Fortress of Lugh
Origins of the English
updated
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00:00 Intro
00:50 Opening
01:21 Earliest Period
02:12 The Neolithic Farmers
03:56 Based on Wood?
05:12 Dating Stonehenge
08:35 The Beaker People
10:38 Bowman burial secrets
13:38 Mixing it up
16:20 Two Possibilities for Stonehenge
18:38 Pots are not actually people
20:40 Sky Burials at Seahenge
23:35 2500 BC
25:50 Germany's Henge
27:30 Woodhenge: Posts or Palace?
29:40 Tara - the henge of the high king
30:45 Last gasp or power flex?
32:00 Orkney - Neolithic Male Bastion
35:04 Mine that copper!
36:13 Conclusion
Sources Used
The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe:
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5973796
Stonehenge's Continental Cousin:
archaeology.org/issues/411-2101/letter-from/9295-germany-woodhenge
The ring sanctuary of Pömmelte, Germany: a monumental, multi-layered metaphor of the late third millennium BC:
cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/ring-sanctuary-of-pommelte-germany-a-monumental-multilayered-metaphor-of-the-late-third-millennium-bc/583BE3828E1DB4B638F6E34F96B18125
Dynamic changes in genomic and social structures in third millennium BCE central Europe
science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abi6941
Bell Beakers and Mycenaeans from Yamnaya; Corded Ware from the forest steppe
https://indo-european.eu/2019/09/bell-beakers-and-mycenaeans-from-yamnaya-corded-ware-from-the-forest-steppe/
The prestige of warriors: Bell Beaker archers’ equipment in Central Europe
journals.openedition.org/pm/2167
Kinship and social organization in Copper Age Europe. A cross-disciplinary analysis of archaeology, DNA, isotopes, and anthropology from two Bell Beaker cemeteries
journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0241278
How was Bell Beaker economy related to Corded Ware and Early Bronze Age lifestyles? Archaeological, botanical and palynological evidence from the Hegau, Western Lake Constance region
researchgate.net/publication/259903141_How_was_Bell_Beaker_economy_related_to_Corded_Ware_and_Early_Bronze_Age_lifestyles_Archaeological_botanical_and_palynological_evidence_from_the_Hegau_Western_Lake_Constance_region
Finding the origins of the first farmers
archaeology.co.uk/articles/news/finding-the-origins-of-the-first-farmers.htm
Beakers in Britain. The Beaker package reviewed
journals.openedition.org/pm/2286
THE ARRIVAL OF THE BELL BEAKER SET IN BRITAIN AND IRELAND
https://www.academia.edu/24957136/THE_ARRIVAL_OF_THE_BELL_BEAKER_SET_IN_BRITAIN_AND_IRELAND
Uncovering Neolithic and Early Bronze Age landscapes: new data from southwestern Poland
researchgate.net/publication/284551815_Uncovering_Neolithic_and_Early_Bronze_Age_landscapes_new_data_from_southwestern_Poland
Embracing Bell Beaker Adopting new ideas and objects across Europe during the later 3rd millennium BC
https://www.academia.edu/40365630/Embracing_Bell_Beaker_Adopting_new_ideas_and_objects_across_Europe_during_the_later_3rd_millennium_BC_c_2600_2000_BC_
The Amesbury Archer and the Boscombe Bowmen: Chronology and the radiocarbon dating programme
researchgate.net/publication/311923483_Chronology_and_the_radiocarbon_dating_programme
The Boscombe Bowmen
wessexarch.co.uk/our-work/boscombe-bowmen
The world recreated: redating Silbury Hill in its monumental landscape
The return of the Beaker folk? Rethinking migration and population change in British prehistory
cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/return-of-the-beaker-folk-rethinking-migration-and-population-change-in-british-prehistory/ABF13307796A0476353FA8D2DA38A21A
Ancient DNA at the edge of the world: Continental immigration and the persistence of Neolithic male lineages in Bronze Age Orkney
pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2108001119
Who was buried at Stonehenge?
researchgate.net/publication/30054512_Who_Was_Buried_at_Stonehenge
The age of Stonehenge
dro.dur.ac.uk/5811/1/5811.pdf
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00:00 Opening
01:18 Etymology of Troll
02:10 Thor & Taranis
02:55 Thurs, Eoten & Jotun
03:42 Description of a Troll in medieval sources
04:30 Fenrir's Progeny
06:04 Children of Angrboða & Loki
07:02 Ymir - The first Jotun
08:35 Bolthorn & Ysbaddaden
09:28 Loki's Children
10:50 Jörmungandr, Fenrir & Hel
11:53 Troll fashion
12:48 the wolf-like troll
13:37 The Volsungs Wolf Shape
15:25 The trolls of the mind
18:20 How to trick a Giant
19:23 The Mind of Mimir
20:44 Thor - Charioteer of the Mind
22:10 Home of the Giants
23:18 Hrungnir
26:00 Geirröðr & the water trolls
29:22 Beowulf and Grendel the Troll
30:16 Trolls as evil spirits
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0:00 Intro
0:59 Name
3:10 Indo-European Contact
4:34 Hungarian Conqueror Genetics
7:00 Scythian Magyars
9:33 Founding Myth
11:54 Material Culture
15:48 Herodotus & Location
19:42: Islamic Accounts of Location
24:00 Ancient Myth of the Kerch Strait & Crimea
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Images used in the cover and throughout the video are from the films and utilized under fair use. All rights belong to their proper rights holders.
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Gaelic names are pronounced in OLD GAELIC. This is to show the clear link between the English version of names and their Old Gaelic origins. Modern Gaelic has changed in its pronunciation, modern Irish to an even greater degree.
Also note that there is no intent to promote a "pure" Scot, but to demonstrate the core origins and original language. Ethnicity is an evolving thing, as the video shows.
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Pronunciation used is Old Gaelic or Modern Scottish Gaelic.
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- Once when I refer to Varro, I actually meant Livy. Livy's History confirms the apotheosis of Romulus, and even his appearance to Iulius Proculus, but does not refer to him as Quirinus. Varro also does not call Romulus Quirinus, but his complete history does not survive intact.
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Music
Yasunori Mitsuda - Omen, The One Who Is Torn Apart
Ean Grimm
Primary Sources
Plutarch - Parallel Lives
Dionysius of Halicarnassus — The Roman Antiquities
Marcus Terentius Varro - De lingua latina libri XXV &
Titus Livius - Roman History
Cato the Elder - De Agricultura
Ennius - Annals (fragments)
Catullus - The Carmina
Secondary Sources (Updated shortly)
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Some images and videos are drawn from "The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim".
"Omen" from the Xenogears Soundtrack is used
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A few images were drawn from www.eupedia.com
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"Dark Ambient" by Marko Maksimovic
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All pronunciation attempts to follow Old Gaelic, not modern Irish or Scottish Gaelic pronunciations. Breithem, however, should have been pronounced with a stronger "v" or "w" sound at the end. "druid" in Old Gaelic, is "druí" singular and "druíd" plural. I do not cover this in the video, but perhaps of interest.
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"Lands of Magic" by Ean Grimm
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"Dawn, From Past to Present, Night" from The Elder Scrolls V Skyrim soundtrack, by Jeremy Soule
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"Now We Ride, Nomadic Sunset, The Lone Wolf" by Alexander Nakarada (www.serpentsoundstudios.com)
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"Menu Theme" Dark Souls Soundtrack, Motoi Sakuraba
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"Night Ambience" The Elder Scrolls Skyrim, Jeremy Soule"The One Who is Torn Apart" Xenogears Soundtrack"Nomadic Sunset, Tavern Loop, Cold Journey, Forest Walk, " by Alexander Nakarada (www.serpentsoundstudios.com)
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"Dawn' The Elder Scrolls V Soundtrack, Jeremy Soule
"Fire Keepers" Dark Souls 2 Soundtrack
"Cold Journey" by Alexander Nakarada (www.serpentsoundstudios.com)
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"Wintersong, Wanderer" by Alexander Nakarada (www.serpentsoundstudios.com)
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"From Past to Present," Skyrim Soundtrack, Jeremy Soule
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"The Lone Wolf, Winter Night, Now We Ride, Nomadic Dawn," by Alexander Nakarada (www.serpentsoundstudios.com)
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"Auriel's Ascension" (Oblivion Soundtrack) by Jeremy Soule
"Lands of Magic, Cold Journey, Nomadic Dawn" by Alexander Nakarada (www.serpentsoundstudios.com)
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"Fire Keepers" by Motoi Sakuraba - Dark Souls II Soundtrack
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Lone Wolf & Now We Ride by Alexander Nakarada (www.serpentsoundstudios.com)
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Music by Alexander Nakarada (www.serpentsoundstudios.com)
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"Warriors of Avalon, Battle of the Creek, Forest Walk" by Alexander Nakarada (www.serpentsoundstudios.com)
"From Past To Present" Skyrim Soundtrack, Jeremy Soule
"Battania Tavern" Mount & Blade II Bannerlord Soundtrack
"Battania Theme" Mount & Blade II Bannerlord Soundtrack
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Survive The Jive Video
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Mount & Blade II Bannerlord OST - Travel Music
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"The One Who is Torn Apart" Xenogears Soundtrack - Yasunori Mitsuda
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