Towards complex language in partially observed environments @MITCBMM

Uploaded September 2022 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago

Stefanie Tellex, Brown University
Part of the Brains, Minds and Machines Summer Course 2022

Towards complex language in partially observed environments

Efficient representation, learning, and planning through abstraction: clustering cognitive spaces...

Wobbling, drooping, bouncing - Visual perception of materials and their properties

Microscopia de Flourescencia: El microscopio como una herramienta de trabajo

Tutorial: Recurrent neural networks for cognitive neuroscience

$How many neurons are there in human brain? #MITTeachMeSomethingTuesday Pramod RT, Postdoctoral Associate, MIT Dept. of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Want to learn more? Check out this article and paper: • Are There Really as Many Neurons in the Human Brain as Stars in the Milky Way? https://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/brain-metrics/are_there_really_as_many/ ⁃ This is a phrase a lot of science communicators like to use because giving people a sense of scale when it comes to large numbers is so difficult. Thats why journalists report distances as number of football fields, mass as number of fully-loaded 747s, energy in terms of Hiroshima bombs, etc.Even though we cant conceive of the number of stars in the Milky Way or the number of neurons in the human brain, equating the two gives people a sense of enormity. And as conscious beings we like to find patterns, and we find equivalencies interesting, especially when the things being equated are important or epic (like neurons and stars). For a long time, neuroscientists would say that there are about 100 billion neurons in the human brain. Interestingly, no one has ever published a peer-reviewed scientific paper supporting that count. Rather its been informally interpolated from other measurements. A recent study from 2009 published by Azevedo and colleagues took a crack at a more precise estimate. Their answer?… • Azevedo FA, Carvalho LR, Grinberg LT, Farfel JM, Ferretti RE, Leite RE, Jacob Filho W, Lent R, Herculano-Houzel S. “Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain.” J Comp Neurol. 2009 Apr 10;513(5):532-41. doi: 10.1002/cne.21974. PMID: 19226510. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19226510/ ⁃ Abstract: The human brain is often considered to be the most cognitively capable among mammalian brains and to be much larger than expected for a mammal of our body size. Although the number of neurons is generally assumed to be a determinant of computational power, and despite the widespread quotes that the human brain contains 100 billion neurons and ten times more glial cells, the absolute number of neurons and glial cells in the human brain remains unknown. Here we determine these numbers by using the isotropic fractionator and compare them with the expected values for a human-sized primate. We find that the adult male human brain contains on average 86.1 +/- 8.1 billion NeuN-positive cells (neurons) and 84.6 +/- 9.8 billion NeuN-negative (nonneuronal) cells. With only 19% of all neurons located in the cerebral cortex, greater cortical size (representing 82% of total brain mass) in humans compared with other primates does not reflect an increased relative number of cortical neurons. The ratios between glial cells and neurons in the human brain structures are similar to those found in other primates, and their numbers of cells match those expected for a primate of human proportions. These findings challenge the common view that humans stand out from other primates in their brain composition and indicate that, with regard to numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells, the human brain is an isometrically scaled-up primate brain. #MIT #TeachMeSomething #TeachMeSomethingTuesday #MITDepartmentofBrainandCognitiveSciences #MITBCS #teachmesomething #teachmesomethingtuesday #brain #neurons$

A number sense as an emergent property of the manipulation brain