Uploaded October 2024 | Updated September 2026, 3 weeks ago
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Writing by Sam Denby and Tristan Purdy
Editing by Alexander Williard
Animation led by Max Moser
Sound by Graham Haerther
Thumbnail by Simon Buckmaster
References
[1] kieranhealy.org/blog/archives/2016/01/05/checkered-past
[2] blm.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2024-07/map-hiking-route-ufo-skip-site-roswell-nm-2024.pdf
[3] burningman.org/wp-content/uploads/2024-BMP-SRP-Additional-Stipulations.pdf
[4] journal.burningman.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/BLM_BurningMan2023_Inspection.pdf
[5] https://exhibits.stanford.edu/rr/catalog/tb303xn7959
[6] eplanning.blm.gov/public_projects/nepa/93518/175008/212562/Burning_Man_Event_SRP-Final_EIS_Vol2.pdf
[7] unitedcountry.com/properties/co/colorado-cattle-ranch-with-grazing-permits-for-sale/1064132
Get Nebula using my link for 40% off an annual subscription: go.nebula.tv/wendover
Instagram: Instagram.com/sam.from.wendover
Twitter: Twitter.com/WendoverPro
Sponsorship Enquiries: wendover@standard.tv
Other emails: sam@wendover.productions
Reddit: Reddit.com/r/WendoverProductions
Writing by Sam Denby and Tristan Purdy
Editing by Alexander Williard
Animation led by Max Moser
Sound by Graham Haerther
Thumbnail by Simon Buckmaster
References
[1] kieranhealy.org/blog/archives/2016/01/05/checkered-past
[2] blm.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2024-07/map-hiking-route-ufo-skip-site-roswell-nm-2024.pdf
[3] burningman.org/wp-content/uploads/2024-BMP-SRP-Additional-Stipulations.pdf
[4] journal.burningman.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/BLM_BurningMan2023_Inspection.pdf
[5] https://exhibits.stanford.edu/rr/catalog/tb303xn7959
[6] eplanning.blm.gov/public_projects/nepa/93518/175008/212562/Burning_Man_Event_SRP-Final_EIS_Vol2.pdf
[7] unitedcountry.com/properties/co/colorado-cattle-ranch-with-grazing-permits-for-sale/1064132
![The One Tiny Law That Keeps Amtrak Terrible
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Writing by Sam Denby and Tristan Purdy
Editing by Alexander Williard
Animation led by Josh Sherrington
Sound by Graham Haerther
Thumbnail by Simon Buckmaster
Historic US rail map data courtesy Bygone Maps, LLC and licensed under CC-BY-SA (historic rail graphics correspondently avaliable under a CC-BY-SA license)
References
[1] https://homesignalblog.wordpress.com/2021/12/27/efficiency-and-the-decline-of-american-freight-railroads/
[2] https://wx4.org/to/foam/maps/2Wx4/001/1905-05ColoradoMidland_PTT.pdf
[3] https://wx4.org/to/foam/maps/2Wx4/001/1909ca_SP-SRR-A%26WP-L%26N_WashingtonSunsetRoute.pdf
[4] https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/28-class-i-operating-ratios-reach-new-lows-in-2019/
[5] https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/class-i-operating-ratios-reach-another-new-low-despite-pandemic/
[6] https://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/default/files/Amtrak_Root_Causes_Final_Report_9_8_08_with_508_charts.pdf
[7] https://media.amtrak.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Host-Railroad-Report-Card-2021-Final-v2.pdf
[8] https://www.freightwaves.com/news/economics/flashback-friday-interstate-commerce-commission-1-2
[9] https://www.freightwaves.com/news/freightwaves-classicsleaders-jp-morgan-greatly-influenced-us-railroads-in-the-late-19th-century
[10] https://www.enotrans.org/article/amtrak-at-50-the-rail-passenger-service-act-of-1970/
[11] https://transportgeography.org/contents/applications/rail-deregulation-united-states/ The One Tiny Law That Keeps Amtrak Terrible](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/qQTjLWIHN74/mqdefault.jpg)

![Air Cargos Coronavirus Problem
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Animation by Josh Sherrington
Sound by Graham Haerther (http://www.Haerther.net)
Thumbnail by Simon Buckmaster
Music by http://epidemicsound.com
Select footage courtesy the AP Archive
References:
[1] https://twitter.com/eurocontrolDG/status/1254683673074585600?s=20
[2] https://theaircurrent.com/airlines/as-coronavirus-empties-the-sky-of-passenger-planes-air-cargo-marches-on/
[3] https://www.scmp.com/economy/global-economy/article/3074821/coronavirus-chinas-mask-making-juggernaut-cranks-gear
[4] https://www.iata.org/en/pressroom/pr/2020-04-28-01/
[5] https://theaircurrent.com/airlines/as-coronavirus-empties-the-sky-of-passenger-planes-air-cargo-marches-on/
[6] https://lufthansa-cargo.com/fleet-ulds/fleet/belly-fleet
[7] https://twitter.com/flightradar24/status/1255254509481230339?s=20
[8] https://twitter.com/TomPodolec/status/1254584853355429888?s=20
[9] https://twitter.com/ANCairport/status/1254927411931607040?s=20 Air Cargos Coronavirus Problem](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/r2oPk20OHBE/mqdefault.jpg)
![The Design of Airline Route Networks
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Writing by Sam Denby, Tristan Purdy, and Christine Benedetti
Editing by Alexander Williard
Animation by Austin Glass, Derek Brown, Kate Ermolenko, Gabriel Ferreras, Sara Stoltman
Sound by Manni Simon and Dony Bullen
Thumbnail by Simon Buckmaster
Airline network visualizations courtesy and used with the permission of FlightConnections.com
References
[1] https://www.theairlineobserver.com/p/uniteds-plans-for-tokyo
[2] https://crankyflier.com/2024/10/14/the-unexpected-rebirth-of-uniteds-narita-hub/
[3] https://s2.q4cdn.com/181345880/files/doc_downloads/2024/investor_day/2024-Delta-Investor-Day-vF-Website.pdf
[4] https://americanairlines.gcs-web.com/static-files/383c2fd2-a7dc-476f-bd0d-9e9b05e9b98c
[5] https://crankyflier.com/2024/10/21/uniteds-atlantic-joint-venture-guides-how-united-grows/ The Design of Airline Route Networks](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/sY7cQNx4Hg4/mqdefault.jpg)
![The Logistics of Disaster Response
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Animation by Josh Sherrington
Sound by Graham Haerther (http://www.Haerther.net)
Thumbnail by Simon Buckmaster
Music by http://epidemicsound.com
Select footage courtesy the AP Archive
References:
[1] https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem14226221/executive
[2] https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/haiti/overview; https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/haiti/overview
[3] https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/why-haiti-s-quake-was-so-devastating-1.907001
[4] https://spherestandards.org/wp-content/uploads/Sphere-Handbook-2018-EN.pdf
[5] https://www.cbsnews.com/news/haiti-earthquake-aid-nearly-15-billion-in-donations/
[6] https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/14/world/americas/14cutter.html?hp
[7] https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704541004575011403710933576
[8] https://airtrafficmanagement.keypublishing.com/2010/01/22/faa-sends-temporary-air-traffic-control-tower-to-haiti/ The Logistics of Disaster Response](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/tLS9IK693KI/mqdefault.jpg)

![Why Helicopter Airlines Failed
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Animation by Josh Sherrington
Sound by Graham Haerther (http://www.Haerther.net)
Thumbnail by Simon Buckmaster
Music by http://epidemicsound.com
Select footage courtesy the AP Archive
References:
[1] http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/oh/oh6904/oh6904-2.jpg
[2] https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/oh/oh6403/oh6403-2.jpg
[3] https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19770020143.pdf
[4] https://books.google.com/books?id=xgM5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA372&lpg=PA372&dq=$50+million+federal+helicopter+subsidy&source=bl&ots=sj1FNPLRdy&sig=ACfU3U0ut3GhqNHGabd57kOFexNgFg-3QA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjByNKRxdTpAhUHv54KHVBSBcYQ6AEwAXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=%2450%20million%20federal%20helicopter%20subsidy&f=false
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MB01QLNBN70FUXC Why Helicopter Airlines Failed](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/uAG4zCsiA_w/mqdefault.jpg)



![Australia Had a Mass-Shooting Problem. Here’s How it Stopped
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Writing by Sam Denby and Tristan Purdy
Editing by Alexander Williard
Animation led by Josh Sherrington
Sound by Graham Haerther
Thumbnail by Simon Buckmaster
References
[1] https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/25/science/the-group-and-the-self-new-focus-on-a-cultural-rift.html
[2] https://www.afr.com/politics/they-didnt-know-the-gun-was-loaded-19880314-k2p1b
[3] https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/injuryprev/2/4/253.full.pdf
[4] https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/jan/01/john-howard-port-arthur-gun-control-1996-cabinet-papers
[5] https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/Publications_Archive/CIB/cib9596/96cib16
[6] https://www.anao.gov.au/sites/default/files/anao_report_1997-98_36.pdf?acsf_files_redirect
[7] https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/compareyears/10/rate_of_all_gun_deaths_per_100_000_people
[8] https://www.gunpolicy.org/documents/7370-australian-firearm-regulation-at-25-successes-ongoing-challenges-and-lessons-for-the-world/file
[9] https://www.gunpolicy.org/documents/7370-australian-firearm-regulation-at-25-successes-ongoing-challenges-and-lessons-for-the-world/file
[10] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323736413_Fatal_Firearm_Incidents_Before_and_After_Australia%27s_1996_National_Firearms_Agreement_Banning_Semiautomatic_Rifles
[11] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27332876/ Australia Had a Mass-Shooting Problem. Here’s How it Stopped](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/v0aGGOK4kAM/mqdefault.jpg)