Oh The Urbanity!
The Hidden Differences Between US and Canadian Urbanism
updated
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References:
https://www.artm.quebec/planification/enquete-metropolitaine-perspectives-mobilite/ ("Accédez aux tableaux des résultats détaillés")
share.polymtl.ca/alfresco/service/api/path/content;cm:content/workspace/SpacesStore/Company%20Home/Sites/chaire-de-recherche-mobilit-web/documentLibrary/publications/Notes%20de%20recherche/note_recherche_partage_voirie_mtl_2021.pdf?guest=true&fbclid=IwAR2ybkQ_y6WjAa2cJM4pYjwp_PjcVRA1t42BbJlMoyXj2hnIsb1h7iES7BU
The short answer is that this is a channel about urbanism, yes, but also about Canada, and this is by far the biggest issue in the country right now. It’s hard to focus entirely on bikes and housing policy when the superpower next door is attacking our economy and threatening our sovereignty.
Big Swing Band by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artist: http://audionautix.com
In this video I talk to three experts to learn how we can strengthen our economy by building more, especially critical needs of housing and transportation.
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References:
Canadian construction cost study: stateofcitiessummit.ca/files/051224_Understanding-the-Drivers-of-Transit-Construction-Costs-in-Canada-A-Comparative-Study_2024-12-05-144410_bjnj.pdf
Construction costs in Toronto: rccao.com/research/files/RCCAO-STATION-TO-STATION-REPORT-APRIL2020.pdf
North American elevator report: static1.squarespace.com/static/634dfe3176afcc36f569d83d/t/6689cb0e8ac6370940a122ff/1720306458871/Elevators.pdf
Edmonton single stair buildings design guide: edmonton.ca/sites/default/files/public-files/Point-Access-Block-Design-Guide.pdf?cb=1741883275
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This video is an explainer on key parts of the Green Party of Ontario’s housing platform, both for Ontario voters thinking about the upcoming election but also anyone elsewhere curious about a pro-housing Green platform.
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References:
Doug Ford rejects multiplexes: youtube.com/watch?v=a4T0VkKjBqs
DC study on multiplex feasibility: urban.org/urban-wire/small-apartment-buildings-can-help-address-housing-shortages-high-land-costs-and
TOD in BC: www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/housing-tenancy/local-governments-and-housing/housing-initiatives/transit-oriented-development-areas
TOD in Massachusetts: mass.gov/info-details/mbta-communities-law-qa#(1)-what-is-the-mbta-communities-law-and-what-does-it-require?-
Toronto fourplex example: thestar.com/real-estate/toronto-rejects-etobicoke-fourplex-opposed-by-neighbours/article_0e359d3e-d8fd-11ef-9fdb-1355603c161c.html
CMHC (federal housing authority) on development charges: assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sites/cmhc/professional/housing-markets-data-and-research/market-reports/housing-market-insight/2022/housing-market-insight-69949-m07-en.pdf?rev=bbc85058-a9ee-4a77-a047-80ac855278bc
Green Party of Ontario platform: files.ontariogreens.ca/platform/gpo-platform-en.pdf
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References:
Bike share in Salt Lake City and Minneapolis seems to replace driving the most: https://transweb.sjsu.edu/sites/default/files/1131-public-bikesharing-business-models-trends-impacts.pdf
Bike share in DC replaces transit as much as walking: d21xlh2maitm24.cloudfront.net/wdc/Capital-Bikeshare_2016MemberSurvey_Final-Report.pdf?mtime=20170303165531
Bike share replacing transit vs. complementing transit: sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1361920920305794
Transit Cost Project report: transitcosts.com/wp-content/uploads/TCP_Executive_Summary.pdf
Construction costs in Canada report: stateofcitiessummit.ca/files/051224_Understanding-the-Drivers-of-Transit-Construction-Costs-in-Canada-A-Comparative-Study_2024-12-05-144410_bjnj.pdf
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References:
Montreal tramway map: numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/2244450
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References:
Tom Tom Traffic Index: tomtom.com/traffic-index/ranking
History of bikes: labouringallourlives.ca/i-want-to-ride-my-bicycle-the-history-of-bicycles-in-19th-and-early-20th-century-guelph
LED light bulbs: researchgate.net/figure/Annual-change-of-LED-cost-per-kilolumen-blue-line-left-axis-and-installations-of_fig1_319970854
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References:
Protected intersection at Bloor & St. George: youtube.com/watch?v=ki2zGMmSrAU
Toronto cycling map: toronto.ca/services-payments/streets-parking-transportation/cycling-in-toronto/cycling-network-map/#location=&lat=43.639633&lng=-79.399100&zoom=15
Bike commuting in Toronto by census tract in the 2021 census: censusmapper.ca/maps/3725#12/43.6640/-79.4300
Globe & Mail letter to the editor: https://archive.is/jZLjS#selection-2831.0-2839.88
Eglinton bike lane upgrades: toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/985e-eglintontoday-installation-avenue-chaplin.pdf
City of Toronto cycling survey: toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/8f76-2019-Cycling-Public-Option-Survey-City-of-Toronto-Cycling.pdf
National Post anti-cycling: nationalpost.com/opinion/michael-taube-the-left-is-losing-the-battle-for-the-bike-as-it-should
Doug Ford’s $200 cheques: cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/rebate-cheques-ontario-election-fall-economic-statement-1.7366559
Bill 212 (submit a comment if you live in Ontario): ero.ontario.ca/notice/019-9266
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References:
Saint-Olivier Street: ville.quebec.qc.ca/citoyens/participation-citoyenne/activites/fiche.aspx?IdProjet=535
Pedestrian scrambles in Toronto: toronto.ca/services-payments/streets-parking-transportation/traffic-management/traffic-signals-street-signs/types-of-traffic-signals/all-way-signal-crossing
Earlier Tramway proposal: tramwaydequebec.info/carte/img/carte_tramway.jpg
Increased construction costs on the Tramway: google.com/url?q=ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/2023011/bruno-marchand-annonce-tramway&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1729958868607100&usg=AOvVaw2G2smz_DsZstqXhZzbCiVx
CDPQ on Tramway: newswire.ca/news-releases/cdpq-infra-launches-planning-for-the-first-phase-of-the-cite-plan-to-improve-mobility-in-the-communaute-metropolitaine-de-quebec-880041306.html
Housing developments cancelled because of transit delays: journaldequebec.com/2024/10/16/projet-immobilier-abandonne-le-long-du-tramway---lidu-pointe--les-tergiversations--du-gouvernement-legault
Transit-only third link tunnel: cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-third-link-public-transit-1.6814960
Newspaper clip on urban renewal: numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3493762
Aerial view of urban renewal: ville.quebec.qc.ca/citoyens/patrimoine/archives/recherche/archive.aspx?aid=947738
Construction sites in Quebec City: ville.quebec.qc.ca/citoyens/travaux_entretien_rues/grands-chantiers
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References:
Considering banning bike lanes: youtube.com/watch?v=X7nkQVQ98cU
Building a tunnel: youtube.com/watch?v=MSXZoY1o2r8
Limit to side streets: youtube.com/watch?v=2RZfL33Q13c
Toronto street hierarchy: toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/9072-TS_RCS_2019-City-Wide.pdf
Toronto's imperfect grid: spacing.ca/toronto/2013/07/23/toronto-is-not-a-grid
Vancouver cycling map: vancouver.ca/files/cov/map-cycling-vancouver.pdf
Vancouver declined to put bike lanes on Broadway: cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/separated-bike-lane-along-broadway-rejected-by-vancouver-city-council-1.6797007
Toronto's early fights over side street bike lanes: tvo.org/article/no-place-on-busy-main-streets-looking-back-at-torontos-original-bike-lane-wars
West Parkdale cycling connections public consultation report: toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/962b-2024-05-22-WestParkdaleConsultationReportAODA.pdf
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References:
Median build date of homes in NYC and SF: censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B25035&geo_ids=16000US3651000,16000US0667000&primary_geo_id=16000US3651000
40% of Manhattan buildings would be illegal today: nytimes.com/interactive/2016/05/19/upshot/forty-percent-of-manhattans-buildings-could-not-be-built-today.html
San Francisco buildings that would be illegal to build today: sfzoning.deapthoughts.com/illegal_homes.html
SF 1978 downzoning: https://x.com/enf/status/999030803609899013
Why is Manhattan so expensive? https://manhattan.institute/article/why-is-manhattan-so-expensive
Wharton Land Use Regulation Index: nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w26573/w26573.pdf
Zillow rent data: zillow.com/research/data
Building permits data: census.gov/construction/bps/current.html
Rental vacancy data: census.gov/housing/hvs/data/prevann.html
Wharton Survey: https://real-faculty.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/~gyourko/WRLURI/GyourkoHartleyKrimmel_NBERw26573appendix.pdf
Housing supply elasticity: localinannarbor.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/the-quarterly-journal-of-economics-2010-saiz-1253-96.pdf
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References:
Our cameras
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References:
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References:
Cyclist tickets in Montreal: spvm.qc.ca/upload/02/SPVM_Rapport_annuel_2023_EN.pdf
Cyclist ticketing blitzes: reddit.com/r/montreal/comments/1djgyr5/cops_giving_tickets_to_cyclists_this_morning_on
Netherlands bike licensing April Fool's joke: dutchreview.com/featured/bike-license-internationals-in-the-netherlands
Bike share usage in Montreal: https://botsin.space/@mtlvelobot
City presentation on new Terrebonne bike path: portail-m4s.s3.montreal.ca/pdf/presentation_finale_piste_cyclable_terrebonne_30_novembre_2023.pdf
is going to be different. Rather than tackling the conspiracy theories, we want to actually talk about the problems or at least the limitations of the 15-minute city concept itself.
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References:
Toronto schools: tdsb.on.ca/Portals/0/Find%20Your%20School/School/PDF%20Maps/Files/Wall%20Map%20Ward%20&%20LCentres.pdf
Alan Bertaud on 15-minute cities: urbanreforminstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/15mincity-bertaud.pdf
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References:
Housing permitting data in different metro areas: https://housing-data.vercel.app/
DC building registry for dates: dcgis.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=4892107c0c5d44789e6fb96908f88f60
Fallout 3 clip from: youtube.com/watch?v=WWCVkrCHuLk
Transit ridership data (look under "heavy rail" for subways): apta.com/wp-content/uploads/2024-Q1-Ridership-APTA.pdf
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References:
Density data came from the Canadian census, using 2021 numbers when possible/relevant.
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References:
Density data came from the Canadian census, using 2021 numbers when possible/relevant.
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References:
"Eat your vegetables" urbanism: thedeletedscenes.substack.com/p/how-convenient-are-supercenters
BBC 15-minute cities: youtube.com/watch?v=g3nIXMA1j3E
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References:
High-rises safer than single-family homes for fire: glengower.ca/notebook/notebook-fire-safety-and-high-rise-buildings
Tysons is second biggest job centre: dw-rowlands.github.io/Job_Density_and_Commutes/Job_Density_and_Commutes.html
Job/worker data: onthemap.ces.census.gov
Purple Line to Tysons: dcpolicycenter.org/publications/suburb-to-suburb-transit-part-three-purple-line-link
Reece Martin on job sprawl: youtube.com/watch?v=hrifjkEXvnY
Alon Levy on height limits: pedestrianobservations.com/2014/11/21/height-limits-still-a-bad-idea
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References:
Ridership data from APTA: apta.com/wp-content/uploads/2019-Q4-Ridership-APTA.pdf
BC had laxer COVID rules than the rest of Canada in the summer of 2020: bankofcanada.ca/2021/02/staff-analytical-note-2021-1
Vancouver cut transit service less than most of North America: findingspress.org/article/13395-a-tale-of-40-cities-a-preliminary-analysis-of-equity-impacts-of-covid-19-service-adjustments-across-north-america?attachment_id=37160
California stricter COVID measures: exploratory.io/viz/kanaugust/COVID-Lockdown-Stringency-Index-Data-for-US-States-Japan-QME1fIs9FS
LA transit commuters tend to be lower income: governing.com/archive/gov-public-transportation-riders-demographic-divide-for-cities.html
Vancouver's strong downtown recovery: downtownrecovery.com/charts/rankings
Population growth contributing to Vancouver's transit recovery: translink.ca/news/2024/april/translink%20ridership%20rebounds%20to%20pre-pandemic%20overcrowding%20levels
Boston slow zones: wgbh.org/news/local/2023-03-13/mbta-interim-head-says-commutes-will-remain-slower-asks-for-patience
Boston maintenance problems: wgbh.org/news/local/2023-09-07/systemic-mbta-problems-led-to-poor-track-maintenance-and-slow-zones-new-reports-find
Creative commons images of transit vehicles in different cities:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBTA_subway#/media/File:Alewife_MBTA_Red_Line_Station,_April_2024.jpg
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(MBTA)#/media/File:Northbound_Green_Line_train_at_Park_Street_station_(2),_July_2021.jpg
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PATH_(rail_system)#/media/File:PATH_Kawasaki_5602c.jpg
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARTA_rail#/media/File:College_Park_MARTA_Station.jpg
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Purple_Line_(Los_Angeles_Metro).jpg
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Street_Line#/media/File:SEPTA_Broad_Street_Subway_car_at_Race-Vine.jpg
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References:
Building heights came from the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH):
skyscrapercenter.com/city/toronto
skyscrapercenter.com/city/chicago
Populations came from the 2021 Canadian census and the 2020 US decennial census.
Density maps came from: luminocity3d.org/WorldPopDen/#10/41.8102/-87.8000
Transit ridership numbers (see legend on bottom for type of transit): apta.com/wp-content/uploads/2023-Q4-Ridership-APTA.pdf
Toronto subway frequencies: ttc.ca/routes-and-schedules/1/0
Ghost trains in Chicago: chicago.suntimes.com/2022/10/16/23393276/cta-chicago-transit-authority-ghost-buses-trains-service-problems
Reece's writings on transit in Toronto vs. Chicago: reecemartin.substack.com/p/table-of-contents
Extending the Bloomingdale Trail in Chicago: chicago.gov/city/en/depts/cdot/supp_info/bloomingdale_trail.html
6.6 million trips on Divvy in 2023: chicago.suntimes.com/2024/1/10/24033443/bicycles-cycling-chicago-protected-bike-lanes-streets-divvy
5.7 million trips on BikeShareTO in 2023: bikesharetoronto.com/news/looking-back-on-2023
Greater Chicago has a higher median income: fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/comparing-median-employment-income-in-large-canadian-and-american-metropolitan-areas.pdf
Toronto is less economically segregated: http://www-2.rotman.utoronto.ca/mpi/content/insight-canada-segregated-city
Toronto is less black-white racially segregated: torontomu.ca/content/dam/centre-for-immigration-and-settlement/tmcis/publications/featured/Segregation_Trends_in_Toronto_Hulchanski_at_Ryerson_14_Feb_2019_w_Appendix.pdf
Health inequalities in Chicago vs Toronto: works.bepress.com/fdemaio/36
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References:
"I don't think this winter BIXI experiment is working": reddit.com/r/montreal/comments/18bfq8a/i_dont_think_this_winter_bixi_experiment_is
Winterized BIXI: bixi.com/en/bixi-year-round
Winter Ride by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Source: http://www.twinmusicom.org/song/308/winter-ride
Artist: http://www.twinmusicom.org
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References:
Housing affordability report: thoughtleadership.rbc.com/toughest-time-ever-to-afford-a-home-as-soaring-interest-costs-keep-raising-the-bar
Larch Lab point access block report: larchlab.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Eliason_CoV-Point-Access-Blocks-report_v1.2.pdf
Why North America Can't Build Nice Apartments: youtube.com/watch?v=iRdwXQb7CfM
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References:
History of Edmonton and Calgary's LRT systems: onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1992/1361/1361-005.pdf
Transit ridership (see bottom of page for legend): apta.com/wp-content/uploads/2023-Q4-Ridership-APTA.pdf
132 Ave Overhaul: cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/here-s-why-edmonton-s-132nd-avenue-renewal-project-is-garnering-attention-1.6990066
Fossil fuels in Alberta's economy: jobbank.gc.ca/trend-analysis/job-market-reports/alberta/sectoral-profile-mining-oil-gas
15 minute city protests: theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-edmonton-15-minute-city-protests
Winnipeg referendum 2018: cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/portage-main-divide-urban-suburban-1.4878309
Winnipeg 2024 update: cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/portage-main-winnipeg-crossing-pedestrians-1.7152085
Calgary opposition to zoning reform: calgaryherald.com/opinion/columnists/opinion-blanket-zoning-will-ruin-character-of-neighbourhoods-like-rideau-roxboro
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References:
Miami-Dade County traffic crash statistics: flhsmv.gov/traffic-crash-reports/crash-dashboard
City of Toronto traffic fatality statistics: toronto.ca/services-payments/streets-parking-transportation/road-safety/vision-zero/vision-zero-dashboard/fatalities-vision-zero
Analysis of traffic fatality rates in US cities (2019) used data from NHTSA FARS (select "Download Raw Data From FTP Site"): nhtsa.gov/research-data/fatality-analysis-reporting-system-fars
Miami-Dade murder rate: fdle.state.fl.us/CJAB/UCR/Annual-Reports/UCR-Annual-Archives/County-and-Municipal-Offense-Data/County_and_Municipal_Offense_Report_2019A
Miami-Dade violent crime rate: http://edr.state.fl.us/content/area-profiles/criminal-justice-county/miamidade.pdf
Canadian comparison, Montreal traffic fatalities: saaq.gouv.qc.ca/blob/saaq/documents/publications/bilan-routier-2019.pdf
Edmonton: globalnews.ca/news/6948602/edmonton-traffic-vision-zero-2019
Ottawa: files.ontario.ca/pdf-2_0/mto-orsar-final-2019-en-pdf-2022-08-09.pdf
Surrey (was actually 2018, not 2019): surrey.ca/services-payments/parking-streets-transportation/vision-zero-surrey/what-the-data-tells-us
International traffic fatality statistics: data.oecd.org/transport/road-accidents.htm (note that this says "Per 1 000 000 inhabitants", which appears to be an error; data is per 100,000 residents)
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References:
Two homes to 16-unit townhouse complex: cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/neighbours-become-business-partners-in-north-glenora-infill-project-1.5754031 (also: engaged.edmonton.ca/t5mconnectdc2)
Church development: rightathomehousing.com/turning-sod-affordable-housing-built-westmount-area
Skinny homes legalized in 2013: cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/edmonton-infill-skinny-homes-1.4689007
Skinny homes approvals: edmonton.ca/public-files/assets/document?path=PDF/SkinnyHomes_InfillInEdmonton_2016.pdf
Edmonton eliminated parking mandates: cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/edmonton-got-rid-of-parking-minimums-2-years-ago-what-has-happened-since-then-1.6680750
Canadian Home Builders’ Association municipal rankings: chba.ca/municipal-benchmarking
Report on housing from Canada’s federal housing authority: assets.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/sf/project/cmhc/pdfs/content/en/69262.pdf
Edmonton mayor on homelessness support: medium.com/mayorsohi/edmonton-city-council-requests-provincial-support-for-community-safety-and-well-being-22b5ed142efd
California mountain lion city: theguardian.com/us-news/2022/feb/05/california-woodside-mountain-lions-development
Mayor of Windsor, Ontario: twitter.com/drewdilkens/status/1752843859661295872
Mayor named to housing team: windsorstar.com/news/local-news/dilkens-named-chair-of-new-ontario-housing-team
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References:
Map of Quebec regions from: cartographyvectors.com/map/794-quebec-with-regions
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References:
Edmonton development: globalnews.ca/news/5404455/edmonton-west-jasper-place-apartment-proposal-rejected
Nearby Edmonton proposal: edmonton.skyrisecities.com/news/2020/01/riocan-proposing-redevelopment-jasper-gates.40932
1926 court ruling: casetext.com/case/village-of-euclid-ohio-v-ambler-realty-co
Toronto council speaker around 35:00: youtube.com/watch?v=7b3-p-J3uow
Vancouver Sun article: vancouversun.com/opinion/op-ed/riley-donovan-ending-single-family-zoning-an-unprecedented-act-of-provincial-overreach
Gilbert, Arizona development: gilbertsunnews.com/news/council-to-vote-on-controversial-rivulon-apartment-project/article_b48ae112-614f-11ed-a18b-df47a5551ebf.html
Dallas city councillor: twitter.com/caraathome/status/1716931564033155324
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References:
Higher vehicles are more likely to kill pedestrians: sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212012224000017
Passing a stopped school bus is illegal: fox13news.com/news/when-do-you-have-to-stop-for-a-school-bus-in-florida
Miami-Dade County versus Miami Beach: miamitodaynews.com/breaking/county-rejects-promenades-for-ocean-drive-and-espanola-way
US bike commuting statistics: censusreporter.org
Miami-Dade County pedestrian and cyclist volumes: miamidadetpo.org/library/studies/miami-dade-bicycle-and-pedestrian-data-collection-2018-06.pdf
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References:
The 100 Most Influential Urbanists: planetizen.com/features/124594-100-most-influential-urbanists-past-and-present
History of Greenwich Village: villagepreservation.org/resources/neighborhood-history
Greenwich Village/Soho Statistics: furmancenter.org/neighborhoods/view/greenwich-village-soho
Average Rent in Greenwich Village: zumper.com/rent-research/new-york-ny/greenwich-village
Jan Gehl on Why Tall Buildings Aren’t Necessarily Bad for Street Life: commonedge.org/jan-gehl-on-why-tall-buildings-arent-necessarily-bad-for-street-life
GIl Penalosa on tall buildings: twitter.com/Penalosa_G/status/1688342976081068036
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References:
Montreal bike counter data: data.eco-counter.com/ParcPublic/?id=630
Vision vélo 2023-27: portail-m4s.s3.montreal.ca/pdf/carte_et_liste_des_projets_annonces_-_vision_velo_2023-2027.pdf
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References:
Weather comparison: weatherspark.com/compare/y/25077~51381~74001~10405/Comparison-of-the-Average-Weather-in-Montr%C3%A9al-Amsterdam-Copenhagen-and-Minneapolis#Figures-Snowfall
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References:
Downsides of height limits: sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0166046204000213
Upward mobility and commute times: urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/102992/access-to-opportunity-through-equitable-transportation_0.pdf
Original source on upward mobility and commute times: academic.oup.com/qje/article/129/4/1553/1853754
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Data & Analysis:
The data on housing came from the 2021 Canadian Census, which can be accessed online here: www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E.
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Data & Analysis:
The data analysis was done in R, using the 'osmdata' package to pull data from OpenStreetMap and using 'cancensus' and 'tidycensus' to access Canadian and American population data.
References:
Median commute in different parts of the Los Angeles metro area: scag.ca.gov/sites/main/files/file-attachments/ej_jhfit_scag_2021trb.pdf?1612993870


