TrueFactsEducationalBecome a member to keep this page ad free! This is an educational edition of True Facts which is appropriate for younger audiences and classroom settings. This channel is run by Ze Frank.
Dr. David L. Hu, Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. John W.M. Bush, MIT Dr. Victor M. Ortega-Jimenez, UC Berkeley Dr. Manu Prakash, Stanford University Benedikt Pleyer, @benedictpleyer Charley Williams, MrShoptaw on YouTube • They Walk on Water Wandering Sole Images / @wanderingsoletv NHK / Getty Images iStock Shutterstock Pond5 Envato
Citations:
Armisén, D., Nagui Refki, P., Crumière, A. et al. Predator strike shapes antipredator phenotype through new genetic interactions in water striders. Nat Commun 6, 8153 (2015). doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9153
Bush, John W.M. & David L. Hu. Walking on Water: Biolocomotion at the Interface. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 2006. 38:339–69. doi: 10.1146/annurev.fluid. 38.050304.092157
Bush, John W.M., David L. Hu, Manu Prakash, The Integument of Water-walking Arthropods: Form and Function, Editor(s): J. Casas, S.J. Simpson, Advances in Insect Physiology, Academic Press, Volume 34, 2007, Pages 117-192, ISSN 0065-2806, ISBN 9780123737144, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2806(07....
Crumière AJJ, Santos ME, Sémon M, Armisén D, Moreira FFF, Khila A. Diversity in Morphology and Locomotory Behavior Is Associated with Niche Expansion in the Semi-aquatic Bugs. Curr Biol. 2016 Dec 19;26(24):3336-3342. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.061.
Hayashi, Morito & Bakkali, Mohammed & Hyde, Alexander & Goodacre, Sara. (2015). Sail or sink: Novel behavioural adaptations on water in aerially dispersing species. BMC evolutionary biology. 15. 118. 10.1186/s12862-015-0402-5.
Hu, D., Chan, B. & Bush, J. The hydrodynamics of water strider locomotion. Nature 424, 663–666 (2003). doi.org/10.1038/nature01793
Kim W, Amauger J, Ha J, Pham TH, Tran AD, Lee JH, Park J, Jablonski PG, Kim HY, Lee SI. Two different jumping mechanisms of water striders are determined by body size. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023 Jul 25;120(30):e2219972120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2219972120.
Mahadik GA, Hernandez-Sanchez JF, Arunachalam S, Gallo A Jr, Cheng L, Farinha AS, Thoroddsen ST, Mishra H, Duarte CM. Superhydrophobicity and size reduction enabled Halobates (Insecta: Heteroptera, Gerridae) to colonize the open ocean. Sci Rep. 2020 May 8;10(1):7785. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64563-7.
O'Neil JN, Yung KL, Difini G, Walker H, Bhamla S. Tiny Amphibious Insects Use Tripod Gait for Traversal on Land, Water, and Duckweed. Integr Comp Biol. 2024 Sep 27;64(3):1044-1054. doi: 10.1093/icb/icae078. PMID: 38897812.
Ortega-Jimenez VM, Challita EJ, Kim B, Ko H, Gwon M, Koh JS, Bhamla MS. Directional takeoff, aerial righting, and adhesion landing of semiaquatic springtails. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 Nov 16;119(46):e2211283119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2211283119.
Prakash, Manu & Bush, John. (2011). Interfacial propulsion by directional adhesion. International Journal of Non-linear Mechanics - INT J NON-LINEAR MECH. 46. 607-615. 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2010.12.003.
Rohilla, Pankaj; Johnathan N. O’Neil, Chandan Bose, Victor M. Ortega-Jimenez, Daehyun Choi, Saad Bhamla. Epineuston vortex recapture enhances thrust in tiny water skaters. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.17.59...
Rohilla P, O'Neil JN, Singh P, Ortega-Jimenez VM, Choi D, Bose C, Bhamla S. Interfacial vortex recapture enhances thrust in tiny water skaters. bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2025 Mar 25:2024.06.17.599397. doi: 10.1101/2024.06.17.599397.
Watson, D.A., M.R. Thornton, H.A. Khan, R.C. Diamco, D. Yilmaz-Aydin, & A.K. Dickerson, Water striders are impervious to raindrop collision forces and submerged by collapsing craters, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 121 (5) e2315667121, doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2315667121 (2024).
Xu, Zhonghua & Lenaghan, Scott & Reese, Benjamin & Jia, Xinghua & Zhang, Mingjun. (2012). Experimental Studies and Dynamics Modeling Analysis of the Swimming and Diving of Whirligig Beetles (Coleopter: Gyrinidae). PLoS computational biology. 8. e1002792. 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002792.
True Facts Water Walkers: Educational EditionTrueFactsEducational2025-11-06 | Become a member to keep this page ad free! This is an educational edition of True Facts which is appropriate for younger audiences and classroom settings. This channel is run by Ze Frank.
Dr. David L. Hu, Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. John W.M. Bush, MIT Dr. Victor M. Ortega-Jimenez, UC Berkeley Dr. Manu Prakash, Stanford University Benedikt Pleyer, @benedictpleyer Charley Williams, MrShoptaw on YouTube • They Walk on Water Wandering Sole Images / @wanderingsoletv NHK / Getty Images iStock Shutterstock Pond5 Envato
Citations:
Armisén, D., Nagui Refki, P., Crumière, A. et al. Predator strike shapes antipredator phenotype through new genetic interactions in water striders. Nat Commun 6, 8153 (2015). doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9153
Bush, John W.M. & David L. Hu. Walking on Water: Biolocomotion at the Interface. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 2006. 38:339–69. doi: 10.1146/annurev.fluid. 38.050304.092157
Bush, John W.M., David L. Hu, Manu Prakash, The Integument of Water-walking Arthropods: Form and Function, Editor(s): J. Casas, S.J. Simpson, Advances in Insect Physiology, Academic Press, Volume 34, 2007, Pages 117-192, ISSN 0065-2806, ISBN 9780123737144, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2806(07....
Crumière AJJ, Santos ME, Sémon M, Armisén D, Moreira FFF, Khila A. Diversity in Morphology and Locomotory Behavior Is Associated with Niche Expansion in the Semi-aquatic Bugs. Curr Biol. 2016 Dec 19;26(24):3336-3342. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.061.
Hayashi, Morito & Bakkali, Mohammed & Hyde, Alexander & Goodacre, Sara. (2015). Sail or sink: Novel behavioural adaptations on water in aerially dispersing species. BMC evolutionary biology. 15. 118. 10.1186/s12862-015-0402-5.
Hu, D., Chan, B. & Bush, J. The hydrodynamics of water strider locomotion. Nature 424, 663–666 (2003). doi.org/10.1038/nature01793
Kim W, Amauger J, Ha J, Pham TH, Tran AD, Lee JH, Park J, Jablonski PG, Kim HY, Lee SI. Two different jumping mechanisms of water striders are determined by body size. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023 Jul 25;120(30):e2219972120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2219972120.
Mahadik GA, Hernandez-Sanchez JF, Arunachalam S, Gallo A Jr, Cheng L, Farinha AS, Thoroddsen ST, Mishra H, Duarte CM. Superhydrophobicity and size reduction enabled Halobates (Insecta: Heteroptera, Gerridae) to colonize the open ocean. Sci Rep. 2020 May 8;10(1):7785. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64563-7.
O'Neil JN, Yung KL, Difini G, Walker H, Bhamla S. Tiny Amphibious Insects Use Tripod Gait for Traversal on Land, Water, and Duckweed. Integr Comp Biol. 2024 Sep 27;64(3):1044-1054. doi: 10.1093/icb/icae078. PMID: 38897812.
Ortega-Jimenez VM, Challita EJ, Kim B, Ko H, Gwon M, Koh JS, Bhamla MS. Directional takeoff, aerial righting, and adhesion landing of semiaquatic springtails. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 Nov 16;119(46):e2211283119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2211283119.
Prakash, Manu & Bush, John. (2011). Interfacial propulsion by directional adhesion. International Journal of Non-linear Mechanics - INT J NON-LINEAR MECH. 46. 607-615. 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2010.12.003.
Rohilla, Pankaj; Johnathan N. O’Neil, Chandan Bose, Victor M. Ortega-Jimenez, Daehyun Choi, Saad Bhamla. Epineuston vortex recapture enhances thrust in tiny water skaters. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.17.59...
Rohilla P, O'Neil JN, Singh P, Ortega-Jimenez VM, Choi D, Bose C, Bhamla S. Interfacial vortex recapture enhances thrust in tiny water skaters. bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2025 Mar 25:2024.06.17.599397. doi: 10.1101/2024.06.17.599397.
Watson, D.A., M.R. Thornton, H.A. Khan, R.C. Diamco, D. Yilmaz-Aydin, & A.K. Dickerson, Water striders are impervious to raindrop collision forces and submerged by collapsing craters, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 121 (5) e2315667121, doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2315667121 (2024).
Xu, Zhonghua & Lenaghan, Scott & Reese, Benjamin & Jia, Xinghua & Zhang, Mingjun. (2012). Experimental Studies and Dynamics Modeling Analysis of the Swimming and Diving of Whirligig Beetles (Coleopter: Gyrinidae). PLoS computational biology. 8. e1002792. 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002792.True Facts Beetles: Educational EditionTrueFactsEducational2026-02-05 | merch: ze-true-store.myshopify.com patreon: patreon.com/truefacts/posts classical music: soundcloud.com/querflote/5-au sponsor music: incompetech.com
Credits: Dr Patrice Bouchard, CNC Gino Nearns Alicia Hodson Dr Shinji Sugiura, Kobe University Dr Christina Painting, University of Waikato Dr Jana Goyens, Research Foundation Flanders Dr Kazuya Saito, University College London Dr Jesus Rivera, Lawrence Livermore National Lab Dr David Kisailus, UC Irvine Dr Philipp Hönle, Biology Centre CAS Dr Peter Aerts, UAntwerpen Dr Noël Mal, RBINS Larry Bezark, http://bezbycids.com Johan Vermeulen, youtube.com/@thenatureboxfilms iNaturalist.org iStock Envato Pond5
Citations
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Bouchard, Patrice ed. Le Tirant, Stéphane & Evans, Art & Bousquet, Yves & Carlton, Christopher & Chamorro, M. Lourdes & Lingafelter, Steven & Escalona, Hermes. The Book of Beetles: A Life-Size Guide to Six Hundred of Nature's Gems. 2014. The University of Chicago Press.
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Sugiura S. Anti-predator defences of a bombardier beetle: is bombing essential for successful escape from frogs? PeerJ. 2018 Nov 30;6:e5942. doi: 10.7717/peerj.5942.
Sugiura, S. Active escape of prey from predator vent via the digestive tract, Current Biology, Volume 30, Issue 15, 2020, Pages R867-R868, ISSN 0960-9822, doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.026.
Sugiura S, Hayashi M. Bombardiers and assassins: mimetic interactions between unequally defended insects. PeerJ. 2023 Jun 6;11:e15380. doi: 10.7717/peerj.15380.
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Trad, Bhrenno & Eriberto, Francisco & Faria, Luiz. (2024). Dancing close together in the woods: mate-guarding behavior might explain sexual dimorphism in Chrysoprasis auriventris . Revista Brasileira de Entomologia. 68. e20240025, 2024. 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0025.True Facts Praying Mantis: Educational EditionTrueFactsEducational2025-12-04 | This is an educational edition of True Facts which is appropriate for younger audiences and classroom settings. This channel is run by Ze Frank.
Dr. Chris Oufiero Dr. Vivek Nityananda Dr. Greg Sutton Dr. Malcolm Burrows Dr. Evgeny Shcherbakov Dr. Xiao-Jin Pei Dr. Yuanlang Li The Mantis Garden, / @themantis Bugs in Cyberspace, / @bugsincyberspace Stuffinabox, / @stuffinabox_
Citations:
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Burke NW, Holwell GI. 2021 Male coercion and female injury in a sexually cannibalistic mantis. doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0811
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Fukudome M, Yamawaki Y. Behavioural interactions between the lizard Takydromus tachydromoides and the praying mantis Tenodera aridifolia suggest reciprocal predation between them. doi: 10.1007/s10164-016-0468-6.
Gemeno, C., Claramunt, J. & Dasca, J. Nocturnal Calling Behavior in Mantids. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-005-36...
Goetzke, H.H.; Burrows, M.; Federle, W. Mantises Jump from Smooth Surfaces by Pushing with “Heel” Pads of Their Hind Legs. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10...
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Li Y et al. 2025 Turning lances into shields: flower mantids stretch their raptorial forelegs to avert and deflect predator attack.https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2024.3081
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Bea Leiderman- instagram.com/bealeiderman Dr Simon Garnier, New Jersey Institute of Technology Dr Audrey Dussutour, CNRS - Universite Paul Sabatier Dr Bernard Jenni Dr Edvin Johannesen, Natural History Museum Oslo Benedikt Pleyer: youtube.com/NomadicNostoc Dr Kathie Hodge, Cornell University Kent Loeffler, Cornell University Sarah Lloyd, National Herbarium of Victoria (MEL) https://www.instagram.com/sarah.lloyd... Alison Pollack https://www.instagram.com/marin_mushr... Dr Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas Dr Steven L. Stephenson, University of Arkansas Cornell Center for Fungal Biology Swarm Lab, New Jersey Institute of Technology theswarmlab.com Nanolive.ch https://www.youtube.com/c/NanoliveChL... Anna Grinčuka https://www.youtube.com/@annagrincuka... TIB - https://www.tib.eu/en/
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Zhu Liping, et al. 2018Remarkable problem-solving ability of unicellular amoeboid organism and its mechanismR. Soc. open sci.5180396180396. doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180396True Facts Tarantulas : Educational EditionTrueFactsEducational2022-11-21 | This is an educational edition of True Facts which is appropriate for younger audiences and classroom settings. This channel is run by Ze Frank. Become a member to keep this page ad free!
Mark's Tarantulas - https://www.youtube.com/c/MarksTarant... The Tarantula Collective - https://www.youtube.com/@tarantulacol... Basin79 -youtube.com/c/Basin79 Julian Kamzol - mygale.de Nature In Your Face - https://www.youtube.com/@NatureInYour... Tarantulas with Shanti - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alVjb... Spider Cafe - youtube.com/@SpiderCafe Vanessa Sarges - https://vanessasarges.jimdofree.com/p... MicXotic TV - youtube.com/user/micyow Tom Moran, Tom's Big Spiders - tomsbigspiders.com The Invert Kingdom UK - youtube.com/@PsyDexOfficial Eric Aldrich - ericaldrich.net - youtube.com/@LoFiOutdoors Instagram: @ericjamesaldrich Twitter: @EricJAldrich
Special Thanks to: Dr Kate Archibald, The Maryland Zoo in Baltimore Dr Michael Bogan, University of Arizona Dr Paula Cushing, Denver Museum of Nature & Science Dr Anne Danielson-Francois, University of Michigan Dr Jason Dunlop, Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin Dr Sebastian Echeverri, co-host @BBCEarth Podcast Dr Rainer Foelix, Neue Kantonsschule Aarau Dr Saoirse Foley, Carnegie Mellon University Dallas Haselhuhn, Eastern Michigan University Dr Fernando Pérez-Miles, Universidad de la República de Uruguay Dr Bastian Rast, Neue Kantonsschule Aarau Dr Milan Řezáč, Department of Entomology, Crop Research Institute Dr Cara Shillington, Eastern Michigan University
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Citations (titles omitted in favor of links to accomodate YT description length restrictions):
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Anna & Ned Deloach: blennywatcher.com Dr Dave Cowles: salishseainvertebrates.com charlesleflamand: https://www.youtube.com/c/KarelMestda... Ellen Muller: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtc9... Pacificklaus: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXpY... Dr. C. PrasannaKumar, Associate Professor, PG and Research Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, National College (Autonomous), Tamil Nadu, India Seymour Marine Discovery Center: https://seymourcenter.ucsc.edu/
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Caulier, G., Lepoint, G., Van Nedervelde, F. et al. The diet of the Harlequin crab Lissocarcinus orbicularis, an obligate symbiont of sea cucumbers belonging to the genera Thelenota, Bohadschia and Holothuria . Symbiosis 62, 91–99 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-014-02...
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PMID: 29185512.True Facts Ticks: Educational EditionTrueFactsEducational2022-05-18 | This is an educational edition of True Facts which is appropriate for younger audiences and classroom settings. This channel is run by Ze Frank. Become a member to keep this page ad free!
CREDITS:
Footage from ‘The Tick Ixodes Ricinus and Lyme Disease’
licensed from and provided by
Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) : https://www.tib.eu/en/
The original footage was created by:
Dr. Franz-Rainer Matuschka, Freie Universität Berlin
Dr. Andrew Spielman, Harvard School of Public Health
Institut für den Wissenschaftlichen Film Gottingen
Dr. Uwe Sander - Director, Research
Regine Feldmann - Editor
Camera: Jurgen Kaeding, Kuno Lechner,
Michael Schorsch, Hort Witman.
Extra special thank you to Dr. Dania Richter for her time and
for her patience in helping me understand the remarkable
life cycle of the Ixodes ticks. Dr. Richter led me to the
remarkable documentary that is featured throughout this
episode.
Thank you to Dania Richter, Franz-Rainer Matuschka,
Andrew Spielman and L. Mahadevan for allowing me
the use of images and footage from their amazing work
on the feeding apparatus in:
How ticks get under your skin: insertion mechanics of
the feeding apparatus of Ixodes ricinus ticks
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1758
Special thank to Marie Vancová, Tomáš Bílý, Ladislav Šimo,
Jan Touš, Petr Horodyský, Daniel Růžek, Adam Novobilský,
Jiří Salát, Martin Strnad, Daniel E. Sonenshine,
Libor Grubhoffer & Jana Nebesářová for making their work
available through the CC 4.0 license.
Three-dimensional reconstruction of the feeding apparatus
of the tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae): a new insight into
the mechanism of blood-feeding https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56...
Thank you to Graham Hickling for licensing me his excellent
footage of the egg laying process and Gene’s organ. Check him out at: vimeo.com/user565817
Thank you Patrons Andrew Pann &
Rick Rubenstein for inspiring jokes,
and Tina Persson for asking that the
tick not be named Tina) http://www.patreon.com/truefacts
CLASSICAL MUSIC BY soundcloud.com/querflote
ADDITIONAL FOOTAGE FROM http://pond5.comTrue Facts Mosquitos: Educational EditionTrueFactsEducational2022-04-29 | This is an educational edition of True Facts which is appropriate for younger audiences and classroom settings. This channel is run by Ze Frank. Become a member to keep this page ad free!
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League GP, Harrington LC, Pitcher SA, Geyer JK, Baxter LL, Montijo J, Rowland JG, Johnson LM, Murdock CC, Cator LJ. Sexual selection theory meets disease vector control: Testing harmonic convergence as a "good genes" signal in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021 Jul 2;15(7):e0009540. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009540. PMID: 34214096; PMCID: PMC8282061.
Ma Y, Xu J, Yang Z, Wang X, Lin Z, Zhao W, Wang Y, Li X, Shi H. A video clip of the biting midge Culicoides anophelis ingesting blood from an engorged Anopheles mosquito in Hainan, China. Parasit Vectors. 2013 Nov 13;6(1):326. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-326. PMID: 24499575; PMCID: PMC3833289.
Matthews BJ, Younger MA, Vosshall LB. The ion channel ppk301 controls freshwater egg-laying in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Elife. 2019 May 21;8:e43963. doi: 10.7554/eLife.43963. PMID: 31112133; PMCID: PMC6597239.
Nakata, Toshiyuki & Phillips, Nathan & Simoes, Patricio & Russell, Ian & Cheney, Jorn & Walker, Simon & Bomphrey, Richard. (2020). Aerodynamic imaging by mosquitoes inspires a surface detector for autonomous flying vehicles. Science. 368. 10.1126/science.aaz9634.
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