcomes from this setup. Beyond this, ensemble models are hinting at a continuation of robust severe weather into early next week.
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Chapters
0:00 Introduction, risk areas
3:40 Current look at the atmosphere
7:35 Discussion of Wednesday's setup
14:00 Discussion of Thursday's setup
34:55 Discussion of Friday's setup
40:58 Discussion of ensemble model output beyond Friday
46:55 Wrap-up
A significant severe weather outbreak is on tap for today from the Great Lakes to the Southern Plains. SPC has outlined a Moderate Risk (level 4/5) across parts of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa, where supercells posing an all-hazards risk are possible this afternoon/evening. All hazards are possible, including intense tornadoes and very large hail. Supercells are also possible in western Oklahoma and northwest Texas this evening, posing a risk for all severe hazards.
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After another day of mesoscale activity today, a synoptically evident severe weather sequence is set to begin tomorrow (Sunday, April 27) before peaking on Monday. A potent trough and associated fast-moving jet streak will make its way into the central US, ahead of which a broad warm sector will be in place. While storm initiation is somewhat conditional tomorrow, a widespread severe weather outbreak is possible on Monday from the Great Lakes/Midwest, where a Moderate Risk (level 4/5) has been outlined, to the southern Plains. All severe hazards are possible, including strong/intense tornadoes. The threat will continue into Tuesday and Wednesday.
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Chapters
0:00 Introduction, risk areas, flooding risk
4:45 Quick look at today's setup
6:32 Current data analysis
9:10 Discussion of Sunday's setup
29:25 Discussion of Monday's setup
44:20 Discussion of Tuesday/Wednesday setups
48:15 Convection allowing model analysis for Sunday
50:02 Wrap-up
In this video, we take a look at what you can expect in terms of severe weather as we close out April and head into early May. The next few days should foster daily, mesoscale-driven severe risks across the central and southern High Plains as a persistent dryline sets up amid a low-amplitude flow regime. Beyond that, ensemble models are hinting at more synoptically evident severe weather by this weekend into early next week as troughing settles into the western US and acts upon a broad area of returning moisture.
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Looking for a reliable way to get up-to-the-minute severe weather alerts from me wherever you are? Check out WeatherCall NexGen.
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Want to learn more about radar and a myriad of other topics related to severe storms forecasting and storm chasing from the best meteorologists and storm chasers in the world? Head on over to stormchasercoaching.com! Storm Chaser Coaching was created to help storm chasers of all skill levels stay safe and achieve success! There are two ways to interact with us:
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Use promo code TREY when you sign up and get 20% off your first month!
Subscribe to the Chaser Academy here: stormchasercoaching.com/chaser-academy
---------------------------------------------------------
Want to learn how to forecast and chase severe storms from the best meteorologists and storm chasers in the business? Head over to stormchasercoaching.com today and sign up for our Chaser Academy. Use promo code TREY to get 20% off the first month of your subscription.
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Chapters:
0:00 Introduction
3:07 Meteorological analysis of the previous day
8:26 Meteorological analysis of the Palm Sunday outbreak
40:31 Wrap-up
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Resources:
NWS Indianapolis event page: weather.gov/ind/palmsuntor
NWS Northern Indiana event page: weather.gov/iwx/1965_palmsunday_50
NWS Grand Rapids event page: weather.gov/grr/1965PalmSundayTornado
NWS Chicago event page: weather.gov/lot/Palm_Sunday_Outbreak
Fujita et al. (1970): "PALM SUNDAY TORNADOES OF APRIL 11, 1965" - journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/98/1/1520-0493_1970_098_0029_pstoa_2_3_co_2.xml
Broyles et al. (2025): "The OMEGA Project" - spc.noaa.gov/publications/broyles/omega.pdf
"The Mighty Whirlwind" - David Wagler
Tornado Archive: tornadoarchive.com/home
SPC Violent Tornado Webpage: spc.noaa.gov/exper/outbreaks/#
Brian Bernard's Golden Horseshoe WX website: goldenhorseshoewx.ca/index.html
Palm Sunday case study on Golden Horseshoe WX: goldenhorseshoewx.ca/case_studies/PalmSundayOutbreak1965/?fbclid=IwY2xjawJeOU5leHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHoeMPc7Z11v25e8y0bC1iQuTORylCeT9w6sEQr9DBLJd4zk9stWys2qpjjcw_aem_dGEhey4C5IlN8pSJ0I8Ppg
UPDATE - SPC has upgraded to Moderate Risk (level 4/5) ahead of an intense bowing segment currently moving through Arkansas (as of 11:45am CDT). Greater confidence in strong tornadoes and significant damaging winds in excess of 80 mph has necessitated the upgrade.
Another day of significant severe weather potential is on tap today from east Texas to western Tennessee today, where SPC has outlined an Enhanced Risk (level 3/5). Most of the convection is expected to be messy/linear in organization, but any more discrete supercells in the open warm sector may pose a risk of strong tornadoes and very large hail. Damaging winds and tornadoes are also expected within the main line along the cold front. Excessive rainfall and catastrophic flash flooding is also expected to continue across the Mid-South today.
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Chapters
0:00 Introduction, risk areas, flooding risk
3:53 Meteorological analysis
21:30 Wrap-up
Our incredible severe weather outbreak sequence continues today across the Mid-South, as the SPC has outlined a Moderate Risk (level 4/5) from the ArkLaTex into southern Missouri. While storm mode will have a notable impact on the intensity of the risk, the environment will be favorable for intense, long-track tornadoes in any more semi-discrete supercells. The threat persists tomorrow across the Mid-South/Southeast, where another round of significant severe weather, including strong tornadoes and intense damaging winds, is expected.
Excessive rainfall and catastrophic flash flooding is also expected across the Mid-South along the slow-moving frontal zone, where multiple rounds of convection are forecast to continue to train over the same areas through the next couple days.
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Chapters
0:00 Introduction, risk areas, flooding risk
4:38 Current data analysis
15:40 Model analysis
29:22 Discussion of tomorrow's setup
35:11 Wrap-up
On the heels of yesterday's significant severe weather outbreak from the Midwest to the Southeast, more is on the way, particularly from the Southern Plains into the Mid-South and Southeast. Today (Thursday, April 3), SPC has outlined an Enhanced Risk (level 3/5) from the ArkLaTex into Tennessee, where ample convection is expected to develop near and north of a stalled frontal zone. Most storms should remain elevated, posing a large to very large hail risk, but any storms can latch onto the front or impinge upon the warm sector will pose a risk for all hazards, including strong tornadoes.
Tomorrow, an Enhanced Risk has also been outlined from the ArkLaTex into southeast Oklahoma, Arkansas, and far southern Missouri. A better chance for more surface-based supercells exists here given a northward advancing, broad warm sector, and all hazards, including strong tornadoes, are once again possible.
Saturday, another significant severe weather episode is expected, focused on east Texas, Louisiana, southern Arkansas, and western Mississippi, where a Day 3 Enhanced Risk has been outlined. All hazards are possible, including strong tornadoes.
Excessive rainfall and catastrophic flash flooding is also expected across the Mid-South along the slow-moving frontal zone, where multiple rounds of convection are forecast to train over the same areas through the next three days.
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Chapters
0:00 Introduction, risk areas, flooding risk
6:00 Discussion of today's setup
23:16 Discussion of Friday's setup
28:39 Discussion of Saturday's setup
34:49 Wrap-up
SPC has upgraded to HIGH RISK (level 5/5) across the Ohio and Mid-Mississippi Valleys today, as their confidence in a significant tornado outbreak in this corridor has increased. In this video, we'll discuss some of the potential reasons why the risk may not materialize as expected. Still, a potent, widespread severe weather risk, including a threat for significant damaging winds, very large hail, and strong tornadoes exists from the Great Lakes and Midwest down into the Southern Plains.
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Chapters
0:00 Introduction, risk areas
5:25 Current data analysis
19:04 Model analysis
36:28 Wrap-up
A widespread severe weather outbreak is possible beginning today across the Plains before shifting east into the region from the Great Lakes to the ArkLaTex tomorrow. SPC has outlined an Enhanced Risk (level 3/5) across much of Kansas and Oklahoma to cover the threat of discrete supercells that may develop along a tightening dryline late this afternoon and evening. If storms can remain surface-based, all hazards will be possible, including significant tornadoes. Tomorrow's threat is also reflected in a large Enhanced Risk from the Great Lakes southwestward into Texas. Multiple rounds of storms are possible with a risk for all severe hazards, some significant. The severe threat will persist along a stalling frontal zone into Thursday and the weekend, along with a significant flash flooding risk.
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Chapters
0:00 Introduction, risk areas
4:43 Discussion of today's setup
32:09 Discussion of tomorrow's setup
44:25 Wrap-up
Another widespread severe weather outbreak is possible beginning tomorrow (Tuesday) across the central and southern Plains before shifting into the Midwest and Mid-South Wednesday. SPC has outlined Enhanced Risks (level 3/5) for both days, with a nocturnal supercell threat expected to develop Tuesday evening. Strong tornadoes are possible across parts of Kansas and, possibly, Oklahoma and north Texas. The threat shifts east, with convection likely to intensify Wednesday morning. Multiple rounds of severe storms with all severe hazards possible, some significant.
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Chapters
0:00 Introduction, risk areas
5:20 Current data analysis
7:53 Discussion of Tuesday's setup
23:40 Discussion of Wednesday's setup
38:28 Wrap-up
Widespread, significant severe weather is expected to take place across a broad swath of the eastern half of the US today and tomorrow. Today, SPC has outlined a large Enhanced Risk (level 3/5) from the Great Lakes to the ArkLaTex, within which multiple rounds of severe storms with all hazards are possible. A conditional risk for strong tornadoes exists, centered on the Mississippi/Ohio River confluence. The risk shifts toward the Eastern Seaboard tomorrow; an Enhanced Risk also exists from Virginia to the Gulf Coast states.
On the heels of this system, another, more potent system appears to be on the way by Wednesday. A severe weather outbreak appears possible; I'll have more information on this in a later video.
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Chapters
0:00 Introduction, risk areas
5:22 Discussion on today's setup
40:30 Discussion of tomorrow's setup
45:02 Wrap-up
Another multi-day, potentially significant severe weather event is on tap this weekend into early next week across a broad area of the US. Starting tomorrow (Saturday, March 29), a conditional risk of supercells with all hazards, including very large hail, exists in particular from Missouri into northern Oklahoma. The event looks to peak on Sunday; SPC has outlined a large Enhanced Risk (level 3/5) from the Midwest into the Southeast. Multiple rounds of convection are possible, posing a risk for all hazards. The threat should shift into the Eastern Seaboard on Monday.
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Chapters
0:00 Introduction, risk areas
4:18 Current data analysis
8:10 Model analysis - Saturday
26:04 Model analysis - Sunday
38:49 Convection allowing model analysis - Saturday
42:26 Wrap-up
SPC has outlined a Slight Risk (level 2/5) for parts of western Oregon and Washington, a rare sight for the region. As a potent closed low aloft meanders toward the region, supercells are expected to develop this afternoon, posing a risk for mainly large to very large hail. A tornado risk will also accompany any more robust supercells.
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A classic cold core tornado setup is expected to take place in Illinois today, where the SPC has outlined an Enhanced Risk (level 3/5). Storms should develop near the surface low by early afternoon, posing a risk for a few tornadoes, damaging winds, and large hail. A strong tornado or two is possible as the storms move east.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Chapters
0:00 Introduction, risk areas
2:08 Meteorological analysis
30:28 Wrap-up
---------------------------------------------------------
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---------------------------------------------------------
Chapters:
0:00 Introduction
0:59 Overview of the tornado
4:26 Meteorological analysis
12:59 Tornado's visual appearance
14:59 Was it one tornado or a tornado family?
17:16 Wrap-up
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Resources:
Maddox et al. (2013): "Meteorological Analyses of the Tri-State Tornado Event of March 1925" - ejssm.com/ojs/index.php/site/article/view/46
Johns et al. (2013): "The 1925 Tri-State Tornado Damage Path and Associated Storm System" - ejssm.org/archives/2013/vol-8-2-2013
In-depth article detailing the impacts from the tornado: stormstalker.wordpress.com/2013/06/10/tri-state-tornado
Broyles et al. (2025): "The OMEGA Project" - spc.noaa.gov/publications/broyles/omega.pdf
Changnon and Semonin (1966): "A Great Tornado Disaster in Retrospect" - tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00431672.1966.9930508
"The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm" - Thomas Grazulis
Tornado Archive: tornadoarchive.com/home
SPC Violent Tornado Webpage: spc.noaa.gov/exper/outbreaks/#
The SPC has upgraded to a HIGH RISK (level 5/5) across Mississippi and Alabama today, where an outbreak of tornadoes, some potentially strong to violent, is expected. Significant damaging winds and large to very large hail are also possible.
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A significant severe weather outbreak is expected to begin today from the Midwest into the Southeast. SPC has outlined a Moderate Risk (level 4/5) for today for the threat of intense damaging winds in excess of 80 mph and strong, long-track tornadoes. The threat looks to peak across the Southeast tomorrow, where an outbreak of supercells, possibly harboring strong/violent tornadoes, is likely; SPC has also outlined a Moderate Risk for this threat, as well.
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Chapters
0:00 Introduction, risk areas
6:59 Analysis of current data
17:20 Discussion of today's setup
32:03 Discussion of Saturday's setup
51:03 Wrap-up
A potentially significant severe weather outbreak is becoming increasingly likely late this week into the weekend. SPC has outlined Enhanced Risks (level 3/5) for Friday and Saturday across a broad swath of the US from the Midwest to the Southeast, with the severe threat continuing into Sunday across the Eastern Seaboard. The potential for multiple rounds of severe weather exists, including a risk for strongly tornadic supercells, particularly on Saturday across the Southeast. In this video, we compare and contrast data from our major models to come up with possible outcomes for this event.
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Chapters
0:00 Introduction, risk areas
4:10 Discussion of Friday's setup
27:45 Discussion of Saturday's setup
44:39 Discussion of Sunday's setup
45:50 Wrap-up
A widespread, potentially significant severe weather event is on tap for Friday and Saturday (March 14-15) as a potent trough makes its way into the central US. In this video, we'll go over current ensemble model, and I'll give my initial thoughts on this setup, including what we know now and what needs to be worked out as we approach the weekend.
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A multi-day stretch of significant severe weather is expected to begin tonight across the southern Plains, where the SPC has upgraded to an Enhanced Risk (level 3/5). An MCS is expected to rapidly develop from Kansas to Texas late tonight, posing a risk for embedded tornadoes and damaging winds. The line will continue into the Mid-South and Southeast tomorrow, continuing the significant severe threat across another SPC Enhanced Risk area. The greatest threat for tornadoes, perhaps some strong, will be across central/southern Louisiana, southern Mississippi, and southern Alabama, where models are hinting at slightly higher, albeit conditional, potential for more discrete supercells. The threat continues into the Eastern Seaboard Wednesday, where all hazards may be possible.
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Chapters
0:00 Introduction, risk areas
4:59 Current observations
10:40 Model analysis
34:27 Convection-allowing model analysis
39:03 Wrap-up
Significant severe weather is expected to make a return to to the southern US on Tuesday; SPC has outlined an Enhanced Risk-equivalent 30% contour centered on the southern Mississippi River area. In this video, we'll compare and contrast some of our latest model runs to come up with a range of possible outcomes for what could be a potent event. We'll also touch on tomorrow's low-end risk across the southern Plains.
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Chapters
0:00 Introduction, risk areas
1:53 Brief discussion on tomorrow's threat
4:49 Discussion of Tuesday's threat
33:58 Wrap-up
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Contents
0:00 Introduction
2:39 El Niño Southern Oscillation
11:04 Gulf sea-surface temperature anomalies
12:33 Drought in the EML source region
15:18 Introduction to analogs
18:00 Analog: 1996
19:15 Analog: 2006
20:50 Analog: 1967
22:15 Analog: 1984
23:37 Analog: 1981
24:28 Analog: 1989
25:57 Analog: 2018
27:12 Discussion on the exclusion of 2011 as an analog
27:59 Composite 500 mb height anomalies of analog years
29:56 Climate model output, seasonal forecasts
31:04 My final forecast
33:47 Wrap-up
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Resources:
My 2023 Tornado Season Forecast: youtube.com/watch?v=E9_gmsmkGqE
My 2024 Tornado Season Forecast: youtube.com/watch?v=NtfLy7atk_0
"The Impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on Winter
and Early Spring U.S. Tornado Outbreaks" - Cook et al. (2017): journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/apme/56/9/jamc-d-16-0249.1.xml?tab_body=pdf
"US regional tornado outbreaks and their links to spring ENSO phases
and North Atlantic SST variability" - Lee et al. (2016): iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/044008
Supplementary figures for Lee et al. (2016) accessible through the hyperlink in his article above (scroll down to where it says "Supplementary data")
"Is There an Optimal ENSO Pattern That Enhances Large-Scale Atmospheric Processes Conducive to Tornado Outbreaks in the United States?" - Lee et al. (2013): journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/26/5/jcli-d-12-00128.1.xml?tab_body=pdf
"Importance of the Gulf of Mexico as a climate driver for U.S. severe thunderstorm activity" - Molina et al. (2016): agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016GL071603
Tornado maps for analog years collected from tornadoarchive.com
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Thumbnail image from Andy Shriner.
Huge thanks to:
-Mikey Williams for providing his analysis on the southern Kansas supercell of May 25.
-wxKobold (on X) for providing the storm-centered radar loops of the Valley View and Claremore/Decatur supercells.
-Alex Bartholomew, Andy Shriner, Mason McCormack, Connor Stines, Joshua and Emily Leach (J&E Wx Chasers), and Drew (X: @Wx_Beans) for providing their photos and videos.
Contents
0:00 Introduction
0:54 May 25 analysis begins
2:01 Meteorological analysis - May 25
8:00 Discussion of left splits - May 25
11:12 Southern Kansas supercell discussion - May 25
25:47 Valley View, TX, supercell discussion - May 25
31:16 Claremore, OK/Decatur, AR supercell discussion - May 25
35:20 May 26 analysis
41:23 Wrap-up
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----------------------------------------
Resources
NWS Norman event page: weather.gov/oun/events-20240525
NWS Paducah event page: weather.gov/pah/May26_2024Severe
NWS St. Louis event page: weather.gov/lsx/5_26_2024
My May 20, 2013 breakdown: youtube.com/watch?v=N1RXY7Lf43s
Nixon et al. (2024): "Cell Mergers, Boundary Interactions, and Convective Systems in Cases of Significant Tornadoes and Hail" - journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/wefo/aop/WAF-D-23-0117.1/WAF-D-23-0117.1.xml
Significant severe weather is expected today across parts of the Mid-South and Southeast, where SPC has outlined an Enhanced Risk (level 3/5). Adequate instability and strong low-level/deep-layer shear will overspread a broad warm sector, setting the stage for severe storms mostly in the form of a squall line along a surging cold front. Damaging winds and a few tornadoes, some of which may be strong, are possible with the QLCS. The threat for prefrontal supercells is low given a lack of forcing over the warm sector for much of the day; this could increase tonight across southern portions of the risk area. Any discrete supercells that are able to develop and sustain before the QLCS marches in will pose a risk for strong tornadoes and damaging winds.
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Chapters
0:00 Introduction, risk areas
2:54 Observed data analysis
17:15 Model analysis
31:29 Convection allowing model (CAM) analysis
36:45 Wrap-up
Significant severe weather is, once again, expected Saturday into Sunday across the Gulf Coast states, where the SPC has outlined an Enhanced Risk (level 3/5). In this video, we compare and contrast today's model runs and discuss some of the caveats accompanying this setup.
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Significant severe weather is expected today across the Gulf Coast states, where the SPC has outlined an Enhanced Risk (level 3/5). Storms are expected to develop late this morning along the cold front with an additional round of open warm sector supercells this afternoon. The latter will pose the greatest risk for tornadoes, perhaps some strong, particularly across southern Mississippi and Alabama. The line will also pose a risk for tornadoes and damaging winds.
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Contents
0:00 Introduction, risk areas
1:52 Current state of the atmosphere
18:35 Model analysis
33:37 Convection allowing model (CAM) analysis
40:27 Wrap-up
Link to the bill: legiscan.com/OK/text/HB2426/2025
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Thanks to Celton Henderson for providing some of his footage for this video.
----------------------------------------
Contents
0:00 Introduction
2:00 Meteorological analysis
7:25 Radar breakdown begins
9:14 Possible role of a boundary
11:10 Proximity sounding analysis
14:33 Deviant tornado motion
15:16 High-resolution, mobile radar data analysis
18:06 Wrap-up
----------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------
Resources
NWS Norman event page: weather.gov/oun/events-20240523
Snyder et al. (2013): "Observations of Polarimetric Signatures in Supercells by an X-Band Mobile Doppler Radar" - journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/141/1/mwr-d-12-00068.1.xml?tab_body=pdf
Griffin et al. (2018): "In Situ and Radar Observations of the Low Reflectivity Ribbon in Supercells during VORTEX2" - journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/146/1/mwr-d-17-0201.1.xml?tab_body=pdf
Nixon and Allen (2021): "Anticipating Deviant Tornado Motion Using a Simple Hodograph Technique" - journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/wefo/36/1/WAF-D-20-0056.1.xml?tab_body=pdf
Kurdzo et al. (2015): "High-Temporal Resolution Polarimetric X-Band Doppler Radar Observations of the 20 May 2013 Moore, Oklahoma, Tornado" - journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/143/7/mwr-d-14-00357.1.pdf
Thumbnail image by the Associated Press via Sky News.
Contents
0:00 Introduction
2:52 Explanation of Santa Ana winds
13:41 Drought conditions
14:26 Meteorological data analysis for the LA event
18:50 Wrap-up
Significant severe weather is expected across the Southeast today, where SPC has outlined an Enhanced Risk (level 3/5). An intense QLCS will march east through parts of Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Mississippi, posing a risk for damaging winds and tornadoes. Confluence bands in the open warm sector may yield discrete supercells ahead of the QLCS, which would have the greatest risk of producing tornadoes, some strong, if they can mature before the QLCS overtakes them.
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Contents
0:00 Introduction, risk areas
2:01 Observed data analysis
16:22 Model analysis
28:05 Convection-allowing model analysis
30:50 Wrap-up
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Thumbnail image from Christy Martin. Thanks so much to @wxKobold on Twitter for providing the storm-centric radar loop of the Port Arthur tornadic supercell.
Contents
0:00 Introduction
4:03 Background meteorology
22:45 SE Texas long-track tornadic supercell breakdown
39:02 Potential mitigating factors for Louisiana/Mississippi
49:32 Wrap-up
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----------------------------------------
Resources
Cameron Nixon paper on storm interactions: journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/wefo/aop/WAF-D-23-0117.1/WAF-D-23-0117.1.xml
Update on the forecast for today's potentially significant severe weather outbreak regional severe weather outbreak across the Southeast, where SPC has outlined a Moderate Risk (level 4/5). Ingredients are coming together for widespread significant severe weather in multiple rounds from Texas eastward today and tonight. Several strong tornadoes are possible across this corridor, both in an intense QLCS that is expected to develop and perhaps several bands of open warm sector supercells. The threat continues into tomorrow, as well.
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Contents
0:00 Introduction, risk areas
3:34 Current watches, radar
9:11 Observed data analysis
21:10 Model analysis
35:29 Convection-allowing model analysis
44:26 Wrap-up
A regional severe weather outbreak is expected tomorrow (Saturday, December 28) across the Gulf Coast states, where SPC has outlined an Enhanced Risk (level 3/5). A potent shortwave trough and surface low will act upon a broad warm sector, within which multiple rounds of storms are forecast, beginning early Saturday morning. Weak capping and strong forcing will likely lead to widespread convective coverage, meaning more a messy storm mode, but all severe hazards are still possible, including the threat for tornadoes, some strong, especially in more discrete supercells. The threat will persist into the eastern US on Sunday.
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Contents
0:00 Introduction, risk areas
2:36 Current state of the atmosphere
6:59 Model analysis
38:11 Brief discussion on Sunday's threat
39:58 Quick note on Nadocast
42:14 Wrap-up
***This was recorded before the SPC upgraded to Enhanced Risk across southeast Texas, but the forecast logic I discuss in the video remains valid.***
Severe weather returns to the forecast today for parts of east Texas, western Louisiana, and southern Arkansas. SPC has outlined an Enhanced Risk (level 3/5) where the greatest risk for tornadoes, some strong, exists, surrounded by a large Slight Risk (level 2/5). Ahead of a compact but potent trough, rich moisture will make its way northward into these areas, setting the stage for thunderstorm development. Several factors look to preclude a more intense event, but ample severe storms with all hazards, including tornadoes, are possible this afternoon into evening. The threat will persist into the morning tomorrow.
We'll also briefly discuss our next robust severe threat, set to take place on Saturday in and around the Gulf Coast States. SPC has outline a Slight Risk for this event, as well, and it could be more potent than today's event.
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Contents
0:00 Introduction, risk areas
3:51 Observed data analysis
21:26 Model analysis
34:35 Convection-allowing model analysis
38:39 Brief discussion of Saturday's setup
45:13 Wrap-up
***Sorry for the audio issue from 16:20-16:41. Here's what I'm supposed to be saying during that time: "To start the day at 12z, we see a profile comprised of modest instability and steep lapse rates elevated atop fairly limited low-level thermodynamics. Low-level shear was already strong, with ample hodograph curvature and effective storm-relative helicity nearing 250 m2/s2, in part due to easterly surface winds near or perhaps just north of the synoptic warm front."
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Thumbnail image from Isaac Polanski (via NWS Des Moines) and Chris Riske. Huge thank you to Celton Henderson and Chris Riske for providing their footage of the Carbon and Greenfield tornadoes for use in this video.
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Contents
0:00 Introduction
1:44 Meteorological analysis begins
10:10 Radar overview begins
11:04 Unique convective evolution
16:02 RAP proximity sounding analysis
18:13 Other notable tornadoes
19:36 Unusual right turn before dissipation
21:14 DOW data analysis
23:54 Wrap-up
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Resources
NWS Des Moines event page: weather.gov/dmx/2024-May-21-Iowa-TornadoesWindsFlooding
NWS Quad Cities event page: weather.gov/dvn/summary_05212024
NWS LaCrosse event page: weather.gov/arx/may2124
Greenfield tornado damage analysis by June First's Ethan Moriarty: youtube.com/watch?v=sPUOFn8IYP8
Statement on DOW data analysis from University of Illinois: web.archive.org/web/20240624040232/http://publish.illinois.edu/dowfacility-upgrade/files/2024/06/best-greenfield-windspeed-note-2024-0623bp2.pdf
Nixon and Allen (2021): "Anticipating Deviant Tornado Motion Using a Simple Hodograph Technique" - journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/wefo/36/1/WAF-D-20-0056.1.xml
Wakimoto and Wilson (1989): "Non-supercell Tornadoes" - journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/117/6/1520-0493_1989_117_1113_nst_2_0_co_2.xml
Kurdzo et al. (2015): "High-Temporal Resolution Polarimetric X-Band Doppler Radar Observations of the 20 May 2013 Moore, Oklahoma, Tornado" - journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/143/7/mwr-d-14-00357.1.xml
Thumbnail image from Teddy Galligher (X: @GalligherTeddy). Thanks to James Burch for providing his footage of the Okeene EF1.
Contents
0:00 Introduction
1:46 Meteorological analysis begins
4:23 Unusual surface low track
8:59 Dual dryline structure
14:14 Radar overview
15:27 Possible failure modes for daytime convection
24:31 Why the Okeene supercell still produced multiple tornadoes
25:49 Barnsdall supercell/tornado analysis
32:16 Wrap-up
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Resources
NWS Norman event page: weather.gov/oun/events-20240506
Broyles et al. (2018): "Location and Frequency of Surface Lows and Lower-Tropospheric Jets for U.S. Violent Tornadoes" - spc.noaa.gov/publications/broyles/violjets.pdf
Thompson and Edwards (2000): "An Overview of Environmental Conditions and Forecast Implications of the 3 May 1999 Tornado Outbreak" - journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/wefo/15/6/1520-0434_2000_015_0682_aooeca_2_0_co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf
Nixon et al. (2024): "Cell Mergers, Boundary Interactions, and Convective Systems in Cases of Significant Tornadoes and Hail" - journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/wefo/aop/WAF-D-23-0117.1/WAF-D-23-0117.1.xml
Cameron Nixon's blog article on storm interactions: cameronjnixon.wordpress.com/research/storm-interactions


