True Facts Water Walkers: Educational Edition TrueFactsEducational 2025-11-06 | Become a member to keep this page ad free! This is an educational edition of True Facts which is appropriate for younger audiences and classroom settings. This channel is run by Ze Frank.classical music: soundcloud.com/querflote/5-audio-track-1sponsor music: incompetech.commerch: ze-true-store.myshopify.comCredits: Dr. David L. Hu, Georgia Institute of TechnologyDr. John W.M. Bush, MITDr. Victor M. Ortega-Jimenez, UC BerkeleyDr. Manu Prakash, Stanford UniversityBenedikt Pleyer, @benedictpleyer Charley Williams, MrShoptaw on YouTube • They Walk on Water Wandering Sole Images / @wanderingsoletv NHK / Getty ImagesiStockShutterstockPond5EnvatoCitations:Armisén, D., Nagui Refki, P., Crumière, A. et al. Predator strike shapes antipredator phenotype through new genetic interactions in water striders. Nat Commun 6, 8153 (2015). doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9153Bush, John W.M. & David L. Hu. Walking on Water: Biolocomotion at the Interface. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 2006. 38:339–69. doi: 10.1146/annurev.fluid.38.050304.092157Bush, John W.M., David L. Hu, Manu Prakash,The Integument of Water-walking Arthropods: Form and Function, Editor(s): J. Casas, S.J. Simpson, Advances in Insect Physiology, Academic Press, Volume 34, 2007, Pages 117-192, ISSN 0065-2806, ISBN 9780123737144, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2806(07....Crumière AJJ, Santos ME, Sémon M, Armisén D, Moreira FFF, Khila A. Diversity in Morphology and Locomotory Behavior Is Associated with Niche Expansion in the Semi-aquatic Bugs. Curr Biol. 2016 Dec 19;26(24):3336-3342. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.061. Hayashi, Morito & Bakkali, Mohammed & Hyde, Alexander & Goodacre, Sara. (2015). Sail or sink: Novel behavioural adaptations on water in aerially dispersing species. BMC evolutionary biology. 15. 118. 10.1186/s12862-015-0402-5. Hu, D., Bush, J. Meniscus-climbing insects. Nature 437, 733–736 (2005). doi.org/10.1038/nature03995Hu, D., Chan, B. & Bush, J. The hydrodynamics of water strider locomotion. Nature 424, 663–666 (2003). doi.org/10.1038/nature01793Kim W, Amauger J, Ha J, Pham TH, Tran AD, Lee JH, Park J, Jablonski PG, Kim HY, Lee SI. Two different jumping mechanisms of water striders are determined by body size. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023 Jul 25;120(30):e2219972120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2219972120.Mahadik GA, Hernandez-Sanchez JF, Arunachalam S, Gallo A Jr, Cheng L, Farinha AS, Thoroddsen ST, Mishra H, Duarte CM. Superhydrophobicity and size reduction enabled Halobates (Insecta: Heteroptera, Gerridae) to colonize the open ocean. Sci Rep. 2020 May 8;10(1):7785. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64563-7. O'Neil JN, Yung KL, Difini G, Walker H, Bhamla S. Tiny Amphibious Insects Use Tripod Gait for Traversal on Land, Water, and Duckweed. Integr Comp Biol. 2024 Sep 27;64(3):1044-1054. doi: 10.1093/icb/icae078. PMID: 38897812.Ortega-Jimenez VM, Challita EJ, Kim B, Ko H, Gwon M, Koh JS, Bhamla MS. Directional takeoff, aerial righting, and adhesion landing of semiaquatic springtails. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 Nov 16;119(46):e2211283119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2211283119.Prakash, Manu & Bush, John. (2011). Interfacial propulsion by directional adhesion. International Journal of Non-linear Mechanics - INT J NON-LINEAR MECH. 46. 607-615. 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2010.12.003. Rohilla, Pankaj; Johnathan N. O’Neil, Chandan Bose, Victor M. Ortega-Jimenez, Daehyun Choi, Saad Bhamla. Epineuston vortex recapture enhances thrust in tiny water skaters. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.17.59...Rohilla P, O'Neil JN, Singh P, Ortega-Jimenez VM, Choi D, Bose C, Bhamla S. Interfacial vortex recapture enhances thrust in tiny water skaters. bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2025 Mar 25:2024.06.17.599397. doi: 10.1101/2024.06.17.599397. Watson, D.A., M.R. Thornton, H.A. Khan, R.C. Diamco, D. Yilmaz-Aydin, & A.K. Dickerson, Water striders are impervious to raindrop collision forces and submerged by collapsing craters, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 121 (5) e2315667121, doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2315667121 (2024).Xu, Zhonghua & Lenaghan, Scott & Reese, Benjamin & Jia, Xinghua & Zhang, Mingjun. (2012). Experimental Studies and Dynamics Modeling Analysis of the Swimming and Diving of Whirligig Beetles (Coleopter: Gyrinidae). PLoS computational biology. 8. e1002792. 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002792.
True Facts Beetles: Educational Edition TrueFactsEducational 2026-02-05 | merch: ze-true-store.myshopify.compatreon: patreon.com/truefacts/posts classical music: soundcloud.com/querflote/5-au sponsor music: incompetech.comCredits:Dr Patrice Bouchard, CNCGino NearnsAlicia HodsonDr Shinji Sugiura, Kobe UniversityDr Christina Painting, University of WaikatoDr Jana Goyens, Research Foundation FlandersDr Kazuya Saito, University College LondonDr Jesus Rivera, Lawrence Livermore National LabDr David Kisailus, UC IrvineDr Philipp Hönle, Biology Centre CASDr Peter Aerts, UAntwerpenDr Noël Mal, RBINSLarry Bezark, http://bezbycids.comJohan Vermeulen, youtube.com/@thenatureboxfilmsiNaturalist.orgiStockEnvatoPond5CitationsBarclay, Maxwell & Bouchard, Patrice. (2023). Beetles of the World: A Natural History. 10.1515/9780691240749. Benowitz KM, Brodie ED 3rd, Formica VA. Morphological correlates of a combat performance trait in the forked fungus beetle, Bolitotherus cornutus. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042738. Bouchard, Patrice & Smith, Andrew & Douglas, Hume & Gimmel, Matthew & Brunke, Adam & Kanda, Kojun. (2017). Biodiversity of Coleoptera: Science and Society. 10.1002/9781118945568.ch11. Bouchard, Patrice ed. Le Tirant, Stéphane & Evans, Art & Bousquet, Yves & Carlton, Christopher & Chamorro, M. Lourdes & Lingafelter, Steven & Escalona, Hermes. The Book of Beetles: A Life-Size Guide to Six Hundred of Nature's Gems. 2014. The University of Chicago Press.De Marzo, L. (2010). A further evaluation of the sperm length in aleocharines (Coleoptera Staphylinidae). doi.org/10.4081/jear.2010.117Di Giulio A, Muzzi M, Romani R. Functional anatomy of the explosive defensive system of bombardier beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Brachininae). doi: 10.1016/j.asd.2015.08.013.Faille A, Pluot-Sigwalt D. Convergent Reduction of Ovariole Number Associated with Subterranean Life in Beetles. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131986. Forbes, Wm. T. M. The Wing Folding Patterns of the Coleoptera. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Mar., 1926), pp. 42-68 (27 pages) jstor.org/stable/25004114Gack, C., Peschke, K, ‘Shouldering’ exaggerated genitalia: a unique behavioural adaptation for the retraction of the elongate intromittant organ by the male rove beetle, doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00432.xGack, C., Peschke, K. Spernathecal morphology, sperm transfer and a novel mechanism of sperm displacement in the rove beetle, Aleochara curtula (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). (1994). doi.org/10.1007/BF00416861Goyens, J., Dirckx, J. & Aerts, P. Stag Beetle Battle Behavior and its Associated Anatomical Adaptations. doi.org/10.1007/s10905-015-9495-3Leung, B., Bijma, N., Baird, E. et al. Rules for the Leg Coordination of Dung Beetle Ball Rolling Behaviour. Sci Rep 10, 9278 (2020). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66248-7Painting, Christina. J. & Gregory I. Holwell, Flexible alternative mating tactics by New Zealand giraffe weevils, doi.org/10.1093/beheco/aru140Rivera, J., Hosseini, M.S., Restrepo, D. et al. Toughening mechanisms of the elytra of the diabolical ironclad beetle. Nature 586, 543–548 (2020). doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2813-8Saito K, Nomura S, Yamamoto S, Niiyama R, Okabe Y. Investigation of hindwing folding in ladybird beetles by artificial elytron transplantation and microcomputed tomography. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1620612114.Saito K, Yamamoto S, Maruyama M, Okabe Y. Asymmetric hindwing foldings in rove beetles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Nov 18;111(46):16349-52. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1409468111. Smolka J, Baird E, Byrne MJ, el Jundi B, Warrant EJ, Dacke M. Dung beetles use their dung ball as a mobile thermal refuge. Curr Biol. 2012 Oct 23;22(20):R863-4. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.08.057.Sugiura S. Anti-predator defences of a bombardier beetle: is bombing essential for successful escape from frogs? PeerJ. 2018 Nov 30;6:e5942. doi: 10.7717/peerj.5942. Sugiura, S. Active escape of prey from predator vent via the digestive tract, Current Biology, Volume 30, Issue 15, 2020, Pages R867-R868, ISSN 0960-9822, doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.026.Sugiura S, Hayashi M. Bombardiers and assassins: mimetic interactions between unequally defended insects. PeerJ. 2023 Jun 6;11:e15380. doi: 10.7717/peerj.15380.Sugiura S, Sato T. Successful escape of bombardier beetles from predator digestive systems. Biol Lett. 2018 Feb;14(2):20170647. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0647. Trad, Bhrenno & Eriberto, Francisco & Faria, Luiz. (2024). Dancing close together in the woods: mate-guarding behavior might explain sexual dimorphism in Chrysoprasis auriventris . Revista Brasileira de Entomologia. 68. e20240025, 2024. 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0025.
True Facts Praying Mantis: Educational Edition TrueFactsEducational 2025-12-04 | This is an educational edition of True Facts which is appropriate for younger audiences and classroom settings. This channel is run by Ze Frank.classical music: soundcloud.com/querflote/5-audio-track-1sponsor music: incompetech.commerch: ze-true-store.myshopify.comCredits:Dr. Chris OufieroDr. Vivek NityanandaDr. Greg SuttonDr. Malcolm BurrowsDr. Evgeny ShcherbakovDr. Xiao-Jin PeiDr. Yuanlang LiThe Mantis Garden, / @themantis Bugs in Cyberspace, / @bugsincyberspace Stuffinabox, / @stuffinabox_ Citations:Bäumler F, Gorb SN, Büsse S. Extrinsic and intrinsic musculature of the raptorial forelegs in Mantodea in the light of functionality and sexual dimorphism. doi: 10.1002/jmor.21590. Bosse JW, Svenson GJ, Bowers TA, Bourges-Sevenier BM, Ritzmann RE. Context-dependent effects on attack and defense behaviors in the praying mantis Tenodera sinensis. doi: 10.1242/jeb.243710. Burke NW, Holwell GI. 2021 Male coercion and female injury in a sexuallycannibalistic mantis. doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0811Burrows M, Cullen DA, Dorosenko M, Sutton GP. Mantises exchange angular momentum between three rotating body parts to jump precisely to targets. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.054.Fukudome M, Yamawaki Y. Behavioural interactions between the lizard Takydromus tachydromoides and the praying mantis Tenodera aridifolia suggest reciprocal predation between them. doi: 10.1007/s10164-016-0468-6. Gemeno, C., Claramunt, J. & Dasca, J. Nocturnal Calling Behavior in Mantids. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-005-36...Goetzke, H.H.; Burrows, M.; Federle, W. Mantises Jump from Smooth Surfaces by Pushing with “Heel” Pads of Their Hind Legs. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10...Hashimoto, Kosei, Suzuki, Koh, Hayashi, Fumio, Unique set of copulatory organs in mantises: Concealed female genital opening and extremely asymmetric male genitalia, doi.org/10.1111/ens.12219He P, Zhang YF, Hong DY, Wang J, Wang XL, Zuo LH, Tang XF, Xu WM, He M. A reference gene set for sex pheromone biosynthesis and degradation genes from the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, doi: 10.1186/s12864-017-3592-y. Li Y et al. 2025 Turning lances into shields: flower mantids stretch their raptorial forelegs to avert and deflect predator attack.https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2024.3081Mizuno, Takafumi & Yamaguchi, Susumu & Yamamoto, Ichiro & Yamaoka, Ryohei & Akino, Toshiharu. (2014). "Double-trick" Visual and Chemical Mimicry by the Juvenile Orchid Mantis Hymenopus coronatus Used in Predation of the Oriental Honeybee Apis cerana. 10.2108/zs140126. Nardi, G., & Spada, L. (2023). Field observation of the predation of an adult of Podarcis muralis (Laurenti, 1768) (Squamata: Lacertidae) by Mantis religiosa religiosam doi.org/10.13133/2284-4880/1545Nityananda V, Tarawneh G, Henriksen S, Umeton D, Simmons A, Read JCA. A Novel Form of Stereo Vision in the Praying Mantis. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.012. Nityananda V, Joubier C, Tan J, Tarawneh G, Read JCA. Motion-in-depth perception and prey capture in the praying mantis Sphodromantis lineola. doi: 10.1242/jeb.198614. O'Hanlon JC, Holwell GI, Herberstein ME. Pollinator deception in the orchid mantis. doi: 10.1086/673858.O'Hanlon, James C. The Roles of Colour and Shape in Pollinator Deception in the Orchid Mantis Hymenopus coronatus. doi.org/10.1111/eth.12238Oufiero CE, Garikipati L, McMillan E, Katherine Sullivan M, Turnbaugh R. Modulation of prey capture kinematics in relation to prey distance helps predict success. doi: 10.1242/jeb.247311. Oufiero CE, Nguyen T, Sragner A, Ellis A. Patterns of variation in feeding strike kinematics of juvenile ghost praying mantis (Phyllocrania paradoxa): are components of the strike stereotypic? doi: 10.1242/jeb.139675.Pei, XJ., Zhao, D., Luo, J. et al. The pigment transporter Redboy confers programmed body colour transition in orchid mantises. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-025-02...Rivera, J., Callohuari, Y. A New Species of Praying Mantis from Peru Reveals Impaling as a Novel Hunting Strategy in Mantodea. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-019-00...Schwarz CJ, Glaw F (2021) The luring mantid: Protrusible pheromone glands in Stenophylla lobivertex (Mantodea: Acanthopidae). doi.org/10.3897/jor.30.55274Schwarz, Christian & Shcherbakov, Evgeny. (2017). Revision of Hestiasulini Giglio-Tos, 1915 stat. rev. (Insecta: Mantodea: Hymenopodidae) of Borneo, with description of new taxa and comments on the taxonomy of the tribe. 10.11646/zootaxa.4291.2.2. Wang Y, Wan T, Wang Y, Zhao P, Liu Y. Ultrastructure of the antennal sensilla of the praying mantis Creobroter nebulosa Zheng (Mantedea: Hymenopodidae). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301445. Zhao,X et al, Petal-shaped femoral lobes facilitate gliding in orchid mantises, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.11....
True Facts Slime Molds: Educational Edition TrueFactsEducational 2023-02-04 | This is an educational edition of True Facts which is appropriate for younger audiences and classroom settings. This channel is run by Ze Frank. Become a member to keep this page ad free!merch: ze-true-store.myshopify.compatreon: patreon.com/truefactsBea Leiderman- instagram.com/bealeidermanDr Simon Garnier, New Jersey Institute of TechnologyDr Audrey Dussutour, CNRS - Universite Paul SabatierDr Bernard JenniDr Edvin Johannesen, Natural History Museum OsloBenedikt Pleyer: youtube.com/NomadicNostocDr Kathie Hodge, Cornell UniversityKent Loeffler, Cornell UniversitySarah Lloyd, National Herbarium of Victoria (MEL)https://www.instagram.com/sarah.lloyd...Alison Pollackhttps://www.instagram.com/marin_mushr...Dr Fred Spiegel, University of ArkansasDr Steven L. Stephenson, University of ArkansasCornell Center for Fungal BiologySwarm Lab, New Jersey Institute of Technologytheswarmlab.comNanolive.chhttps://www.youtube.com/c/NanoliveChL... Anna Grinčukahttps://www.youtube.com/@annagrincuka...TIB - https://www.tib.eu/en/Adamatzky, Andrew et al. (2012). Are motorways rational from slime mould's point of view?. International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems - IJPEDS. 28. 10.1080/17445760.2012.685884. Boisseau, R. P., Vogel, D., & Dussutour, A. (2016). Habituation in non-neural organisms: evidence from slime moulds. Proceedings. Biological sciences, 283(1829), 20160446. doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0446Boussard, A. et al. (2019). Memory inception and preservation in slime moulds: the quest for a common mechanism. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 374(1774), 20180368.Chen B,et al. Three-dimensional positioning and structure of chromosomes in a human prophase nucleus. Sci Adv. 2017 Jul 21;3(7):e1602231. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1602231. PMID: 28776025; PMCID: PMC5521992.Dussutour, A. et al. (2010). Amoeboid organism solves complex nutritional challenges. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(10), 4607–4611. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912198107Jabr, F. How brainless slime molds redefine intelligence. Nature (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2012.1...Harold W. Keller, et al., Chapter 1 - The Myxomycetes: Introduction, Basic Biology, Life Cycles, Genetics, and Reproduction, Myxomycetes, Academic Press, 2017, Pages 1-40, ISBN 9780128050897, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805...Kramar M, Alim K. Encoding memory in tube diameter hierarchy of living flow network. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Mar 9;118(10):e2007815118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2007815118. PMID: 33619174; PMCID: PMC7958412.Mitsch, J. (Director) 2021. The Blob: A Genius Without a Brain.Nakagaki, T., Yamada, H. & Tóth, Á. Maze-solving by an amoeboid organism. Nature 407, 470 (2000). doi.org/10.1038/35035159Oettmeier C, Döbereiner H-G (2019) A lumped parameter model of endoplasm flow in Physarum polycephalum... PLoS ONE 14(4): e0215622. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone....Orvieto, R et al. Do human embryos have the ability of self-correction? Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2020 Oct 6;18(1):98. doi: 10.1186/s12958-020-00650-8. PMID: 33023576; PMCID: PMC7539487.Ray, Subash et al.. (2019). Information Transfer During Food Choice in the Slime Mold Physarum polycephalum. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 7. 10.3389/fevo.2019.00067. Reid, Chris R. Tanya Latty, Collective behaviour and swarm intelligence in slime moulds, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, Volume 40, Issue 6, November 2016, Pages 798–806, doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuw033Reid, C. R., Latty, T., Dussutour, A., & Beekman, M. (2012). Slime mold uses an externalized spatial "memory" to navigate in complex environments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 109(43), 17490–17494. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1215037109Sperry, M. M., Murugan, N. J., & Levin, M. (2022). Studying Protista WBR and Repair Using Physarum polycephalum. Methods in molecular biology , 2450, 51–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-21...Tafakori, V. Slime molds as a valuable source of antimicrobial agents. AMB Expr 11, 92 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-021-01...Tero, A., Takagi, S., Saigusa, T., Ito, K., Bebber, D. P., Fricker, M. D., Yumiki, K., Kobayashi, R., & Nakagaki, T. (2010). Rules for biologically inspired adaptive network design. Science (New York, N.Y.), 327(5964), 439–442. doi.org/10.1126/science.1177894Vogel, D., & Dussutour, A. (2016). Direct transfer of learned behaviour via cell fusion in non-neural organisms. Proceedings. Biological sciences, 283(1845), 20162382. doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2382Zhu Liping, et al. 2018Remarkable problem-solving ability of unicellular amoeboid organism and its mechanismR. Soc. open sci.5180396180396. doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180396
True Facts Tarantulas : Educational Edition TrueFactsEducational 2022-11-21 | This is an educational edition of True Facts which is appropriate for younger audiences and classroom settings. This channel is run by Ze Frank. Become a member to keep this page ad free!merch: ze-true-store.myshopify.compatreon: patreon.com/truefactsMark's Tarantulas - https://www.youtube.com/c/MarksTarant...The Tarantula Collective - https://www.youtube.com/@tarantulacol...Basin79 -youtube.com/c/Basin79Julian Kamzol - mygale.deNature In Your Face - https://www.youtube.com/@NatureInYour...Tarantulas with Shanti - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alVjb...Spider Cafe - youtube.com/@SpiderCafeVanessa Sarges - https://vanessasarges.jimdofree.com/p...MicXotic TV - youtube.com/user/micyowTom Moran, Tom's Big Spiders - tomsbigspiders.comThe Invert Kingdom UK - youtube.com/@PsyDexOfficialEric Aldrich - ericaldrich.net - youtube.com/@LoFiOutdoorsInstagram: @ericjamesaldrichTwitter: @EricJAldrichSpecial Thanks to: Dr Kate Archibald, The Maryland Zoo in BaltimoreDr Michael Bogan, University of ArizonaDr Paula Cushing, Denver Museum of Nature & ScienceDr Anne Danielson-Francois, University of MichiganDr Jason Dunlop, Museum für Naturkunde, BerlinDr Sebastian Echeverri, co-host @BBCEarth PodcastDr Rainer Foelix, Neue Kantonsschule AarauDr Saoirse Foley, Carnegie Mellon UniversityDallas Haselhuhn, Eastern Michigan UniversityDr Fernando Pérez-Miles, Universidad de la República de UruguayDr Bastian Rast, Neue Kantonsschule AarauDr Milan Řezáč, Department of Entomology, Crop Research InstituteDr Cara Shillington, Eastern Michigan University--Citations (titles omitted in favor of links to accomodate YT description length restrictions):Archibald, K. E., Minter, L. J., Lewbart, G. A., & Bailey, C. S. (2014). American journal of veterinary research, 75(10), 929–936. doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.75.10.929Foelix, Rainer & Rast, Bastian & Peattie, Anne. (2012). The Journal of experimental biology. 215. 1084-9. 10.1242/jeb.066811.Foelix, Rainer & Rast, Bastian & Erb, Bruno. (2009). Journal of Arachnology - J ARACHNOL. 37. 292-298. 10.1636/sh08-106.1. Rainer Foelix, Bruno Erb, Bastian Rast, Arthropod Structure & Development, Volume 42, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 209-217, ISSN 1467-8039, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2013.02.... Hajer, J., & Řeháková, D. (2019). Biological Communications, 64(3), 169–182. doi.org/10.21638/spbu03.2019.301 Kaderka R, Bulantová J, Heneberg P, Řezáč M (2019) PLoS ONE 14(11): e0224384. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone....Rˇeza ́ č M ( 2 0 1 9 ) PLoS ONE 14(11): e0224384. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224384 Hüsser M. (2018). ZooKeys, (784), 59–93. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.2...Peattie A. M., Dirks J. H., Henriques S., Federle W. (2011). PloS ONE 6, e20485.Pechmann, M. Dev Genes Evol 230, 75–94 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00427-020-00...Fernando Pérez-Miles, David Ortíz-Villatoro; J Exp Biol 15 May 2012; 215 (10): 1749–1752. doi: doi.org/10.1242/jeb.069690Fernando Pérez-Miles, Carlos Perafán, Laura Santamaría; Biol Open 15 December 2015; 4 (12): 1643–1648. doi: doi.org/10.1242/bio.013144Huckstorf, Katarina & Kosok, Gregor & Seyfarth, Ernst-August & Wirkner, Christian. (2013). Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology. 252. 76–87. 10.1016/j.jcz.2012.03.004. Perafán C, Galvis W, Gutiérrez M, Pérez-Miles F. Zookeys. 2016 Jun 29;(601):89-109. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.601.7704. PMID: 27551189; PMCID: PMC4978081.Quade, F.S.C., Holtzheimer, J., Frohn, J. et al. Sci Rep 9, 6945 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43...Rind F.C. et al. J Exp Biol (2011) 214 (11): 1874–1879. doi.org/10.1242/jeb.055657Silva, V., Biancardi, C., Perafán, C., Ortíz, D., Fábrica, G., & Pérez-Miles, F. (2021). Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology, 207(2), 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-020-01...Tsai, Y.-C. (2018) Br J Dermatol, 178: e227-e227. doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16329von May ET AL. (2019). Amphibian and Reptile Conservation. 13. 65-77.Wirkner, C.S., Huckstorf, K. (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-339...
True Facts Sea Cucumbers: Educational Edition TrueFactsEducational 2022-10-12 | This is an educational edition of True Facts which is appropriate for younger audiences and classroom settings. This channel is run by Ze Frank. Become a member to keep this page ad free!merch: ze-true-store.myshopify.compatreon: patreon.com/truefactsAnna & Ned Deloach: blennywatcher.comDr Dave Cowles: salishseainvertebrates.comcharlesleflamand: https://www.youtube.com/c/KarelMestda...Ellen Muller: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtc9...Pacificklaus: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXpY...Dr. C. PrasannaKumar, Associate Professor, PG and Research Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, National College (Autonomous), Tamil Nadu, IndiaSeymour Marine Discovery Center: https://seymourcenter.ucsc.edu/Al-Rashdi, Khalfan & Claereboudt, Michel & Eeckhaut, Igor. (2019). Preliminary Trials on Hatchery and Larval Development of the Sea Cucumber, Holothuria scabra (Jaeger 1883), in the Sultanate of Oman. Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research. 47061. 10.9734/AJFAR/2018/v2i330009. Caulier, G., Lepoint, G., Van Nedervelde, F. et al. The diet of the Harlequin crab Lissocarcinus orbicularis, an obligate symbiont of sea cucumbers belonging to the genera Thelenota, Bohadschia and Holothuria . Symbiosis 62, 91–99 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-014-02...Chimienti, G., Aguilar, R., Gebruk, A.V. et al. Distribution and swimming ability of the deep-sea holothuroid Penilpidia ludwigi . Mar Biodiv 49, 2369–2380 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-019-00...Peter V. Fankboner and J. Lane Cameron. Seasonal atrophy of the visceral organs in a sea cucumber. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 63(12): 2888-2892. doi.org/10.1139/z85-432Ferstl, S., Schwaha, T., Ruthensteiner, B. et al. Nanoscopic X-ray tomography for correlative microscopy of a small meiofaunal sea-cucumber. Sci Rep 10, 3960 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60...Flammang, P., Ribesse, J., & Jangoux, M. (2002). Biomechanics of adhesion in sea cucumber cuvierian tubules. Integrative and comparative biology, 42(6), 1107–1115. doi.org/10.1093/icb/42.6.1107Jean‐François Hamel & Annie Mercier (2000) Cuvierian tubules in tropical holothurians: Usefulness and efficiency as a defence mechanism, Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 33:2, 115-139, DOI: 10.1080/10236240009387085Jean-François Hamel , Peter K. L. Ng & Annie Mercier (1999): Life cycle of the pea crab pinnotheres halingi sp. Nov., an obligate symbiont of the sea cucumber holothuria scabra jaeger, Ophelia, 50:3, 149-175 Jontila, Jean. (2018). Possible occurrence of the sea cucumber Actinopyga spinea (Cherbonnier 1980) in Arreceffi Island, Honda Bay, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines. 9. 63-67. Lim, AYH & Chan, Ian & Carrasco, L Roman & Todd, Peter. (2019). Aposematism in the pink warty sea cucumber: Independent effects of chromatic and achromatic cues. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 631. 10.3354/meps13159. MacTavish T, Stenton-Dozey J, Vopel K, Savage C (2012) Deposit-Feeding Sea Cucumbers Enhance Mineralization and Nutrient Cycling... PLoS ONE 7(11): e50031. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050031 Marquet, N., Hubbard, P.C., da Silva, J.P. et al. Chemicals released by male sea cucumber mediate aggregation and spawning behaviours. Sci Rep 8, 239 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18...Peters-Didier, J., Sewell, M.A. The role of the hyaline spheres in sea cucumber metamorphosis. EvoDevo 10, 8 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13227-019-01...Pierrat J. et al. Sophistication in a seemingly simple creature: a review of wild holothurian nutrition in marine ecosystems. Biological Reviews (Feb 2022) doi.org/10.1111/brv.12799Purcell, Steven & Conand, Chantal & Uthicke, Sven & Byrne, Maria. (2016). Ecological Roles of Exploited Sea Cucumbers. Oceanography and Marine Biology. 54. 367-386. 10.1201/9781315368597-8. Okada, A., Kondo, M. Regeneration of the digestive tract of an anterior-eviscerating sea cucumber, Eupentacta quinquesemita.... Zoological Lett 5, 21 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-019-01...Shenkar, N., Gordon, T. Gut-spilling in chordates: Evisceration in the tropical ascidian Polycarpa mytiligera. Sci Rep 5, 9614 (2015). doi.org/10.1038/srep09614Trottier, O., & Jeffs, A. G. (2015). Mate locating and access behaviour of the parasitic pea crab, Nepinnotheres novaezelandiae, an important parasite of the mussel Perna canaliculus. Parasite (Paris, France), 22, 13. doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2015013Udagawa, S., Ikeda, T., Oguchi, K. et al. Hydrocoel morphogenesis forming the pentaradial body plan in a sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Sci Rep 12, 6025 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-09...Vandenspiegel, D., Ovaere, A.A., & Massin, C. (1992). On the association between the crab Hapalonotus reticulatus (Crustacea, Brachyura, Eumedonidae) and the sea cucumber Holothuria (Metriatyla) scabra.
True Facts Parasitic Birds: Educational Edition TrueFactsEducational 2022-09-21 | This is an educational edition of True Facts which is appropriate for younger audiences and classroom settings. This channel is run by Ze Frank. Become a member to keep this page ad free!Posters, shirts, and more: ze-true-store.myshopify.comReferences:Anderson MG, Moska ́t C, Ba ́n M, Grim T, Cassey P, et al. (2009) Egg Eviction Imposes a Recoverable Cost of Virulence in Chicks of a Brood Parasite. PLoS ONE 4(11): e7725. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007725 Caves EM, Stevens M, Spottiswoode CN. 2017 Does coevolution with a shared parasite drive hosts to part ition their defences among species? Proc. R. Soc. B 284: 20170272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0272 Caves EM, Stevens M, Iversen ES, Spottiswoode CN. Hosts of avian brood parasites have evolved egg signatures with elevated information content. Proc Biol Sci. 2015 Jul 7;282(1810):20150598. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0598. PMID: 26085586; PMCID: PMC4590476.De Mársico María C., Gloag Ros, Ursino Cynthia A. and Reboreda Juan C. 2013 A novel method of rejection of brood parasitic eggs reduces parasitism intensity in a cowbird host Biol. Lett. 9: 2013007620130076. doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0076. Grim, T., Rutila, J., Cassey, P., & Hauber, M.E. (2009). The cost of virulence: an experimental study of egg eviction by brood parasitic chicks. Behavioral Ecology, 20, 1138-1146.Grim, T., Samaš, P., Moskát, C., Kleven, O., Honza, M., Moksnes, A., Røskaft, E. and Stokke, B.G. (2011), Constraints on host choice: why do parasitic birds rarely exploit some common potential hosts?. Journal of Animal Ecology, 80: 508-518. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2... Hauber ME, Winnicki SK, Hoover JP, Hanley D, Hays IR. 2021 The limits of egg recognition: testing acceptance thresholds of American robins in response to decreasingly egg-shaped objects in the nest. R. Soc. Open Sci.8: 201615. doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201615 Jamie, G.A., Van Belleghem, S.M., Hogan, B.G., Hamama, S., Moya, C., Troscianko, J., Stoddard, M.C., Kilner, R.M. and Spottiswoode, C.N. (2020), Multimodal mimicry of hosts in a radiation of parasitic finches*. Evolution, 74: 2526-2538. doi.org/10.1111/evo.14057 Jelínek, V., Šulc, M., Štětková, G. and Honza, M. (2021), Fast and furious: host aggression modulates behaviour of brood parasites. Ibis, 163: 824-833. doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12930 López, Analía V, Vanina D Fiorini, Kevin Ellison, Brian D Peer, Thick eggshells of brood parasitic cowbirds protect their eggs and damage host eggs during laying, Behavioral Ecology, Volume 29, Issue 4, July/August 2018, Pages 965–973, doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ary045 Soler, M., Soler, J. J., Martinez, J. G., & Moller, A. P. (1995). Magpie Host Manipulation by Great Spotted Cuckoos: Evidence for an Avian Mafia? Evolution, 49(4), 770–775. doi.org/10.2307/2410329 Spottiswoode, Claire N. and Koorevaar Jeroen 2012A stab in the dark: chick killing by brood parasitic honeyguidesBiol. Lett. 8 241–244. doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0739 Spottiswoode, Claire N., Martin Stevens. 2011. How to evade a coevolving brood parasite: egg discrimination versus egg variability as host defences. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0401 Stevens, Martin. Bird brood parasitism, Current Biology, Volume 23, Issue 20, 2013, Pages R909-R913, ISSN 0960-9822, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.... Stevens, M., Troscianko, J. & Spottiswoode, C. Repeated targeting of the same hosts by a brood parasite compromises host egg rejection. Nat Commun 4, 2475 (2013). doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3475Šulc, Michal & Štětková, Gabriela & Procházka, Petr & Požgayová, Milica & Sosnovcová, Kateřina & Studecký, Jan & Honza, Marcel. (2020). Caught on camera: circumstantial evidence for fatal mobbing of an avian brood parasite by a host. Journal of Vertebrate Biology. 69. 1-6. 10.25225/jvb.20027. Šulc, M., Štětková, G., Jelínek, V., Czyż, B., Dyrcz, A., Karpińska, O., Kamionka-Kanclerska, K., Rowiński, P., Maziarz, M., Gruszczyński, A., Hughes, A.E., & Honza, M. (2020). Killing behaviour of adult brood parasites, Behaviour, 157(12-13), 1099-1111. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/1568539X-bja1... Wang LW, Zhong G, He GB, Zhang YH, Liang W. Egg laying behavior of common cuckoos ( Cuculus canorus): Data based on field video-recordings. Zool Res. 2020 Jul 18;41(4):458-464. doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.021. PMID: 32521577; PMCID: PMC7340520. Wang Y, Tian M, Liu J, Lu X, Møller AP and Xia C (2021) Testing the Interspecific Function of Female Common Cuckoo “Bubbling” Call. Front. Ecol. Evol. 9:725222. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2021.725222 York JE, Davies NB. Female cuckoo calls misdirect host defences towards the wrong enemy. Nat Ecol Evol. 2017 Oct;1(10):1520-1525. doi: 10.1038/s41559-017-0279-3. Epub 2017 Sep 4. PMID: 29185512.
True Facts Ticks: Educational Edition TrueFactsEducational 2022-05-18 | This is an educational edition of True Facts which is appropriate for younger audiences and classroom settings. This channel is run by Ze Frank. Become a member to keep this page ad free!CREDITS:Footage from ‘The Tick Ixodes Ricinus and Lyme Disease’ licensed from and provided by Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) : https://www.tib.eu/en/The original footage was created by: Dr. Franz-Rainer Matuschka, Freie Universität Berlin Dr. Andrew Spielman, Harvard School of Public Health Institut für den Wissenschaftlichen Film Gottingen Dr. Uwe Sander - Director, Research Regine Feldmann - Editor Camera: Jurgen Kaeding, Kuno Lechner, Michael Schorsch, Hort Witman.Extra special thank you to Dr. Dania Richter for her time and for her patience in helping me understand the remarkable life cycle of the Ixodes ticks. Dr. Richter led me to the remarkable documentary that is featured throughout this episode.Thank you to Dania Richter, Franz-Rainer Matuschka, Andrew Spielman and L. Mahadevan for allowing me the use of images and footage from their amazing work on the feeding apparatus in: How ticks get under your skin: insertion mechanics of the feeding apparatus of Ixodes ricinus ticks http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1758Special thank to Marie Vancová, Tomáš Bílý, Ladislav Šimo, Jan Touš, Petr Horodyský, Daniel Růžek, Adam Novobilský, Jiří Salát, Martin Strnad, Daniel E. Sonenshine, Libor Grubhoffer & Jana Nebesářová for making their work available through the CC 4.0 license. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the feeding apparatus of the tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae): a new insight into the mechanism of blood-feedinghttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56...Thank you to Graham Hickling for licensing me his excellent footage of the egg laying process and Gene’s organ. Check him out at: vimeo.com/user565817Thank you Patrons Andrew Pann & Rick Rubenstein for inspiring jokes, and Tina Persson for asking that the tick not be named Tina)http://www.patreon.com/truefactsCLASSICAL MUSIC BYsoundcloud.com/querflote ADDITIONAL FOOTAGE FROM http://pond5.com
True Facts Mosquitos: Educational Edition TrueFactsEducational 2022-04-29 | This is an educational edition of True Facts which is appropriate for younger audiences and classroom settings. This channel is run by Ze Frank. Become a member to keep this page ad free!True Facts Poster! ze-true-store.myshopify.comPatreon: patreon.com/truefactsBenedikt Pleyer's Channel: youtube.com/NomadicNostocRichard J Albrecht's Channel: youtube.com/channel/UCASwU2puo4WsneBUrMDrI6wClassical Music: soundcloud.com/querflote/5-audio-track-1Backbay Lounge Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0Research Articles: Aldersley, A., Cator, L.J. Female resistance and harmonic convergence influence male mating success in Aedes aegypti. Sci Rep 9, 2145 (2019). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-38599-3Bomphrey, R., Nakata, T., Phillips, N. et al. Smart wing rotation and trailing-edge vortices enable high frequency mosquito flight. Nature 544, 92–95 (2017). doi.org/10.1038/nature21727 Cator LJ, Arthur BJ, Harrington LC, Hoy RR. Harmonic convergence in the love songs of the dengue vector mosquito. Science. 2009 Feb 20;323(5917):1077-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1166541. Epub 2009 Jan 8. PMID: 19131593; PMCID: PMC2847473. Cator LJ, Harrington LC. The Harmonic Convergence of Fathers Predicts the Mating Success of Sons in Aedes aegypti. Anim Behav. 2011;82(4):627-633. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.07.013 Choo YM, Buss GK, Tan K, Leal WS. Multitasking roles of mosquito labrum in oviposition and blood feeding. Front Physiol. 2015;6:306. Published 2015 Oct 29. doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00306 Choumet V, Attout T, Chartier L, Khun H, Sautereau J, Robbe-Vincent A, Brey P, Huerre M, Bain O. Visualizing non infectious and infectious Anopheles gambiae blood feedings in naive and saliva-immunized mice. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e50464. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050464. Epub 2012 Dec 13. PMID: 23272060; PMCID: PMC3521732.Jones, J., Murray, G.P.D. & McCall, P.J. A minimal 3D model of mosquito flight behaviour around the human baited bed net. Malar J 20, 24 (2021). doi.org/10.1186/s12936-020-03546-5 Kikuchi, K., Stremler, M.A., Chatterjee, S. et al. Burst mode pumping: A new mechanism of drinking in mosquitoes. Sci Rep 8, 4885 (2018). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22866-w League GP, Harrington LC, Pitcher SA, Geyer JK, Baxter LL, Montijo J, Rowland JG, Johnson LM, Murdock CC, Cator LJ. Sexual selection theory meets disease vector control: Testing harmonic convergence as a "good genes" signal in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021 Jul 2;15(7):e0009540. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009540. PMID: 34214096; PMCID: PMC8282061. Ma Y, Xu J, Yang Z, Wang X, Lin Z, Zhao W, Wang Y, Li X, Shi H. A video clip of the biting midge Culicoides anophelis ingesting blood from an engorged Anopheles mosquito in Hainan, China. Parasit Vectors. 2013 Nov 13;6(1):326. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-326. PMID: 24499575; PMCID: PMC3833289. Matthews BJ, Younger MA, Vosshall LB. The ion channel ppk301 controls freshwater egg-laying in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Elife. 2019 May 21;8:e43963. doi: 10.7554/eLife.43963. PMID: 31112133; PMCID: PMC6597239.Nakata, Toshiyuki & Phillips, Nathan & Simoes, Patricio & Russell, Ian & Cheney, Jorn & Walker, Simon & Bomphrey, Richard. (2020). Aerodynamic imaging by mosquitoes inspires a surface detector for autonomous flying vehicles. Science. 368. 10.1126/science.aaz9634. Reeves, L.E., Holderman, C.J., Blosser, E.M. et al. Identification of Uranotaenia sapphirina as a specialist of annelids broadens known mosquito host use patterns. Commun Biol 1, 92 (2018). doi.org/10.1038/s42003-018-0096-5 Smith, N.M., Balsalobre, J.B., Doshi, M. et al. Landing mosquitoes bounce when engaging a substrate. Sci Rep 10, 15744 (2020). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72462-0 Trisnadi, N., Barillas-Mury, C. Live In Vivo Imaging of Plasmodium Invasion of the Mosquito Midgut. DOI: doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00692-20 •
True Facts Sea Stars: Educational Edition TrueFactsEducational 2022-04-13 | This is an educational edition of True Facts which is appropriate for younger audiences and classroom settings. This channel is run by Ze Frank. Become a member to keep this page ad free!True Facts Poster! ze-true-store.myshopify.comPatreon: patreon.com/truefactsClassical Music: soundcloud.com/querflote/5-audio-track-1Huge thank you to: Dr. Chris Mah Dr. Tomasz Baumiller Dr. Timothy O’ Hara Dr. Charles Messing Dr. Kate M. Naughton Dr. Angela Stevenson Melissa Douglas Dr. Igor Adameyko Dr. Symon Dworjanyn Dr. Lara Tomholt Dr. Simon Coppard Sina Heydari Anders Garm Melanie Lloyd Video, courtesy of Monterey Bay Aquarium Foundation © 2022The New Zealand Marine Studies Centre, University of Otago (New Zealand), and Marco Zilioli NOAA Australian Institute of Marine ScienceHakai Institute WA State Dept. of Ecology Ocean Networks Canada / CSSF-ROPOSVancouver AquariumRu SelvaduraiTidal Gardensbeachstuff.ukGarry Fletcher Racerocks.com Lester Pearson CollegeZeb Hallock Dr. Elise Hennebert Mike Lukaczyn WeDive TV Abhishek GuptaMull Aquarium Annette G.E. Smith Robert Beck Baumiller, Tomasz K. (2008). Crinoid Ecological Morphology. , 36(1), 221–249. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124116 Baumiller, Tomasz K. and Messing, Charles G., 2007. Stalked Crinoid Locomotion, and its Ecological and Evolutionary Implications. Palaeontologia Electronica Vol. 10, Issue 1; 2A:10p, 12MB Baumiller, Tomasz K.; Mooi, Rich; Messing, Charles G. (2008). Urchins in the meadow: paleobiological and evolutionary implications of cidaroid predation on crinoids. Paleobiology, 34(1), 22–34. doi:10.1666/07031.1 Blowes, L.M. et al. (2017), Body wall structure in the starfish Asterias rubens. J. Anat., 231: 325-341. doi.org/10.1111/joa.12646 Byrne, M. Viviparity and intragonadal cannibalism in the diminutive sea stars Patiriella vivipara and P. parvivipara. Marine Biology 125, 551–567 (1996). doi.org/10.1007/BF00353268Clark, R.N. & Jewett, S.C. 2015: A new sea star of the genus Leptasterias from the Aleutian Islands. Zootaxa 3941(4): 579–584. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3941.4.6 Simon E. Coppard; Andreas Kroh; Andrew B. Smith (2012). The evolution of pedicellariae in echinoids: an arms race against pests and parasites. , 93(2), 125–148. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2010.00487.x Garm Anders and Nilsson Dan-Eric 2014 Visual navigation in starfish: first evidence for the use of vision and eyes in starfish Proc. R. Soc. B.281: 20133011. 20133011, doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3011 Garm Anders, Sensory Biology of Starfish—With Emphasis on Recent Discoveries in their Visual Ecology, Integrative and Comparative Biology, Volume 57, Issue 5, November 2017, Pages 1082–1092, doi.org/10.1093/icb/icx086Hamel JF, Mercier A. Prespawning Behavior, Spawning, and Development of the Brooding Starfish Leptasterias polaris. Biol Bull. 1995 Feb;188(1):32-45. doi: 10.2307/1542065. PMID: 29281304. Hamel, Jean-François et al. “Prespawning Behavior, Spawning, and Development of the Brooding Starfish Leptasterias Polaris.” Biological Bulletin, vol. 188, no. 1, Marine Biological Laboratory, 1995, pp. 32–45, doi.org/10.2307/1542065. Hennebert, Elise. (2010). Adhesion Mechanisms Developed by Sea Stars: A Review of the Ultrastructure and Composition of Tube Feet and Their Secretion. 10.1007/978-3-7091-0286-2_7. Hernroth B, Farahani F, Brunborg G, Dupont S, Dejmek A, Nilsson Sko ̈ld H. 2010. Possibility of mixed progenitor cells in sea star arm regeneration. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 314B:457–468. Heydari, Sina et al.(2020). Sea star inspired crawling and bouncing. Journal of The Royal Society Interface. 17. 20190700. 10.1098/rsif.2019.0700. KHAN, M. S.R. et al. (2019). Arrangement and size variation of intra-gonadal offspring in a viviparous asterinid sea star. Zoosymposia, 15(1), 71–82. doi:10.11646/zoosymposia.15.1.8 Meyer, D. et al. (2021). Crinoid Feeding Strategies: New I nsights From Subsea Video And Time-Lapse (Elements of Paleontology). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108893534Okanishi M, et al. (2017) Non-destructive morphological observations of the fleshy brittle star, Asteronyx loveni using micro-computed tomography. ZooKeys 663: 1–19. doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.663.11413 Sheppard-Brennand, H. et al. (2017). A Waterborne Pursuit-Deterrent Signal Deployed by a Sea Urchin. The American Naturalist, 189, 700 - 708. Sigl, R. et al. The role of vision for navigation in the crown-of-thorns seastar, Acanthaster planci. Sci. Rep. 6, 30834; doi: 10.1038/srep30834 (2016). Solís-Marín FA, et al. (2019) doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.817.29406 Tomholt, L. et al. (2020). The structural origins of brittle star arm kinematics: An integrated tomographic, additive manufacturing.... Journal of structural biology, 107481 .
