AfroArtista Films
THE Coloureds (South Africa) : THE MOST GENETICALLY MIXED RACE ON EARTH.
updated
Now, it is not fair or accurate to say that Somalis as a people or as a community hate Kenya. In truth, most Somalis respect and value Kenya. They see it as a neighbour, a partner, and, for many, a second home. And let’s not forget Kenyan Somalis are a recognized community with indigenous roots in Kenya. And most of them are extremely patriotic to Kenya. They contribute actively to the social, political, and economic life of the country. Many Somali Kenyans serve in government, business, education, and even the Kenya Defence Forces, showing their loyalty and commitment to the nation. Although their patriotism is sometimes questioned due to historical events and stereotypes on the ground, they live, work, and dream as Kenyans first. So no. the claim that Somalis as a people hate Kenya is both misleading and unfair.
To understand the Somali man’s walk, one must first understand its foundation: an exceptionally straight, upright posture you’d think they went to military school. The back is held straight, the shoulders are pulled back, and the chin is held level or tilted slightly upwards, as if perpetually scanning a distant horizon for either cattle or opportunities. This posture alone creates a profile of immense pride and self-assurance. You’ll never catch a Somali uncle hunched over like he’s carrying the weight of the world. Nah, they’re too busy carrying the weight of their swagger. Arthritis might bend other men, but not Somali men.
Then comes the signature element: the majestic synchronized swaying of the hands behind the back. Often, both hands are let to freely sway behind the back often in the same direction, with the chest pushed forward as if daring the universe to present a challenge worthy of its attention. The palms spin with effortless freedom, gliding around the wrist's axis. He moves with the bold, untamed swagger of a man bursting with boundless freedom, each step a defiant dance with destiny. It’s a walk that exudes a carefree spirit, suggesting all urgent matters have been successfully delegated, possibly forever. The head remains steady and upturned, a constant, subtle reminder to onlookers of who, precisely, is the boss—the abaan.
The Queen’s Glide: The Walk of the Somali Woman
Now let’s talk about Somali women. Their walk deserves its own documentary. If the men bring lion-like pride, the women bring peacock-like grace. It is equally proud, equally confident, but channelled through a lens of profound feminine elegance. There’s still that confident hand sway, but softer, more controlled, with a feminine rhythm.
This elegance is often accentuated by their traditional clothing. Beneath the layers of a flowing dirac or a beautifully wrapped guntiino are bodies often described as naturally statuesque and curvy. God, it seems, took a little extra time with these women. The walk serves to highlight this innate grace. The fabric doesn't just hang; it dances. With each step, the light, airy material of the dirac ripples and flows, creating a visual symphony of movement that is both modest and mesmerizing. It’s no wonder so many Somali women, from Iman to Halima Aden, have dominated international runways. Catwalking appears to be ingrained in their very DNA; the world is their runway.
Somali women’s walk is smooth, almost melodic, with a gentle hip sway that’s never overdone but impossible to ignore. The hips and back are elevated, giving the stride a regal, swaying quality. Cultural modesty also shapes their style. Many Somali women lower their heads slightly, especially when wearing hijab, creating a balance between humility and confidence.
So why Do Somalis walk like this?
First and foremost is the nomadic pastoralist history. Imagine walking across the desert with no water, no food, and the only thing chasing you is hunger… and sometimes hyenas. You learn to glide, not bounce — conserve energy like an iPhone on 1% battery. The upright, head-held-high posture was a practical necessity for scanning the horizon for predators, rival clans, or which goat went missing because it had commitment issues.
Secondly, Somalis are often described as having an ectomorphic build—typically tall, with long limbs and high calf insertions. This specific anatomy is an adaptation to hot, dry climates, maximizing surface area to dissipate heat. That stride isn’t style, it’s physics. The arms swing like free windshield wipers, keeping balance while the legs cover enough ground to leave Kenyans seeing dust.
Thirdly and perhaps most importantly, are the cultural underpinnings. Somali culture places an immense value on dignity (xishood), self-respect, and presence. The walk says, I am here, I exist, and yes, I am better than you. You see, in a culture renowned for its oral poetry and expressive language, it should come as no surprise that Somalis communicate volumes without ever uttering a word.
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This video is about the aboriginal people of Australia and their tragic history. Once upon a time, in the land down under, there lived a proud and ancient people known as the First People of Australia or Aboriginals. They were the original inhabitants of the land, having lived there for over 50,000 years. The First Nations of Australia tribes were deeply connected to the land and its natural resources, and they had a rich spiritual and cultural heritage that was passed down from generation to generation.
However, when the Europeans arrived in Australia, everything changed for these people. The settlers claimed the land as their own, and in doing so, they destroyed their way of life. The settlers brought with them new diseases, weapons, and ways of living that the Aborigines were not prepared for. Many of them died as a result of these new diseases and violence.
Welcome to Afroartista Films, the home of eye opening African themed mini-documentaries and this is the tragic story of Australia’s Black indigenous population otherwise called the First Nations or Aborigines.
The First People of Australia consist of two distinct groups: the Aboriginal peoples of the Australian mainland and Tasmania, and the Torres Strait Islander peoples. The time of arrival of the first human beings in Australia is a matter of debate and ongoing investigation. The earliest conclusively human remains found in Australia are those of Mungo Man LM3 and Mungo Lady, which have been dated to around 50,000 years BP.
Isolated for millennia by rising sea water after the last Ice Age, Australian Aboriginal peoples developed a variety of regional cultures and languages, invented distinct artistic and religious traditions, and affected the environment of the continent in a number of ways through hunting, fire farming, and the introduction of the dog. Technologies for warfare and hunting like the boomerang and spear were constructed of natural materials, as were musical instruments like the didgeridoo.
Although there are a number of cultural commonalities among Indigenous Australians, there is also a great diversity among different communities. The 2022 Australian census recorded 167 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages used at home by some 76,978 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. At the time of European colonisation, it is estimated that there were over 250 Aboriginal languages. It is now estimated that all but 13 remaining Indigenous languages are considered endangered. Aboriginal people today mostly speak English, with Aboriginal phrases and words being added to create Australian Aboriginal English (which also has a tangible influence of Indigenous languages in the phonology and grammatical structure). Around three quarters of Australian place names are of Aboriginal origin. Here is a sample of an aboriginal language.
The First Fleet of British settlers arrived on instructions to "live in amity and kindness" with the Aboriginal population. Nevertheless, a population collapse principally from disease followed European colonisation, beginning with a smallpox epidemic spreading three years after the arrival of Europeans. Massacres and frontier conflicts involving European settlers also contributed to depopulation.
As time passed, the settlers’ greed and desire for land grew. They took over more and more of the Aborigines’ land, destroying their sacred sites and hunting down the animals they relied on for food. The settlers also began to take the Aborigines’ children away from their families, claiming that they were doing so to “civilize” them. These children became known as the “stolen generations” and they suffered greatly at the hands of the settlers.
Despite all of these hardships, the Aborigines never lost their spirit. They fought back against the settlers, trying to reclaim their land and their way of life. However, their efforts were in vain, as the settlers were too strong and too determined to take control of the land.
In the end, the Aborigines were forced to live on reserves and missions, separated from their families and their land. They were treated as second-class citizens, denied their rights and freedoms, and forced to assimilate into the settlers culture.
They never lost their spirit. They continued to hold onto their traditions and their culture, passing them down from generation to generation. They also began to fight back, using the courts and the political system to try and reclaim their rights and their land.
Today, the Aborigines are still fighting for their rights and their land, but they have made great strides in recent years. They have been successful in having many of their sacred sites recognized and protected, and they have also been successful in reclaiming some of their land.
This video is about the Bahima Tutsi group of the Great Lakes Region of East Africa, particularly Uganda. The Hima are a pastoralist subgroup of the Banyankole that is native to the grasslands of South Western Uganda. Historians have documented that the Bahima, along with the Bahororo, Banyamulenge, and Tutsi, are essentially cousins who made their way to the Great Lakes region of East Africa from what is today known as Ethiopia sometime between 1300 and 1500. As they migrated, it's thought they entered Uganda from the northeast, pushing southward in search of fresh pastures and grazing lands, eventually settling down in what's now southwestern Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, eastern Congo, and northwestern Tanzania. Historian Christopher Ehret traces the Bahima’s ancestry to a blend of Southern Cushitic (Tale) pastoralists who arrived in the Great Lakes region before 800 BC with a strong cattle-herding tradition, Eastern Sudanic (Nilotic-related) agro-pastoralists who influenced their language and culture, Central Sudanic groups who contributed customs such as excluding women from milking cattle, and the Bantu Rutara expansion, through which the Bahima adopted a Bantu language.
2. So, phenotype-wise, observers have described the typical Muhima of pure descent as being tall, with a body and limbs that are perfectly proportioned. Their nose tends to be longer, more prominent, and finer, and the lower part of their face is narrower compared to the average black African.
3. You know, it's fascinating how many folks have pointed out these striking similarities between the Somali Gaajecel clan and the Bahima. This particular Somali clan, the Gaajecel, is actually called Xima and they're known for being super nomadic, just like the Bahima in Uganda. Observations like these have really bolstered the theory that ties their origins back to the Horn of Africa, specifically Ethiopia and Somalia.
4. From what history and everyday conversations tell us, the Banyankole are often seen as the most arrogant tribe in Uganda. People from Ankole come across as incredibly assertive, full of confidence, and stubbornly determined in the best way possible.
5. When it comes to Hima women, oh boy, people have all sorts of opinions flying around. Some say they're amazing in bed but not so keen on manual labor, that they only really know how to whip up katogo, and that they're stunningly beautiful yet carry themselves with a ton of pride because they truly know their value. I'm not here to confirm or deny all that gossip, but let me just share my two cents: these are hands down the most gorgeous African women I've ever laid eyes on. Hima women are built like nature was showing off—full curves, perfect symmetry, and hips that could cause border disputes.
6.On the wedding day, there's a big feast at the bride's home where her father slaughters a bull, and simultaneously, there's another celebration at the groom's place to officially consummate the marriage. But before any of that can happen, there's this final ceremony that's mandatory, overseen by the bride's aunt. It involves the aunt actually testing the groom's sexual prowess by sleeping with him herself.
7. Then there’s this Hima tradition that could make a lactose-intolerant person cry—forced feeding. From about eight or nine years old, girls are put on a milk marathon, drinking until their cheeks, arms, and hips announce to the whole village, “This one is ready!” In Ankole, being slim is not just unattractive—it’s suspicious, like maybe you’re sick or cursed. Big is beautiful, and the fatter you get, the faster the aunties start whispering about dowries.
8. Based on data from back in 1969, the Hima and Tutsi groups were found to have the enzyme for tolerating milk sugar lactose, which is something super common in Cushitic populations. In contrast, other Bantu-speaking tribes were mostly lactose intolerant. Fast forward to 2007, and geneticist Sarah A. Tishkoff came to similar findings and conclusions. So, what does all this imply? It suggests they're not originally Bantu.
9. Did you know these people have an almost spiritual bond with cows? Not like full-on worship in a religious way, but close enough – only death could pry them apart from their herds. And have you ever seen those long-horned cows of theirs? The Bahuma cherish their cattle so much that explorer Gaetano Casati wrote about how, after a Sudanese raid into Bunyoro that stole 10,000 cattle, the Bahima chose to serve the Sudanese as herdsmen rather than lose their beloved animals.
10. The Hima haven’t always been the darlings of the social ladder—in fact, in some places they weren’t even on the ladder. In Burundi, they ranked below both Tutsis and Hutus, forbidden from marrying into the royal Ganwa dynasty, kept out of the court, and politely told to stay out of public affairs.
I’m a Black person with deep brown skin and bright, sunshine-blonde hair. Most people do a double take. “Is that real?!” Yes, it’s natural—not from bleach or some distant European ancestor. My hair is as natural as the Pacific breeze and as Black as the rhythm in my bones. This striking combo is 100% Black Pacific Islander. I’m from the Solomon Islands, but you’ll find people like me in Melanesia—Vanuatu, Fiji, and Papua New Guinea. It’s a beautiful contradiction that challenges narrow expectations of what Black looks like.Body
People can’t wrap their heads around it: how can a Black person, far from Scandinavia, have blonde hair? The lazy assumption is European ancestry. After all, Europeans brought much when they arrived—maybe blonde hair, too?
Wrong.
The truth is more intriguing, rooted in the complex tapestry of human genetics and my island nations’ history.Not a European Legacy
My blonde locks carry no trace of European ancestry. For years, scientists puzzled over this trait in people like me, so distant from Europe. The answer, revealed through modern genetics, is a fascinating chapter in human evolution.The Science: TYRP1
In 2012, Dr. Sean Myles’ team from UC San Francisco studied over 1,000 Solomon Islanders, some blonde like me, others with dark hair. They pinpointed a gene: TYRP1 (Tyrosinase-Related Protein 1).
Melanin, the body’s pigment, determines hair, skin, and eye color. There are two types:
• Eumelanin: Produces black and brown shades.
• Pheomelanin: Creates red and yellow tones.
TYRP1 helps produce eumelanin. In blonde Melanesians, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)—a tiny DNA “typo”—alters TYRP1, reducing eumelanin and resulting in blonde hair. This variant is in 25–30% of Solomon Islanders but nearly absent in Europeans. It’s a case of convergent evolution—my people and Europeans developed blonde hair independently.How It’s Passed On
Inheriting two copies of the TYRP1 variant (one from each parent) increases the chance of blonde hair. One copy may yield darker or lighter brown hair, showing a dosage effect or other genetic influences. This explains why not all Solomon Islanders, even in my family, have blonde hair. Two dark-haired parents carrying the variant can have a blonde child like me.Why So Common?
Why is this trait so prevalent (25–30%) in Solomon Islanders? Evolutionary theories suggest:
Natural Selection: Unlikely, as hair color likely didn’t impact survival.
Sexual Selection: Blonde hair might have been attractive, leading to more offspring and spreading the gene.
Founder Effect and Genetic Drift: A small founding population with the variant, isolated on our islands, could amplify the trait over generations. Random genetic fluctuations and isolation likely concentrated it.
A mix of these factors likely shaped this trait over millennia.Conclusion
My blonde hair is a genetic marvel, a testament to the diversity of Black Pacific Islanders. It challenges stereotypes and showcases the beauty of human variation. Thanks for reading. Stay safe, and I’ll see you soon!
Attributions.
Special thanks to Gus1thego , Harry Jaggard Unfiltered, Pavel Ivo Sedláček, and JayPiper UnEdited among many others for the fair use of some of the clips in this video. Much appreciated guys.
Did Africans reach the Americas before Columbus? This idea, while controversial, is not entirely without backing. Ivan Van Sertima’s landmark book *They Came Before Columbus* dives into this fascinating topic.
Skeptics dismiss these ideas as fringe theories, but the clues deserve a second look. Let’s explore 11 key pieces of evidence that suggest pre-Columbian African contact with the Americas.
**1. The Olmec Stone Heads**
Massive stone sculptures carved by the Olmec civilization in present-day Mexico—dating from 1500 BCE to 400 BCE—have sparked debate for decades. These colossal heads display facial features such as wide noses, full lips, and rounded faces, which many argue resemble those of Africans more than the native peoples of the region. Could these sculptures have been modeled on African visitors? Some researchers believe so.
**2. African-Style Artifacts in the Americas**
Cotton species native to Africa and items like tobacco pipes found in pre-Columbian South American sites raise eyebrows. Even more intriguing are metal objects unearthed in the Americas that show metallurgical techniques similar to those used in ancient West Africa.
**3. Shared Botanical Species**
Plants such as the bottle gourd and sweet potato—thought to have originated in Africa or Asia—were found in the Americas long before Columbus. Their existence here may point to ancient trans-oceanic contact, perhaps through early trade or migration.
**4. Linguistic Crossovers**
Several linguists claim similarities between African and Native American languages. For example, the Mandinka word "makala" (meaning rice) is reportedly similar to certain Native American words. Scholars like Dr. Clyde Winters have found phonetic and semantic parallels—for instance, "yu" in Mandinka and in ancient Olmec both meaning "to give." Similarly, Leo Wiener noted connections such as the Wolof term "tem" (to cut) and the Algonquian word "temagun" (axe).
**5. Thor Heyerdahl’s Voyages**
Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl demonstrated that it was physically possible to sail across oceans using ancient techniques. His Kon-Tiki and Ra expeditions showed that such journeys, even with primitive rafts, were plausible and may have occurred in antiquity.
**6. Ancient Cartography**
Some maps, like the Piri Reis map of 1513, depict the Americas with surprising accuracy. These maps raise questions about who could have charted parts of the New World before official European exploration began. Could early African navigators have contributed?
**7. Skeletal Findings**
The skull of “Luzia Woman,” discovered in Brazil and dated to around 11,500 years ago, exhibits cranial features not typically associated with Native Americans. Instead, her features resemble those of African or Australoid populations, suggesting a much more complex history of human migration to the Americas.
**8. European Accounts of Dark-Skinned Peoples**
#blackhistory
#blackhistory #africahistory #afroartistafilms Some of the earliest European explorers described meeting dark-skinned people in the Americas. Vasco Núñez de Balboa, for instance, claimed to have encountered dark-complexioned tribes when he reached the Pacific coast of Panama.
**9. Cultural Parallels**
There are notable similarities in architecture and religious practices between African and ancient American civilizations. Both cultures built pyramids, practiced complex spiritual rituals, and used symbolic iconography. While these may be coincidences, the resemblance invites deeper investigation.
**10. Black Populations in Remote Parts of the World**
Africans and people of African descent have been found across the globe—in Southeast Asia, Papua New Guinea, and remote Pacific Islands. If they made it that far, why not the Americas too? It seems unlikely that the Western Hemisphere would be the sole exception.
**11. Genetic Clues and Studies**
Although the idea remains controversial, several genetic studies suggest African markers in Native American populations. For example:
* **Dr. Arnaiz-Villena (2001)** found HLA gene similarities between Africans and some Native American groups.
* **Dr. Antonio Torroni (1993)** explored mitochondrial DNA in Native Americans, finding complex ancestries that hint at more than just Asian origins.
* **Dr. Michael Blakey** and the *African Burial Ground Project* highlighted the deep African genetic presence in the Americas.
* **Dr. William Parsons (2005)** found mitochondrial DNA evidence in Caribbean populations that reflected African lineage, which could include pre-Columbian mixing.
These findings support the theory that African travelers may have reached the Americas and left behind not just cultural footprints, but biological ones as well.
If you’ve ever wondered why Ugandan women are famously curvy, you’re not alone. This eye-catching phenomenon has sparked conversations across continents—and yes, it’s so prominent that Uganda even launched a national **Miss Curvy** competition. The government’s tourism ministry officially declared curvy women a national attraction. I’m not even joking.
Before we dive deeper, please hit that **like button**—YouTube’s algorithm loves it. Welcome to Afroartista Films, and thank you so much for watching.
Let’s begin with **genetics**. Ugandan women seem to have hit the genetic jackpot. Their ancestors may have mastered the art of selective pairing—choosing partners with broad hips and tiny waists. This genetic legacy means many Ugandan women are naturally gifted with hourglass figures that could rival a sculptor’s masterpiece.
Next up is **diet**. Uganda’s traditional foods—**matoke** (steamed green bananas), **posho** (maize flour), and **groundnut sauce**—aren’t just delicious; they’re loaded with the carbs, proteins, and healthy fats that help fuel curvaceous bodies. It’s like a secret recipe for voluptuousness handed down through generations.
Now let’s talk about **dance**. Ugandan women love traditional dances that double as full-body workouts. These high-energy, hip-centric moves aren’t just for show—they tone muscles, burn calories, and enhance curves. Imagine a dance floor that doubles as a fitness studio and cultural celebration all in one.
**Evolution** also had a say. Ugandan women tend to have hips evolved for childbirth—broad, strong, and symmetrical. While these hips serve a biological function, they also happen to be irresistibly attractive. It’s as if evolution said, “Let’s ensure survival—and turn heads while we’re at it.”
Hormones play a key role too. Higher levels of **estrogen** encourage fat distribution around the hips, thighs, and bust—creating that iconic hourglass shape. It’s like nature designed their bodies with a blueprint titled: “More curves, please.”
Physical lifestyle matters. In many rural and semi-urban parts of Uganda, women engage in physically demanding activities like farming, fetching water, and carrying heavy items over long distances. This naturally builds **muscle tone** and enhances fitness. Think of it as a daily gym routine—without the gym fees.
Then there’s **culture**. In Uganda, curves are not just accepted—they're **celebrated**. Being curvy is seen as a sign of beauty, strength, and fertility. While other parts of the world idolize thinness, Ugandan culture proudly says, “If you’ve got it, flaunt it.” This promotes self-confidence and body positivity from a young age.
Let’s not forget the **fertile land** itself. Uganda’s agriculture is largely organic, and the food is rich in nutrients. The soil is so fertile, it’s said even a fool can thrive there. That fertility doesn’t just grow crops—it helps grow healthy, nourished bodies. Their food isn’t just farm-to-table; it’s farm-to-figure.
So what’s the takeaway?
Ugandan women are curvy because of a beautiful blend of **genetics**, **diet**, **dance**, **hormones**, **lifestyle**, and **culture**—all working together like a perfectly composed orchestra. Their curves are not just a visual delight, but a celebration of heritage, strength, health, and pride.
As you ponder all this (perhaps with a smile), just remember—life’s too short not to appreciate the beautiful details. Here’s to **Ugandan women**, their phenomenal curves, and the joy they bring—**one hip sway at a time**.
**Thailand**
The Maniq people, part of the ancient Negrito groups, are among the last hunter-gatherers in Asia. With ancestry dating back over 60,000 years, they are noted for their dark skin, curly hair, and short stature. Living nomadically, they survive through foraging, hunting, and gathering honey, with the forest deeply tied to their cultural and spiritual identity.
**Sri Lanka**
Sri Lanka is home to two distinct groups: the **Kaffirs**, descendants of African Bantu brought by Portuguese colonizers, and the **Vedda**, considered the island’s indigenous people. The Kaffir culture, rooted in African heritage, is endangered. The Vedda, whose ancestry spans over 16,000 years, show a unique genetic mix linking them to ancient South Asian hunter-gatherers.
**India**
India hosts the **Adivasi**, **Andamanese**, and **Siddi** communities.
* *Adivasis* are indigenous tribes considered descendants of the first human migrations from Africa. Today, over 100 million live across India.
* *Andamanese*, isolated on the Andaman Islands, are direct descendants of early African migrants. Their distinct features—dark skin, short stature, curly hair—highlight their ancient roots.
* *Siddi* people are of African descent, brought to India centuries ago. Now mainly in Karnataka, Gujarat, and Maharashtra, they blend African heritage with Indian culture, especially through music, dance, and sports.
**Malaysia**
The **Orang Asli**, indigenous to Peninsular Malaysia, include the Semang, Batek, Senoi, and Proto-Malay groups. With a presence of over 25,000 years, they reflect the earliest African migrations. Roughly 178,000 live today across diverse landscapes. Traditionally hunter-gatherers and farmers, many now balance traditional life with modern education and labor.
**Australia**
Two major indigenous groups are the **Aborigines** and **Torres Strait Islanders**.
* *Aborigines*, with over 50,000 years of history, form one of the world’s oldest cultures. Known for their connection to the land through “Dreamtime,” they number around 800,000 today.
* *Torres Strait Islanders* are of Melanesian descent, living between Australia and Papua New Guinea. With a culture rooted in fishing and seafaring, their identity remains distinct, though many now live on the mainland.
**Pacific Islanders**
Covering **Polynesia**, **Micronesia**, and **Melanesia**, Pacific Islanders are descendants of Austronesian-speaking peoples. Populations are spread across islands such as Fiji, Samoa, Vanuatu, and Papua New Guinea. Physically diverse, Melanesians often have dark skin and curly hair, while Polynesians typically have medium skin tones and robust builds. Traditional lifestyles centered on fishing, agriculture, and communal living continue to blend with modern life.
**Philippines**
The **Negrito** peoples, such as the Aeta, Agta, and Ati, are among the archipelago’s oldest inhabitants, with roots over 30,000 years old. Genetically linked to Australo-Melanesians, they maintain distinct traits like dark skin and curly hair. Numbering around 30,000–50,000, they are found in Luzon, Palawan, and other islands.
**Indonesia**
Indonesia features diverse indigenous groups like the **Timorese**, **Moluccans**, and **West Papuans**:
* *Timorese*, of mixed Austronesian and Melanesian ancestry, live mainly in Timor-Leste. Their features range from dark-skinned with curly hair to lighter-skinned individuals.
* *Moluccans*, native to the Spice Islands, reflect Asian and Melanesian roots. Traditionally farmers and fishers, their culture is rich in oral traditions and influenced by European colonization.
* *West Papuans*, part of the Melanesian world, have deep ancestral roots and speak over 250 languages. Despite rich traditions in agriculture, music, and art, they face political and social challenges under Indonesian rule.
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**1. Bougainville Islanders**
Bougainvilleans, of Papuan descent, have lived in what's now Papua New Guinea for millennia. With dark skin and African-like features due to their Melanesian roots, they are among the most “Black-looking” people outside Africa. Their genetics show little outside influence. The island is home to \~250,000 people from diverse ethnic groups, speaking about 20 languages. Many follow a matrilineal system, where women hold significant influence. There are strong movements for autonomy from PNG.
**2. Afro-Palestinians**
Afro-Palestinians descend from African Muslims—pilgrims, soldiers, and slaves—who settled in Jerusalem. With roots in Nigeria, Sudan, Chad, and Senegal, they intermarried with locals and identify fully as Palestinian. Mostly living in Jerusalem’s Old City, they also exist in the West Bank and Gaza. They face discrimination within Palestinian society and from Israelis, who sometimes call them “kushis.” Their community is small but rich in cultural identity.
**3. Vanuatu (New Hebrides)**
Vanuatuans are Melanesian, with dark skin and African-like features. The nation of \~300,000 people speaks over 100 languages. They face challenges from climate change and economic dependence on tourism and agriculture.
**4. Micronesia**
FSM’s \~112,000 indigenous people descend from Austronesians who arrived over 4,000 years ago. Some communities show darker skin due to Melanesian ancestry. Pohnpei’s Pingelap Island is known for high rates of color blindness. Cultural practices vary across its four states.
**5. Tuvaluans**
Mostly Polynesian with Melanesian and Micronesian ancestry, Tuvaluans have dark skin and curly hair. With only \~11,000 people, Tuvalu is one of the world's smallest nations, rich in tradition but vulnerable to climate change.
**6. Tongans**
Polynesians with Melanesian traits, Tongans settled Tonga 3,000 years ago. While lighter-skinned, they retain Black features. Population \~106,000, with a large diaspora. Tonga faces health and climate issues.
**7. Ati Tribe (Philippines)**
The Ati are Negrito people believed to have arrived \~30,000 years ago. With Australo-Melanesian ancestry, they have dark skin, curly hair, and ancient genetic markers. They face poverty, land loss, and limited access to services. Population \~10,000.
**8. Afro-Israelis**
Includes Ethiopian Jews (Beta Israel) and Black Hebrews from the U.S. Beta Israel, with African-Jewish ancestry, were airlifted to Israel in the late 20th century. \~150,000 live in Israel today. Despite challenges, they maintain a distinct identity.
**9. Adivasi (India)**
India’s indigenous peoples include Santhals, Gonds, and Bhils. With over 104 million people (8.6% of India’s population), they exhibit dark skin and unique traditions. Adivasis face land dispossession, poverty, and marginalization despite their ancient roots.
**10. Ata Tribe (Philippines)**
The Ata are among the oldest Negrito groups in Southeast Asia, with features linking them to ancient African populations. They face displacement and cultural erosion but retain unique genetic markers from early human migrations.
**11. Samoans**
Polynesian settlers of Samoa 3,000 years ago, Samoans are known for rich culture, strong community, and physical prowess. With caramel skin and Melanesian features, they maintain traditions like tattooing and the *Siva Tau* war dance. Population \~200,000, with a large diaspora.
**12. Santa Cruz Islanders**
These Melanesians, like other Solomon Islanders, have dark skin and occasionally blonde hair—unique among Black populations. Their isolated history preserved distinct languages and traditions. Population in the tens of thousands.
**13. East Nusa Tenggara (Indonesia)**
Home to 5+ million people, this region blends Austronesian and Melanesian traits, seen in their dark skin and curly hair. The area is culturally diverse but economically underdeveloped, with widespread poverty.
**14. Afro-Iranians**
Descendants of African slaves brought during the Arab slave trade, Afro-Iranians mostly live in southern Iran. With Zanj (East African) roots, they have a blended heritage and contribute richly to Iranian culture, despite facing discrimination.
**15. Black Iraqis**
Of East African descent, Black Iraqis settled in Basra and southern Iraq as early as the 9th century. Many still speak Swahili and Arabic. Though they number possibly up to 1.5 million, they face marginalization but retain a unique identity.
**16. Lumad (Philippines)**
Indigenous to Mindanao, the Lumad include several ethnic groups with dark skin and curly hair. With deep Austronesian roots, they face displacement and cultural erasure while fighting to preserve their land and heritage. Estimated population \~2 million.
Forgotten Black history
Melanesian people
Negrito tribes
Afro-descendants in Asia
Black indigenous people
Black culture in the Pacific
Barend Hendrik Strydom, infamously known as the "Wit Wolf" (White Wolf), is a South African convicted spree killer and former police officer. On November 15, 1988, at the age of 23, Strydom carried out a racially motivated mass shooting at Strijdom Square in central Pretoria. Dressed in camouflage and armed with a 9mm pistol, he opened fire on Black passersby, killing eight people—seven Black individuals and one Indian man—and injuring 16 others. Prior to this attack, he had conducted a "practice run" a week earlier, killing a Black woman and injuring another.
Strydom claimed to be the leader of a white supremacist group called the "Wit Wolwe" (White Wolves), though investigations revealed that this organization was fictitious. He stated that his actions were intended to protect the Afrikaner nation and considered them acts of war.
In 1989, Strydom was convicted of murder and attempted murder, receiving a death sentence for the murders and a 30-year sentence for the attempted murders. However, a moratorium on capital punishment was declared in South Africa in 1990. In 1992, he was released from prison by President F. W. de Klerk as part of a political prisoner release agreement aimed at facilitating negotiations between the government and the African National Congress.
In 1994, following South Africa's first democratic elections, Strydom was granted amnesty by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, which recognized his crimes as politically motivated.
The Strijdom Square massacre remains one of the most notorious acts of racially motivated violence in South African history, symbolizing the extreme measures taken by some individuals to uphold apartheid-era ideologies.
On May 21, 2025, U.S. President Donald Trump and South African President Cyril Ramaphosa met in the Oval Office at the White House. The meeting, intended to discuss trade and geopolitical issues, became contentious when Trump raised claims of "white genocide" in South Africa.
Trump's Actions
Trump showed a four-minute video depicting anti-apartheid chants and rows of white crosses, claiming they represented slain white farmers. He also handed out print-outs of alleged attacks on whites and referenced Julius Malema's controversial statements, such as "Shoot the Boer, Shoot the farmer."
Ramaphosa's Response
Ramaphosa firmly rejected these allegations, stating they were discredited and that his government opposes such views. He highlighted the presence of white South Africans, including golfers Ernie Els and Retief Goosen, in his delegation to counter the claims.
Our ancestors were some of the first people to leave Africa, way back when. They were part of a group called the Australo-Melanesians, and they traveled across Southeast Asia, eventually settling here in what we now call Near Oceania, which includes Bougainville. That was tens of thousands of years ago—archaeological evidence from places like Kilu Cave on Buka Island, just north of us, shows that people have been here for at least 29,000 years. These early settlers brought with them the genes for dark skin, which was crucial for surviving in places with intense sunlight, just like in Africa.
You see, here in Bougainville, the sun is incredibly strong all year round because we’re close to the equator. Our dark skin, which has a lot of melanin, acts like a natural sunscreen. Melanin is the pigment that gives skin its color, and in our case, it’s mostly eumelanin, which makes our skin very dark. This protects us from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Too much UV exposure can destroy important vitamins in our body, like folate, which is essential for having healthy babies, and it can also cause skin cancer. So, over time, the people with darker skin were more likely to survive and have children, passing on those dark skin genes. It’s nature’s way of helping us adapt to our environment.
But our story doesn’t stop there. About 3,000 years ago, another group of people called the Austronesians came to our islands. They were from further north and probably had lighter skin. They brought with them new languages and cultures, and we mixed with them. You can see that influence in our languages and traditions today. But even though we intermingled, our dark skin remained a dominant feature. Maybe because the environment here still favored dark skin, or perhaps our genes for dark skin were just really strong. Either way, our skin stayed dark, and it’s a big part of who we are.
Scientists have been studying our genes to understand more about why we look the way we do. For example, some of us have blond hair, which is pretty unique for people with dark skin. It turns out that’s because of a special gene found only in our part of the world—it’s not the same as the blond hair gene in Europeans. This shows that we’ve evolved in our own way here in the Pacific. While there hasn’t been a specific study on our skin color yet, it’s likely that there are particular genes that make our skin so dark, genes that have been passed down and kept strong because they help us thrive in this sunny environment.
We’ve also been somewhat isolated on these islands for a long time, which might have helped keep our skin color consistent. Unlike places where there was a lot of mixing with lighter-skinned populations, our ancestors didn’t have as much of that, so our dark skin traits stayed prominent. Plus, in our culture, dark skin has always been seen as beautiful and desirable. We believe beauty is in the eye of the island—and for us, darker skin has always been admired and respected. There’s a pride in our appearance, and it’s possible that this cultural preference influenced who people chose to marry, keeping those dark skin genes strong in our communities. It’s something we’ve always valued.
Now, some people might think that because our skin is dark like Africans’, we must be more closely related to them than other groups. But that’s not the case. All humans outside Africa come from groups that left Africa tens of thousands of years ago. The reason our skin is dark is because we live in a place with lots of sun, just like Africa. It’s an example of how similar environments can lead to similar adaptations, even in different parts of the world. Meanwhile, people who moved to places with less sun, like Europe, developed lighter skin over time to help their bodies make vitamin D. But since we stayed in a sunny place, we kept our dark skin—it’s what works best here.
It’s not just a physical trait; it’s a testament to our history and our connection to this land. We’re proud of it, and it’s a big part of what makes us Bougainvilleans.
Each morning, as the first light glimmers on the waters of the Solomon Sea, we feel our ancestors’ gift coursing through our veins—blackness as beacon, guiding our footsteps through fields of sorghum and along forest trails alike. In markets and village squares, against the tides of colorism and erasure that sometimes swell even among ourselves, we stand rooted in pride, drawing resilience from tenacious hearts that refused to kneel.
The Voyage by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artist: http://audionautix.com
Thi video is about the people of Vanuatu. Approximately 3,000 years ago, the Lapita people, renowned for their seafaring prowess and distinctive pottery, became the first known settlers of Vanuatu.
Subsequent migrations introduced Papuan ancestry to the region. Around 2,500 years ago, groups from New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago arrived, intermingling with the existing Lapita descendants. This blend of Austronesian and Papuan lineages laid the foundation for the genetic makeup of contemporary Ni-Vanuatu populations. Today the Vanuatu people are indigenous to the archipelago of Vanuatu in the South Pacific and the nation is comprised of approximately 300000 people.
Modern genetic studies have illuminated the intricate ancestry of the Ni-Vanuatu. Analyses of ancient DNA reveal that present-day Ni-Vanuatu derive approximately 40-50% of their ancestry from the original Austronesian settlers, with the remainder primarily from Papuan sources.
Further genetic contributions arose from Polynesian migrations between 700 and 300 years ago.
The phenotypic traits of the Ni-Vanuatu mirror their diverse genetic heritage. Typically, individuals possess dark skin, a characteristic associated with Melanesian populations. However, a notable proportion of
Blond hair among Vanuatu people, and more broadly Melanesians, is due to a genetic mutation in the TYRP1 gene, which affects pigmentation. This mutation is unique to Melanesian populations and not found in Europeans, indicating it evolved independently. About 5-10% of Melanesians, including those in Vanuatu, carry this recessive trait, which is more common in children and may darken with age.
Before we finish, here are some surprising, maybe shocking facts about Vanuatu and her people.
1. Land Diving Ritual
On Pentecost Island, the Vanuatu people perform an ancient ritual called Nanggol, where men and boys leap from 20-30 meter high wooden towers with only vines tied to their ankles.
2. Prince Philip Movement
A religious sect on Tanna Island worships Prince Philip, the late Duke of Edinburgh, as a divine figure. Believing him to be linked to a spiritual ancestor, this movement began after his visit in 1974 and persists today.
3. Nambas" as a symbol: the Namba wrapper is one of Vanuatu's most iconic cultural symbols. Two tribes on Malakula, the Big Nambas and the Small Nambas, are named for the size of their nambas.
4. Cannibalistic History
Vanuatu has a shocking past of cannibolism. The last recorded act of cannib0lism in Vanuatu occurred in 1969 on Malekula Island.
5. Avoiuli Script: Chief Viraleo Boborenvanua developed the Avoiuli writing system, inspired by traditional sand drawings, to transcribe local languages like Raga and Bislama.
6. Underwater Post Office: Hideaway Island hosts the world's only underwater post office, allowing snorkelers to send waterproof postcards from beneath the sea.
7. Black Magic Beliefs: Belief in black magic is widespread, with witch doctors reputedly capable of transforming into animals.
8. Over 100 Indigenous Languages: Vanuatu has the highest language density per capita in the world. Many villages have their own distinct language.
9. Happy Planet Index: Vanuatu has often ranked surprisingly high on the Happy Planet Index, reflecting a focus on well-being over purely economic measures.
10. Active Volcanoes
The Vanuatu people live amidst active volcanoes, including Mount Yasur on Tanna Island, one of the world’s most accessible volcanic sites, where eruptions can be observed up close.
11. Natural Disaster Vulnerability
Vanuatu ranks among the countries most at risk for natural disasters, such as earthquakes, cyclones, and tsunamis, shaping the resilience and preparedness of its people.
12. Citizenship by Investment
Vanuatu offers one of the fastest citizenship programs globally, granting passports in as little as one to two months through financial contributions, a rare economic feature.
13. National Dish - Laplap
The traditional dish, laplap, is made from grated root vegetables (like taro or yam) mixed with coconut milk, often cooked with meat or fish in an underground oven wrapped in banana leaves.
14. John Frum Cargo Cult
On Tanna Island, the John Frum cargo cult, born during WWII, persists with followers awaiting a messianic figure who they believe will bring prosperity and goods.
15. Low Crime Rate
Vanuatu enjoys a relatively low crime rate.
The Voyage by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artist: http://audionautix.com
Human rights groups documented atrocities, such as the ethnic cleansing of Tawergha, where 40,000 Black Libyans were displaced by Misratan militias and remain unable to return safely despite agreements. Ethnic minorities like the Tebu and Tuareg continue to face barriers to healthcare and citizenship, worsened by tribal conflicts and segregation, as seen in southern cities like Sabha. Recent moves by Libyan authorities, such as expelling aid groups in 2025 for allegedly altering the country’s ethnic makeup, reflect ongoing xenophobia and anti-Black sentiment.
The darkness metastasizes with Libya’s merciless war on migrants. In March 2025, security forces stormed Tripoli and Misrata, their boots thundering through the streets as they shackled countless migrants, including Sudanese refugees fleeing their own hells. This savage crackdown, cloaked as immigration control, answered the snarls of public and official contempt for these desperate intruders. In Tobruk, the Anti-Illegal Migration Agency wielded its cold machinery, expelling over 7,750 migrants from Sudan, Egypt, Nigeria, and beyond in the first half of 2024—their aspirations for sanctuary shattered against the jagged edge of indifference. On the Mediterranean’s treacherous waves, the Libyan Coast Guard hunted down 7,100 souls, dragging them back from their perilous flight to freedom. These forsaken seekers, yearning to escape the tempests of their homelands, were thrust back into Libya’s unrelenting storm, ensnared by a system that knows only rejection.
Slavery.
The collapse of centralized authority has hurled Libya into a chaotic abyss, a fractured land where rival militias, shadowy criminal networks, and frail, floundering governments claw for dominance in a savage free-for-all. This lawless wasteland has birthed a sinister plague: human trafficking, a vile trade that festers unchecked in the shadows of anarchy. In 2017, the world froze in disbelief as whispers turned to screams—reports of open-air slave auctions erupted from Libya’s depths, preying chiefly on desperate sub-Saharan Africans. The nightmare snapped into focus when CNN’s undercover footage, unleashed in November 2017, exposed a gut-wrenching truth: young men, their futures bartered away, sold like livestock near Tripoli for a paltry $400 each. The images burned into the global conscience—a chilling testament to humanity’s capacity for cruelty. Smugglers and traffickers, once hired to shepherd migrants across the merciless Sahara, morphed into predators, feasting on the vulnerable. Those unable to scrape together extra coins or stranded mid-journey became prey. Men, women, and children—hailing from nations like Nigeria, Senegal, and Eritrea—plunged into a living hell: forced labor, sexual slavery, or outright sale in grim outposts like Sabha and Bani Walid. Their worth? A grotesque pittance of $200 to $500, a price that mocks the sanctity of life itself.This is no mere crime wave—it’s the resurrection of the cruel Arab slave trade
Patrice Lumumba, the first Prime Minister of the independent Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), was killed on January 17, 1961. His death was a result of a complex interplay of internal Congolese political rivalries and Cold War-era international interference. Here's a breakdown of the "why" and "who":
Why was Patrice Lumumba killed?
Lumumba was a charismatic nationalist leader who advocated for a united Congo and resisted foreign control over the country’s vast resources, particularly in the mineral-rich Katanga province. His pan-Africanist stance and perceived alignment with the Soviet Union during the Cold War made him a target for both domestic opponents and Western powers who feared losing influence in the region. Key reasons for his assassination include:
Political Instability in Congo: After Congo gained independence from Belgium on June 30, 1960, the country quickly descended into chaos, known as the Congo Crisis. Lumumba’s government faced mutinies in the army, secessionist movements (notably in Katanga, led by Moïse Tshombe), and a power struggle with President Joseph Kasa-Vubu. Lumumba’s decision to seek Soviet assistance to quell the rebellions alarmed Western powers.
Cold War Dynamics: The United States and Belgium viewed Lumumba as a potential Soviet ally in Africa, which they saw as a threat to their geopolitical interests. Declassified documents later revealed that the CIA considered him a destabilizing figure and explored plans to eliminate him.
Economic Interests: Congo’s immense mineral wealth, including cobalt, copper, and uranium, was coveted by foreign corporations and governments. Lumumba’s push for economic independence clashed with Belgian and Western corporate interests, particularly in Katanga, which was backed by Belgium.
Internal Enemies: Lumumba alienated powerful Congolese figures like Kasa-Vubu and Joseph Mobutu (then army chief of staff), who saw him as a rival. His uncompromising leadership style and centralization efforts further fueled opposition.
Who killed Patrice Lumumba?
Lumumba’s death involved multiple actors, both Congolese and foreign:
Congolese Rivals: After being ousted from power in a coup led by Mobutu on September 14, 1960, Lumumba was placed under house arrest. He escaped but was recaptured by Mobutu’s forces in December 1960. Mobutu, Kasa-Vubu, and Tshombe (the Katanga secessionist leader) were key Congolese figures who wanted Lumumba removed. On January 17, 1961, Lumumba and two aides, Maurice Mpolo and Joseph Okito, were executed by a firing squad in Katanga, under the supervision of Katangese authorities loyal to Tshombe.
Belgian Involvement: Belgium, the former colonial power, played a significant role. Belgian officers and advisers were present in Katanga and actively supported the secessionist regime. A Belgian police commissioner, Frans Verscheure, reportedly oversaw the execution, and Belgian mercenaries were involved. In 2002, Belgium officially apologized for its role in Lumumba’s death after a parliamentary inquiry confirmed its complicity.
United States’ Role: The CIA, under orders from the Eisenhower administration, had devised plans to assassinate Lumumba (including a bizarre plot involving poisoned toothpaste). While there’s no definitive evidence the CIA directly pulled the trigger, declassified documents show they supported Mobutu and provided intelligence and funding to anti-Lumumba factions. CIA station chief Larry Devlin was deeply involved in the events leading to Lumumba’s downfall.
Execution Details: Lumumba was beaten, tortured, and shot by a firing squad composed of Katangese soldiers. To cover up the crime, Belgian officers later ordered his body to be dismembered and dissolved in acid, leaving no trace.
#PatriceLumumba
#LumumbaAssassination
#CongoIndependence
#CongoCrisis
#ColdWarAfrica
#BelgianColonialism
#CIAAfrica
#LumumbaLegacy
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#KatangaSecession
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#WesternIntervention
#DRCHistory
Five Reasons Why Nilotic Women Are the Epitome of Beauty.
1. Impressive Height: Towering Elegance
Let’s kick things off with something you can’t help but notice—their height. Nilotic women often tower over the rest of us with a statuesque grace that’s impossible to ignore. Walk into a room with Nilotic women, and you'll notice their impressive height immediately. Many Nilotic ethnic groups are among the tallest people in the world, with women regularly standing 5'9" or taller. This isn’t just about being tall—it’s about the elegance and confidence that come with it. Height has long been a symbol of beauty across cultures, from the poised figures of ancient queens to the leggy icons of modern fashion. For Nilotic women, it’s a natural gift, etched into their DNA from ancestors who roamed the vast savannas and river valleys of East Africa. This impressive height often pairs with other striking features, like long, slender necks adorned with vibrant beads or scarves that dance in the breeze. In many African cultures, height is tied to prestige and power, and Nilotic women embody that effortlessly.
2. Melanin-Rich Skin: A Radiant Glow
Now, let’s talk about that skin—oh, that glorious, melanin-rich skin! Nilotic women are blessed with deep, rich tones that range from warm chestnut to the darkest ebony, and it’s nothing short of a masterpiece. Under the African sun, their skin doesn’t just shine—it glows, reflecting light in a way that screams vitality and beauty. Imagine a woman standing outdoors, the golden daylight casting a warm hue across her deep brown complexion, making it look like she’s carrying the sun itself within her.
3. Strength of Personality: Beauty Beyond the Surface
Beauty isn’t just what you see—it’s what you feel, and Nilotic women bring a strength of personality that hits you like a warm breeze. It’s not loud or brash; it’s a quiet confidence that fills the room without even trying. Nilotic women don’t entertain mediocre. They are non-nonsense. They are outspoken and loud yet quiet and serene when it matters. She laughs out aloud. Infecting everyone around her with her warmth. You can see it in the way she stands—shoulders back, head high, a calm smile playing on her lips as she navigates the world. This strength is rooted deep in Nilotic culture, where women are the heartbeat of their communities—mothers, leaders, and keepers of tradition all rolled into one fierce, graceful package.
It’s in the way she handles adversity with a smile, or the way she speaks with a wit that keeps you hanging on her every word.
And let’s not forget the balance. That strength comes with a kindness that disarms you, a generosity that makes you feel seen. It’s the perfect mix of power and softness, independence and community, that makes Nilotic women so unforgettable.
4. Facial Beauty: Symmetry and Grace
Okay, let’s zoom in on their faces because—wow—Nilotic women are serving looks that could stop traffic. We’re talking high cheekbones that catch the light like they’re sculpted, full lips that curve into the kind of smile that warms your soul, and eyes that sparkle with stories and dreams. It’s symmetry and grace rolled into one breath-taking package. It's no wonder that many models from South Sudan, like Alek Wek and Nyakim Gatwech, have taken the fashion world by storm with their distinctive looks.
What’s so incredible is the diversity within this beauty. From the sharp, angular lines of a Dinka woman’s face to the softer curves of a Luo’s, there’s no one-size-fits-all here—just a spectrum of stunning. Those almond-shaped eyes? They’re expressive, pulling you in with a mix of warmth and wisdom. Those lips? Full and inviting, they light up when she smiles, turning her face into a beacon of joy. And those cheekbones?
5. Big Batts: Curves That Celebrate Femininity
And now, let’s get to those curves—specifically, the “big batts” that Nilotic women rock with absolute confidence. Despite their typically slender frames, many Nilotic women are blessed with curves and prominent battacks that create a stunning silhouette. This body type combines the best of both worlds – the long, lean limbs that make clothing drape beautifully, paired with curves in all the right places. Guys, you should see Luo women. God surely took his time creating them. He made sure he gave them a posterior that’s full, rounded, and downright fabulous. This isn’t just about size—it’s about celebrating the female form in all its curvy glory. In many African cultures, a fuller figure signals health, fertility, and prosperity, and Nilotic women embody that ideal with a swagger that’s all their own.
Julius Malema, the leader of South Africa’s Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), has taken a defiant and uncompromising stance in response to threats from U.S. President Donald Trump regarding South Africa’s land reform policies, particularly the expropriation of land without compensation. His position is rooted in a combination of anti-imperialist ideology, a commitment to addressing historical racial injustices, and a rejection of foreign interference in South African affairs.
Why Rwanda’s Knee-Deep in the DRC Conflict.
Why is Rwanda, this tiny East African nation, in the Democratic Republic of Congo ? The DRC’s eastern regions have been a war zone for decades, with armed groups like the M23 rebels stirring the pot—and Rwanda’s often caught holding the spoon. So, what’s driving this involvement? Let’s unpack it.
The Ghost of 1994
It all kicks off with a brutal history lesson. Back in 1994, Rwanda was ripped apart by a events that saw Hutu extremists unalive nearly a million Tutsis and moderate Hutus in just 100 days. There, they morphed into the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR).
The DRC’s Treasure Chest
But let’s not kid ourselves—security’s only half the story. Eastern DRC is like a geological jackpot, overflowing with gold, coltan, and cobalt. These aren’t just shiny rocks; they’re the lifeblood of your smartphone, your Tesla, and every gadget you can’t live without. And Rwanda? It wants a slice of that pie. The UN estimates that at least $700 million worth of gold is smuggled out of eastern Congo every year, mostly into Rwanda, Uganda, and the UAE before entering global markets.
For years, UN reports and watchdog groups have pointed fingers at Rwanda for backing rebel outfits like the M23 to muscle in on mining zones.
Kagame’s Power Play
Then there’s Paul Kagame, Rwanda’s iron-fisted president since the genocide ended. Love him or hate him, the guy’s a force. He’s turned Rwanda into an African success story—clean streets, economic growth, stability—but he’s also a strongman who doesn’t mess around. Some call him a visionary; others say he’s a dictator with a chokehold on dissent.
Kagame sees the DRC as a chessboard where Rwanda can flex its muscles. Keeping the DRC unstable ensures Rwanda stays a big fish in Central Africa’s pond. Plus, stirring trouble abroad can distract from any grumbling at home—classic playbook move. With over two decades in power, Kagame’s not about to let Rwanda fade into the background. Involvement in the DRC? It’s a power play with his name all over it.
A Neighborhood Brawl
Zoom out a bit, and the DRC conflict looks like a messy neighborhood feud. Uganda’s in the mix, chasing its own rebel headaches and eyeing resources. Burundi’s president has accused Rwanda of coup meddling, so they’ve teamed up with the DRC to poke back. It’s a tangled web of rivalries, alliances, and backstabbing, with Rwanda smack in the middle—dodging blame while pulling levers.
Why doesn’t someone just shut it down? Good question. Rwanda’s got friends in high places. The U.S. and other Western powers have long seen Kagame as a reliable ally in a chaotic region, pouring billions into Rwanda for development and security. In return, he’s kept things tight at home.
Some analysts believe Rwanda, is being used as a proxy to help control Congolese resources. This could explain why Kagame has avoided serious consequences despite repeated accusations of backing rebels. However, some have pointed to the US, UK and UN indicting and publicizing Rwanda’s involvement in the conflict as evidence that they do not support Rwanda. They also point to Kagame’s several public outbursts against western powers as proof that they are not on good terms. Dear views, you can decide which is which. Read between the lines.
The Messy Truth
So, why’s Rwanda knee-deep in the DRC conflict? It’s a cocktail of self-defense, greed, and swagger. The FDLR threat is real—Rwanda’s got legit scars from ’94 driving its security obsession. But the mineral wealth next door is too juicy to ignore, and Kagame’s not about to let Rwanda play second fiddle in the region.
Evidence and Theories
Olmec Civilization and African Connections
The Olmec civilization (1200-400 BCE) in Mesoamerica is central to this debate. Some researchers, like Ivan Van Sertima in his book "They Came Before Columbus" (They Came Before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient America), argue that Olmec colossal stone heads depict African features, suggesting direct contact. Van Sertima also points to cultural similarities, such as pyramid building and mummification, and the presence of African plants in the Americas. However, mainstream archaeologists, supported by a 2015 DNA study in Science (Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories), assert the Olmecs were indigenous, with no genetic evidence of African ancestry.
Mansa Abu Bakr II's Expedition
Another theory involves Mansa Abu Bakr II, king of the Mali Empire, who reportedly led a fleet across the Atlantic in 1311. His successor, Mansa Musa, mentioned this during his 1324 hajj, suggesting possible American contact (Atlantic voyage of the predecessor of Mansa Musa). However, historical records are unclear, and no artifacts or shipwrecks confirm this, with some historians questioning Abu Bakr II's existence due to mistranslations (Mansa Abubakari II | Encyclopedia.com).
Columbus's Journal Entries
Columbus's journals, as noted by historian Leo Weiner in "Africa and the Discovery of America" (Before Columbus: How Africans Brought Civilization to America), mention Native Americans speaking of "black people" arriving from the southeast, trading gold-tipped spears. Some interpret this as evidence of Africans, but others argue it could refer to any dark-skinned people, like the Caribs, and the journals' accuracy is debated due to reliance on later transcriptions.
Other Evidence
Additional reasons include cultural parallels, such as pyramid building, and the presence of African plants, though these could result from natural dispersal. Linguistic similarities between African and Native American languages are suggested, but not widely accepted, potentially being coincidental (Did Africans Arrive in America Before Columbus?). Claims of African artifacts, like a terracotta head in Mexico, are often discredited as forgeries (Africans came before Columbus).
US Congressman did not have very good news about USAID during a recent house hearing.
In Kenya, everywhere you look, the Somali presence is undeniable. Nairobi is practically bursting at its seams with Somali faces—and I’m not just talking about Somali Kenyans. Somalis from every corner of the globe—Somali Somalis, Somali Americans, Somali Britons, you name it—are making their mark. From bustling Somali restaurants to thriving businesses, their influence is spreading like wildfire across Kenyan cities and towns. They’re in the army, civil society, entertainment, education, social media, and even the collective psyche of every Kenyan. But here’s the burning question: Are Somalis taking over Kenya?
1. Political Representation.
A Djiboutian Somali guy by the name Mahmoud Ali Yussuf won. That’s right—Kenya’s president technically reports to a Somali boss. Closer to home, Somalis are dominating Kenya’s political scene. Do you know the Head of Kenyas National Intelligence Service , the Kenyan equivalent of CIA is a Somali? His name is Noordin Haji. The immediate minister of Defence, Aden Duale is a Somali. He’s now the environment minister. Nur Gabow, another Somali was the Acting Inspector General of Police before being promoted to Consul General Haiti’s Kenyan peacekeeping force. Guess who is in charge of the Kenya’s Directorate of Criminal Investigations? The Kenyan version of FBI. Amin Ibrahim Mohamed, a Somali. It is difficult to forget the hard-hitting lawyer who interviewed judges in 2011 for the top job of the Judiciary and saw many of them fail. The lawyer is Ahmednassir Abdullahi, who goes by the nickname, ‘The Grand Mullah.’ Farah Maalim was the highest ranking Somali during the coalition government when he was elected the Deputy Speaker. He was the top-ranking Somali in the Opposition. He is now the Deputy Party Leader of Wiper Democratic Party; one of Kenya’s biggest Political parties. Amina Mohammed was the Cabinet Secretary for Foreign Affairs and International Trade during the previous Uhuru regime. 3 of Kenyas 7 representative’s to the east African Community are Somalis despite being only one of the 43 communities in Kenya. Abdikadir Mohammed was Senior Adviser, Constitutional and Legal Affairs, Executive Office of the President. As we speak the official Statehouse spokesperson is none other than Hussein Mohamed, a Somali. The person who aborted the attempted coup in 1982, the only of its kind in Kenya, was a Somali, a military general called General Mohamud. Guess who was on the frontline leading recent Gen Z protests? Young Somali activist by the name Hanifa.
2. Land area and Real estate expansion.
Somalis are expansionists by nature, and their footprint in Kenya is massive. I am not even addressing the fact that almost a third of Kenyas total land area is Somali inhabited land. Go to almost every city and town in Kenya. From Mombasa, Nakuru, Eldoret, Kisumu, Kitale to the far and remote town of Maua in Meru County. You will see them. If you go to Eastleigh neighbourhood of Nairobi city , you might be mistaken for being in Mogadishu.
3. Economic Growth.
Do you know the biggest Mall in East and Central Africa, The BBS Mall is actually Somali owned? This place is a shopping paradise where you can find everything from clothes electronics at unbeatable prices. These guys have not come to play. You want to buy clothes, textiles for cheap? Where do you think is the best place to go? Your guess is correct. Eastleigh. This Somali commercial district in the heart of Nairobi has it all. At very affordable prices. A 2020 UN Development Programme report estimated that Eastleigh generates over KSh 50 billion annually, contributing 3-5% of Nairobi’s GDP.
4. Population growth
Recently the census figures for NFD counties were nullified, why? It is alleged the figures presented were actually less than the actual figure on the ground. The community, even with moderated and ‘smoothed out’ population results, had a total population of 2,385,572, according to the 2009 census. It is estimated that they are approximately 6 million now.
5. Cultural and media influence.
Lastly, Somali artists and media personalities have permeated the Kenyan entertainment industry in a very powerful way. Open Kenyas Tiktok and you will meet Young Kenyans of Somali origin there. From TikTok sensation Bushra to comedian Nasra, who’s a regular on Churchill Live, Somali-Kenyans are making waves. Ilkacase Qays a very famous Somali rapper grew up in Kenya. Same goes for Lil Balil. Do you know there is even a Kenyan Somali drill rapper? His name is Bueno and this guy can spit rhymes. The YouTube comedy group Somali React is obviously Somali but Kenyan. In journalism, top anchors like Leila Mohamed , Ayub Abdikadir, Jamila Mohamed and Hussein Mohamed are revolutionizing the industry.
So, are Somalis taking over Kenya? Maybe not in the way some might fear, but their influence is undeniable.
Softground wrestling in Uganda traces its origins to traditional community gatherings, where physical contests served as both entertainment and a means of conflict resolution. Historically, wrestling was practiced by men in many African societies to demonstrate strength and settle disputes. However, in certain Ugandan communities, particularly among the Baganda and Iteso ethnic groups, the sport evolved to include women, creating a rare space for mixed gender competition. The "softground" element—typically a pit of loose soil or sand—reflects the rural environment, reducing injury risk while allowing fluid, dynamic movements rooted in the natural landscape.
The inclusion of women in this traditionally male-dominated sport is groundbreaking. In a society where gender roles can be rigid, mixed gender wrestling fosters mutual respect and equality.
Ugandan softground mixed gender wrestling is more than a sport—it’s a living narrative of cultural adaptation and inclusivity.
In 1994 President Juvenal Habyarimana was unalived. This would trigger the unfortunate events that happened next. Did Paul Kagame have anything to do with this event? Read between the lines. Watch and find out; right from the horses mouth.
This video is about Orania ; a White-Only Town in South Africa.
Orania is a small town located in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. Founded in 1991, it is known for its unique and controversial status as a "whites-only" enclave. Orania's existence and policies have sparked considerable debate and discussion about race, identity, and cultural preservation in post-apartheid South Africa.
Historical Background
Orania was established by a group of Afrikaner nationalists who aimed to create a homeland for Afrikaners, where they could preserve their culture, language, and heritage. The town was named after the Orange River, which flows nearby. The founders purchased the dilapidated remains of a government irrigation scheme and set about creating a self-sufficient community.
Demographics and Governance
The population of Orania is predominantly Afrikaner, with residents adhering to a strict policy of cultural and racial exclusivity. The town's governance is based on a cooperative model, where residents collectively own and manage the land and resources. Entry into Orania is controlled, and prospective residents must undergo a selection process to ensure they align with the community's values and objectives.
So Why Does Orania even exist?
Orania's residents are committed to preserving Afrikaner culture, language (Afrikaans), and traditions. The town hosts various cultural events, festivals, and educational programs that emphasize Afrikaner heritage. This commitment to cultural preservation is central to Orania's identity and serves as a key justification for its exclusivity.
South Africa has some of the highest crime rates in the world. It has high rates of violent crime, including armed robbery, carjacking, and murder. In contrast, Orania is often reported to have very low crime rates in comparison. This is partly attributed to the town's small population, close-knit community, and strict access controls. Residents and visitors alike note the sense of safety and security within the town.
Every year it is estimated 60 white farmers are un-alived in South Africa. It is easy to understand why Afrikaners are moving to this safe enclave.
The economy of Orania is largely self-sufficient, with residents engaging in agriculture, small-scale manufacturing, and various service industries. The town is currently in the process of upgrading into a city, given how it is expanding at such a rapid pace. It is estimated that the town grows at an annual rate of 15 percent. The town has its own currency, the Ora, which is used alongside the South African rand. The town has its own airport and its own solar plant, ensuring stable power supply away from South Africas unreliable power grid. This economic independence is seen as crucial to maintaining the town's autonomy and cultural integrity.
In South Africa, affirmative policies favoring black employment are increasingly sidelining the white population, leading to growing poverty among white South Africans.
The term Afrikaner means Africans in Dutch. The people called by this name have deeply embraced it. They fully consider themselves African. They have openly refused Trumps offer of resettlement in the US. Why? Africa is their home, they proclaim. They are a white. Their past actions against the black people of South Africa can be described as despicable and racist. This is the untold story of the Afrikaners, a people forged in Africa’s crucible.
So who are the Afrikaners.
The Afrikaners—a white people whose story began with Dutch settlers landing at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652. For centuries, until the transformative changes of 1994, they wielded remarkable influence over South Africa’s political landscape and agricultural economy. Today, they remain a significant presence, comprising about 58 percent of the nation’s white population.
History.
It begins in 1652, when the Dutch East India Company sent Jan van Riebeeck to establish a supply post at the Cape of Good Hope. What started as a pit stop for spice traders became the seed of a new identity. Dutch settlers, later joined by French Huguenots fleeing religious persecution and German migrants, began carving farms into the rugged landscape.
Challenges: A People at a Crossroads
Post-apartheid South Africa has left Afrikaners wrestling with identity. Many reject the sins of their fathers but cling to their heritage. Economic pressures hit hard. Land reform debates spark fears of losing ancestral farms. Violent crime targets rural communities; a 2022 report noted 343 farm attacks in a year. Some emigrate to Australia or the UK, prompting a “brain drain.” Others, like the Orania enclave, retreat into self-sufficient towns, dreaming of cultural preservation.
Nestled in the arid expanse of South Africa’s Northern Cape, Orania stands as a living experiment in cultural preservation and self-determination. Born in the early 1990s from the conviction of a group of Afrikaners that their language, heritage, and way of life were under threat in a rapidly changing nation, this self-declared town was envisioned as a sanctuary—a self-sustaining community founded on local autonomy and traditional values. From the very beginning, Orania has sparked intense debates, its policy of demographic exclusivity, welcoming only Afrikaners, igniting conversations about racial segregation and the enduring legacy of apartheid. Yet for its supporters, Orania is not a monument to exclusion but a vibrant celebration of cultural identity, a place where the Afrikaans language and cherished traditions flourish away from the pressures of a multicultural society they fear might dilute their heritage. Over the years, this modest settlement has blossomed into a fully functioning town complete with its own local government, schools, businesses, and community projects, all underpinned by a spirit of sustainability and self-reliance.
The Ghosts of Apartheid
To understand today’s tensions; we must confront apartheid’s shadow. For decades, Afrikaner-led governments enforced a brutal system of racial segregation, stripping Black South Africans of land, rights, and dignity. When apartheid fell in 1994, Nelson Mandela’s government promised redress. But nearly 30 years later, 72% of farmland remains in white hands, while poverty grips Black communities.
Land reform has become a lightning rod. The ANC’s push to expropriate land without compensation, debated since 2018, terrifies many Afrikaners. They see it as a political stunt, a threat to their livelihood—and identity. The law is intended to address historical land inequalities in the country after a 2017 audit found that 72 percent of farmland was still owned by white South Africans. In 2025 South African President Cyril Ramaphosa has signed into law a bill allowing land seizures by the state without compensation - a move that has put him at odds with the West-including the United States. Last week, US President Donald Trump signed an executive order blocking aid to South Africa.
The new generation of young Afrikaners say they are painted as villains but their generation didn’t create apartheid they’re trying to fix it. Yet, for millions of Black South Africans, justice delayed is justice denied.
The road is rocky, but resilience is in their blood.
This video is about the Tutsi of Congo also known as the Banyamulenge. The Banyamulenge are a Tutsi ethnic community predominantly residing in the highlands of the Itombwe Plateau in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). They are among the 250 tribes that form DR Congo. Their name, derived from the Kinyarwanda phrase "abanyamulenge" (people of Mulenge), reflects their association with the Mulenge area. The term "Banyamulenge" emerged in the late 20th century as a political and cultural marker to distinguish Congolese Tutsi from Rwandan migrants. Historically grouped under the broader "Banyarwanda" (people of Rwandan origin), the Banyamulenge adopted this name to assert their autochthony and counter perceptions of being foreign.
Since 1984, the DRC has not organised a general census. The historian Joseph Mutambo estimated the group had around 400,000 people in 1997. There are no clear estimates today, but it’s safe to assume that they have grown in number.
Genetic Profile.
The Banyamulenge genetic composition reflects a mix of Bantu, Nilotic, and Cushitic influences due to historical migrations and interactions.
1. Bantu Ancestry: The majority of their genetic makeup is linked to Bantu-speaking populations, who migrated across Central and Southern Africa over centuries. This is common among many groups in the region.
2. Nilotic Influence: The Banyamulenge also have genetic ties to Nilotic peoples, who migrated from the Nile Valley. This contributes to their distinct physical features, such as taller stature.
3. Cushitic Trace: Some genetic markers suggest Cushitic influences, likely from ancient migrations in East Africa.
In summary, the Banyamulenge’s genetic composition is a blend of Bantu, Nilotic, and Cushitic ancestries, reflecting their complex history of migration and cultural exchange in the Great Lakes region.
Origins.
The Banyamulenge like other Tutsi are believed to have originated in the Nile Valley region, near present-day South Sudan and Ethiopia. They are part of the larger Nilotic group of peoples, who were traditionally pastoralists (cattle herders). Around 2,000 years ago, Nilotic groups began migrating southward, likely due to environmental changes, population pressures, and the search for fertile grazing lands. Between the 11th and 15th centuries, the Tutsi migrated into the Great Lakes region, which includes modern-day Rwanda, Burundi, and parts of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Uganda, and Tanzania. The Tutsi, with their cattle-herding expertise, established themselves as a distinct group, often forming symbiotic relationships with the local Bantu populations. Over time, they assimilated into the Bantu peoples intermarrying and adopting the Bantu languages of Kinyarwanda and Kirundi to create a new identity. Today, most of their identity is Bantu with minor Nilotic and Cushitic influences.
Language.
Their mother tongue, Kinyamulenge, is a dynamic mix of Kinyarwanda, Kirundi, Ha, and Swahili—a linguistic mirror of their interconnected history in the region.
Beauty and Strength: Beyond Stereotypes
The Banyamulenge are a proud majestic people to behold as their looks are unlike other Sub-Saharan groups. The Banyamulenge are celebrated for their striking presence—boasting tall, slender frames, chiselled high cheekbones, and eyes that seem to tell a story of their own. These traits, celebrated in local poetry and folklore, are tied to their pastoralist heritage, where endurance and grace were vital. Complemented by smooth, deep-toned skin and a dignified bearing, these physical attributes have been celebrated in cultural contexts for their regal aesthetic.
Banyamulenge women are like a masterclass in grace and beauty—imagine caramel that glistens under the sun, but way more delicious. Their smiles have the magical ability to transform the most mundane Monday into an impromptu festival of joy. There's an adorable innocence about them, a charm that’s both refreshing and captivating. They move with a reserved elegance that makes you think they might secretly be training for a royal parade—yes, they are the queens of cool composure. Proud and family-oriented, these women carry themselves with the kind of regal poise that could make even the stiffest upper lip crack a smile. And here's a little nugget of advice: if you’re lucky enough to call one of these extraordinary women your wife, consider yourself the luckiest man in the room. Not only will she treat you like royalty, but she'll also provide that rare peace of mind that even the most stressed-out souls dream about. In short, Banyamulenge women are exceptional.
The Khoisan is a collective term to refer to the various hunter-gatherer indigenous tribes of Southern Africa. They are, in fact, two evolutionarily related but culturally distinct groups of populations that have occupied southern Africa for up to 140,000 years. These Khoikhoi nations and Sān are grouped under the single term Khoesān as representing the indigenous substrate population of Southern Africa prior to the hypothesised Bantu expansion reaching the area roughly between 1,500 and 2,000 years ago. Many Khoisān peoples are the direct descendants of a very early dispersal of anatomically modern humans to Southern Africa before 150,000 years ago. Some 22,000 years ago, they were the largest group of humans on earth. The Sān are popularly thought of as foragers in the Kalahari Desert and regions of Botswana, Namibia, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Lesotho and Northern South Africa. The word sān is from the Khoikhoi language and simply refers to foragers ("those who pick things up from the ground") who do not own livestock. As such, it was used in reference to all hunter-gatherer populations of the Southern African region whom Khoikhoi-speaking communities came into contact with and was largely a term referring to a lifestyle, distinct from a pastoralist or agriculturalist one, and not to any particular ethnicity. Today, only about 100,000 Khoisan, who are also known as Bushmen, remain. They are variously described as the world’s first or oldest people; Africa’s first or oldest people, or the first people of South Africa. Their first-people status is due to the fact that they commonly retain genetic elements of the most ancient Homo sapiens. Origins It is suggested that the ancestors of the modern Khoisan expanded to southern Africa (from East or Central Africa) before 150,000 years ago, , so that by the beginning of the "mega-drought" 130,000 years ago, there were two ancestral population clusters in Africa. They were ancestral to the Khoi-San and bearers of haplogroup L1-6 in central and eastern Africa ancestral to everyone else. This group gave rise to the San population of hunter-gatherers. Their nearest living relatives are postulated to be the Hadzabe people from north-central Tanzania and the Mbuti pygmies from the eastern Congo. Language Khoisan languages share click consonants and do not belong to other African language families. For much of the 20th century, they were thought to be genealogically related to each other, but this is no longer accepted. They are now held to comprise three distinct language families and two language isolates. Their most notable uniting feature is their click consonants. Linguists believe that the more clicks you have, the older the language is, and this one has five, the most of any. They have one of the most complex languages in the world. Looks The Khoisan are also lighter in skin color than many of their neighbors, but they do not have European or Asian DNA. Charles Darwin wrote about the Khoisan and sexual selection in The Descent of Man in 1882, commenting that their steatopygia, seen primarily in females, evolved through sexual selection in human evolution, and that "the posterior part of the body projects in a most wonderful manner." Most, like East Asians, have epicanthic folds. So do they have Asian DNA? No, it is in fact the other way round. The Khoisan are actually far older than any "Asian DNA". Their ancestors have been inhabiting that part of Africa since before the first migration of H. sapiens out of Africa, which occurred roughly 80,000 years ago or thereabouts. Thus, their DNA predates any haplotype that formed in Asia. So, it is more likely that East Asians have Khoisan DNA rather than Khoisan have East Asian DNA. The San are ingenious at living off the land, finding water where no one else can and deriving food and medicine from over 1,000 different plants. The Hoodia gordonii cactus, which the San use for hunger suppression and quick energy, is now being used in contemporary weight loss drugs. Today, the Khoisan struggle to maintain their traditional way of existence, and we are currently witnessing the end of their hunter-gatherer lifestyle.
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Welcome again to Afroartista Films. The Daasanach are an ethnic group inhabiting parts of Ethiopia, Kenya, and South Sudan. Their main homeland is in the Debub Omo Zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region, adjacent to Lake Turkana. They have also been referred to as 'Geleb' in Ethiopia and are known as 'Merile' and 'Shangilla' in Kenya. According to the latest estimates, they number around 88,000 people.
Genetics,
Genetic studies suggest that the Daasanach exhibit a mix of Cushitic, Nilotic, and even Omotic ancestries, reflecting centuries of intermarriage and integration. Population genetic analyses of the Daasanach indicate that they are more closely related to Nilo-Saharan populations than they are to most Cushitic and Semitic Afro-Asiatic-speaking populations of Ethiopia and Kenya. An average Daasanach will contain;
60 percent Nilotic genetic component. This is attributed to the migrating Nilosaharan population who moved to the Omo valley after splitting with the Kenyan Pokot. It is also attributed to their interactions with neighbouring Nilotic-speaking groups like the Turkana and Samburu.
30 percent Cushitic. This is the primary component of their ancestry and comes from ancient East African populations.
The remainder 10 percent or so can be attributed to the Omotic speaking populations of southern Ethiopia and other surrounding groups influence.
Phenotype
The Daasanach are a vivid showcase of beauty and diversity, thanks to generations of intermarriage with neighboring Cushitic and Nilotic groups.
The Daasanach typically have dark to very dark skin tones, reflecting their adaptation to the hot, arid climates of the Omo Valley and surrounding regions. High cheekbones give their faces a regal touch, blending strong jawlines with elegantly slender cheeks, while their full lips radiate the unmistakable charm of East Africa.
Full, expressive lips—a hallmark of East African beauty—add to their striking appearance. Their tightly coiled, kinky hair echoes the Afro-textured traits of their lineage
Years of pastoralism, farming, and fishing have sculpted their bodies into masterpieces of toned muscle and endurance. But what truly sets the Daasanach apart is their artistry: intricate body scarification and decorative patterns, each telling a story or symbolizing something sacred.
Origins and history.
Hundreds of years ago proto-Nilotic ancestors of modern Nilotes migrated from modern South Sudan, with some heading to the African Great Lakes and others settling in southern Ethiopia.
Personality
Women
Daasanach women are one of the most photogenic people I have ever seen. They typically have a dark brown to ebony skin tone, a hallmark of their East African roots.
Challenges
Over the past fifty years, the Daasanach have lost much of their traditional lands due to exclusion from territories in Kenya and South Sudan, as well as environmental changes.
Beliefs
Most Daasanach people remain bound to their traditional religion. They worship a god they call Waag, a sky god who created the Earth.
Language
The Daasanach today speak the Daasanach language. It belongs to the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. Their language, Daasanach is closely related to other Cushitic languages spoken in the region, such as Oromo and Somali.
The Daasanach are primarily agropastoralists, cultivating sorghum, maize, pumpkins, and beans during the Omo River’s flooding season.
Ten surprising facts.
1. Women are circumcised by removing the . Women who are not circumcised are called animals or boys and cannot get married or wear clothes.
2. In the Daasanach world, more cows mean more clout. Got a massive herd? Congratulations, you’re now eligible for multiple wives.
3. After initiation men are able to marry and most are married before they are thirty. Girls marry between the ages of fifteen and twenty.
4. In Dasanach culture, it's a big shame to get your period while under your mother's roof. Forget awkward period talk—here, young girls might choose pregnancy over the "shame" of menstruation.
5. Their dress leans towards the extravagant, described as ‘tribal avant garde’ to say the least. The hairstyle of the Daasanach men is one of the most sophisticated in the Omo valley.
6. If a man loses his herds due to disease or drought, he becomes a Die, a poor person of a lower class; he must turn to fishing, hunting crocodile or tilling the land.
7. The Daasanach, have remarkably low prevalence of age-related frailty and cardiometabolic disease.
8. The Daasanach who herd cattle live in dome-shaped houses made from a frame of branches, covered with hides and woven boxes.
9. Marrying or even dancing with someone from your clan? Nope. Strictly forbidden.
10. The Dasanach have for a long time remained secluded, their language and culture even baffling their neighbors on both sides of the border.
The Samoan People.
Known for their big, proud physiques, some see traces of African heritage in their appearance, while others perceive a unique blend that feels almost mysterious.
Today, we’re embarking on an exciting journey to Samoa.
Origins and History
The Samoan people are an indigenous Polynesian ethnic group native to the Samoan Islands, an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. The islands are divided into two political entities: the independent nation of Samoa (formerly Western Samoa) and American Samoa, a territory of the United States. In total Samoans number approximately 750000. The history of the Samoan people is deeply intertwined with Polynesian migration and culture, tracing back thousands of years.
The earliest ancestors of the Samoans were part of the Austronesian expansion, which began around 3000 BCE. These sailors didn't need GPS—they just went where the stars took them. These seafaring peoples migrated from Southeast Asia through Melanesia and into the Pacific. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Samoan Islands were settled as early as 1500 BCE by the Lapita people, known for their distinctive pottery and advanced navigation skills. Over centuries, Samoans developed a unique culture and societal structure, becoming a significant influence in the wider Polynesian region.
Genetic Composition
The genetic makeup of the Samoan people reflects their origins and migration history. Studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosome markers show that Samoans, like other Polynesians, possess a mix of East Asian and Melanesian ancestry. The East Asian component is predominant, consistent with the theory of Austronesian migration from Taiwan and Southeast Asia. The Melanesian contribution arose from interactions with populations in Melanesia during the migration into the Pacific.
A 2014 study analyzing genome-wide data found that Polynesians, including Samoans, have approximately 79% East Asian and 21% Melanesian ancestry. This genetic mixture highlights the complex migration patterns and cultural exchanges that shaped Polynesian history. Additionally, Samoans share genetic similarities with other Polynesian groups, such as Tongans and Maori, but also retain distinct genetic markers unique to their population.
Phenotype
Samoans exhibit physical traits that are characteristic of Polynesians, with some variations influenced by their genetic composition and environment. Common phenotypic traits include:
- Skin Tone: Medium to dark brown skin, often with a warm undertone.
- Hair: Thick, black, and wavy or curly.
- Facial Features: Broad facial structure with high cheekbones, a prominent jawline, and wide noses.
- Body Type: Samoans are known for their robust and muscular build.
Blackness.
Samoans possess significant Melanesian ancestry. Which makes them part black. So do they embrace their black identity? Samoans generally do not consider themselves Black, though the question can get a bit complicated depending on the context and individual perspectives. Samoans are part of the Polynesian ethnic group, which is classified as a distinct group from people of African descent.
Trivia and Important Facts
1. Samoans have practiced the art of tattooing men and women for over 2,000 years. To this day, a man's tattoo extensively covers from mid-back, down the sides and flanks, to the knees. A woman's tattoo is not as extensive or heavy.
2. First Independent Polynesian Nation: Samoa became the first independent Polynesian nation in 1962, gaining independence from New Zealand.
3. Kava Culture: Kava, a ceremonial drink made from the root of the kava plant, is an important part of Samoan rituals and social gatherings. It is consumed to promote relaxation and unity.
4. Natural Disasters: The Samoan Islands are located in a region prone to cyclones, earthquakes, and tsunamis. The 2009 tsunami, triggered by an 8.1 magnitude earthquake, caused significant devastation and loss of life.
5. Samoan Rugby: Rugby is a source of national pride in Samoa, and the country has produced many world-class rugby players who compete internationally.
6. Unique Time Zone: Samoa shifted its time zone in 2011 by skipping December 30th to align with its main trading partners, New Zealand and Australia. This made Samoa the first country to greet the new day.
7. Notable Figures: Samoa has produced influential figures in various fields, including actor Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson, who is of Samoan descent, and writers like Albert Wendt, whose works explore Samoan culture and identity.
The Voyage by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artist: http://audionautix.com
Madagascar, an island where the whispers of Africa meet the echoes of Asia, is home to one of the most ethnically diverse populations in the world. The unique appearance of the Malagasy people has long fascinated scientists, who have spent years trying to figure out how African skin tones, almond-shaped eyes, and wavy hair all ended up on the same head.
Located off the east coast of Africa, Madagascar is the world’s fifth-largest island—144 million acres of exotic wilderness, weird creatures, and enough climate zones to confuse even the most seasoned meteorologist.
Ethnic Composition.
The people of Madagascar, collectively known as the Malagasy, are a diverse group divided into 18 major ethnic groups, each with its own customs and dialects. These groups are generally classified into two broad categories based on their geographic distribution.
The highland tribes, like the Merina and Betsileo, live on the central plateau and enjoy cooler weather, while the coastal tribes, including the Sakalava, Antandroy, and Betsimisaraka, bask in the humidity and ocean views.
History
This distinctiveness stems from the island's settlement history. Around 2,000 years ago, Austronesian seafarers from present-day Indonesia and the Philippines arrived on Madagascar. Navigating the vast expanse of the Indian Ocean in outrigger canoes, they brought with them rice cultivation, a hallmark of their agricultural practices, and a rich maritime culture. These early settlers established villages along the coasts, cultivating the fertile land and adapting to the island’s unique ecosystems.
Not long after, African migrants crossed the Mozambique Channel, drawn by the promise of new opportunities. These Bantu-speaking peoples brought iron tools, domesticated cattle, and knowledge of sorghum and millet farming.
Phenotype and Genetics: The Science of Diversity
Madagascar’s genetic diversity manifests in a wide range of phenotypes. On the coast, people tend to have darker skin, broader noses, and tightly coiled hair, making it clear that Africa’s genetic stamp came through loud and proud.
In contrast, the highland tribes, such as the Merina and Betsileo, frequently display features more associated with Austronesian populations, including lighter skin, straighter hair, and more delicate facial structures.
Interestingly, the genetic makeup of Madagascar’s population also reveals clues about their migration patterns. Genetic studies suggest the first Austronesians were mostly women, while the African settlers were predominantly men. Let’s just say Madagascar’s love story started early and involved a lot of matchmaking.
Contemporary Identity
In modern Madagascar, attitudes toward blackness vary depending on geography, history, and how much patience people have for unpacking centuries of human migration. Coastal tribes openly embrace their African heritage—music, rituals, and enough dancing to keep even the ancestors entertained. Meanwhile, up in the highlands, things get a bit more...delicate. The Merina and Betsileo might nod politely to their African ancestry, but some prefer to flaunt their Austronesian lineage—you know, the good old “we’re slightly lighter, so we must be slightly better” narrative that history loves to recycle.
Unity in Diversity: The Malagasy Identity
In music, art, and dance, the Malagasy people express their unique identity, drawing on both African and Austronesian traditions. Their cuisine, too, reflects this fusion, combining rice, a staple of Austronesian diets, with African-inspired dishes featuring cassava, plantains, and zebu meat.
Top 6 Interesting facts about Madagascar.
1. Ancestor Worship Is Central
The Malagasy people hold deep reverence for their ancestors and engage in a tradition known as famadihana, also called the 'turning of the bones.' The famadihana ceremony involves dancing with your ancestors’ remains.
2. The Betsileo Are Known as Terraced Farmers
The Betsileo ethnic group is famous for their intricate terraced rice paddies, which are a testament to their advanced agricultural knowledge. These folks make rice paddies look like works of art.
3. A Pirate Haven
During the 17th and 18th centuries, Madagascar’s east coast became a haven for pirates, including the legendary Captain Kidd. The island was rumored to host Libertalia, a utopian pirate settlement.
4. If there’s one thing that Madagascar is known for, it’s their lemurs. Endemic to Madagascar, lemurs are the oldest living primates in the world, with over 100 species found on the island.
5. Aside from its iconic wildlife, Madagascar is renowned for its towering baobab trees, the national tree of Madascar, which can grow up to 30 metres tall and boast a lifespan of over 1,000 years.
6. The Zebu Is Sacred
In Madagascar, zebus are a big deal. But don’t get on their bad side; they have horns, and they know how to use them.
The Dominican Republic, a Caribbean nation with a rich and complex history, has a population that is predominantly of mixed African, European, and Indigenous ancestry. However, many Dominicans historically and contemporarily resist identifying as "black," a phenomenon rooted in colonial history, racial ideologies, and cultural dynamics. This video explores the reasons behind this perspective and its persistence.
1. Historical Legacy of Colonialism and Racial Hierarchies
During the Spanish colonization of Hispaniola (the island shared by the Dominican Republic and Haiti), a strict racial hierarchy was established. At the top were white Europeans, followed by mixed-race individuals (mestizos and mulattoes), and at the bottom were black Africans and Indigenous people. This hierarchy was reinforced through legal, social, and religious systems that privileged whiteness and denigrated blackness.
As a result, social mobility was often tied to "whitening." Those with mixed ancestry sought to align themselves with European identities to gain economic and social advantages. Over time, this created a deep association of blackness with enslavement, poverty, and subjugation, which many sought to distance themselves from.
2. The Influence of Anti-Haitian Sentiment
Haiti, which shares the island of Hispaniola, played a significant role in shaping Dominican identity. The Dominican Republic's independence from Haiti in 1844 left a lasting cultural and racial divide between the two nations. Haitian identity, deeply tied to blackness and African heritage due to its history as a successful slave rebellion and predominantly Afro-descendant population, became a point of contrast for Dominicans.
This contrast Fueled a national identity that emphasized European and Indigenous heritage while downplaying African roots. It also associated blackness with "Haitian otherness," reinforcing the rejection of black identity within the Dominican Republic.
3. Racial Terminology and Identity in Dominican Culture
In Dominican society, race is often viewed as a spectrum rather than a binary concept. Terms like moreno, indio, trigueño, and mestizo are commonly used to describe skin tone and features, often avoiding the word negro (or black) altogether. This reflects a desire to create a unique racial identity distinct from African or black labels and a focus on phenotypic nuances rather than clear racial categorizations.
The word indio is particularly significant, as it stems from a governmental effort during the Trujillo regime (1930to 1961) to promote an Indigenous identity over African heritage, despite the near absence of a pure Indigenous population.
4. The Trujillo Regime's Whitening Policies
Rafael Trujillo, the Dominican dictator who ruled for over 30 years, implemented policies that celebrated European heritage while marginalizing African influences. Trujillo himself, despite having African ancestry, actively pursued a whitening agenda. Key aspects of his policies included promoting European immigration to dilute African ancestry within the population, propagating the "Hispanidad" ideology, which glorified Spanish culture and minimized African contributions and lastly enforcing anti-Haitian policies, including the 1937 Parsley Massaka, where tens of thousands of Haitians were kill3d. Trujillo's propaganda created a lasting cultural narrative that idealized whiteness and stigmatized blackness.
5. Modern Media and Global Influences.
Global media often reinforces Eurocentric beauty standards and racial norms, which have permeated Dominican society. Lighter skin is frequently associated with wealth, beauty, and success, while darker skin is stigmatized. This phenomenon shapes personal and collective identities, leading many to aspire to lighter-skinned ideals and marginalizes blackness within the cultural and social framework, perpetuating a cycle of racial denial.
Additionally, migration patterns to countries like the United States have introduced Dominicans to the American binary view of race. Many Dominicans find themselves labelled as black in the U.S., prompting a defensive response shaped by their homeland's nuanced racial categories.
This video is not a blanket generalization of Dominican Republic’s people view on how they identify. There many Dominicans who happily embrace the term and for those who do not, your view is still valid. Thank you for watching, don’t forget to like this video and I will see you next time.
The Jarawa people are part of the Negrito ethnic group and have lived in the Andaman Islands for up to 60,000 years. Today, approximately 400 Jarawa continue their nomadic lifestyle in small groups of 40-50 people, known as chaddhas.
History.
The Andamanese are often associated with one of the earliest waves of migration that left Africa. Around 70,000 years ago, small groups of anatomically modern humans began migrating out of East Africa along a southern coastal route. As small populations reached various parts of Asia, some continued migrating, while others settled along the way. This movement coincided with a period when lowered sea levels allowed migration over what were once land bridges.
Phenotype.
The Jarawa exhibit distinct physical characteristics associated with Negrito groups, who are believed to be among the earliest inhabitants of South and Southeast Asia. They are generally short-statured, with an average height of around 4.9 feet. Their skin is extremely dark (almost like the South Sudanese), their hair is tightly coiled and curly, and they have distinct facial features.
Genetics.
Genetic studies show that the Great Andamanese, Onge, and Jarawa people share a unique origin, distinct from other Asian populations, and have been genetically isolated for thousands of years. The Jarawa, have high frequencies of mtDNA haplogroups M and N, some of the oldest lineages outside Africa. While these haplogroups appear in other parts of South and Southeast Asia, the specific lineages in the Andamanese are unique, showing minimal overlap with nearby regions. Unique subclades within haplogroup M suggest long-term isolation and limited mixing, implying that the Jarawa descend from early human migrants to this region. Similarly, the Jarawa’s Y-DNA has a high frequency of haplogroup D, specifically D-M174—a rare marker found in isolated populations such as the Andamanese, Tibetan groups, and the Ainu of Japan.
Genetic studies have revealed that the Andamanese people display affinity to the indigenous South Asian hunter-gatherers, often termed "Ancient Ancestral South Indians" (AASI), as well as to Australasian populations (AA), such as Melanesians, and contemporary East/Southeast Asian peoples. Overall, the Malaysian Negritos (Semang), such as the Maniq people, Jahai people, and Batek people, are the closest modern living relatives of the Andamanese people, followed by South and East Asian people. Unlike some Negrito populations of Southeast Asia, Andaman Islanders have not been found to have Denisovan ancestry.
Language.
The Jarawa language is classified as an Ongan language, closely related to the languages spoken by other Negrito tribes in the Andaman Islands, such as the Onge. However, the Jarawa language is distinct and has evolved uniquely due to their long-standing isolation. It is an oral language with no written script, and very little is known about its grammar or structure due to the tribe's limited interactions with outsiders.
Challenges.
The Jarawa face numerous challenges, primarily due to the Andaman Trunk Road (ATR), which cuts through their territory, attracting tourists who treat them as a spectacle, known as “human safaris.” This intrusion disrespects the Jarawa’s autonomy and exposes them to diseases. Poachers and settlers also use the ATR to illegally hunt animals essential to the Jarawa’s survival and introduce harmful substances like alcohol and drugs. Despite a 2002 Supreme Court order to close the road, it remains open, and authorities have not enforced its closure even after creating a sea route in 2017 to reduce tourist traffic. This continuous encroachment has increased poaching, depleting resources vital to the Jarawa. Their isolation makes them particularly vulnerable to diseases from outsiders, as seen in measles outbreaks in 1999 and 2006. There is also pressure to assimilate the Jarawa into mainstream Indian society, with some officials advocating for integration measures, such as residential schooling for Jarawa children, aiming to “civilize” them.
Lifestyle
They hunt, fish, and gather fruits, roots, and honey in the dense forests of the Andaman Islands, relying on their deep knowledge of local flora and fauna to thrive. Their diet includes wild pig, turtle, fish, and shellfish, supplemented by honey and tubers, which they gather with sophisticated skills honed over millennia.
Despite their isolation, the Jarawa maintain optimal health and nutrition, as confirmed by studies showing their dietary practices have led to a high quality of life. Their knowledge of the forest includes identifying over 150 plant and 350 animal species. For the Jarawa, their land is not just a resource; it is an integral part of their identity and survival.
This video is about the beautiful Bantu women. They are very beautiful, not only on the outside but also on the inside.
The Bantu peoples are an indigenous ethnolinguistic grouping of approximately 400 distinct native African ethnic groups who speak Bantu languages. The languages are native to countries spread over a vast area from West Africa, to Central Africa, Southeast Africa and into Southern Africa. Bantu people also inhabit southern areas of Northeast African states.
There are several hundred Bantu languages. Depending on the definition of "language" or "dialect", it is estimated that there are between 440 and 680 distinct languages. The total number of speakers is in the hundreds of millions, ranging at roughly 350 million in the mid-2010s (roughly 30% of the population of Africa, or roughly 5% of the total world population).[4] About 60 million speakers (2015), divided into some 200 ethnic or tribal groups, are found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo alone.
The larger of the individual Bantu groups have populations of several million, e.g.the large majority of West Africa, notably the most populous African nation Nigeria, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Burundi (25 million), the Baganda[5] people of Uganda (5.5 million as of 2014), the Shona of Zimbabwe (17.6 million as of 2020), the Zulu of South Africa (14.2 million as of 2016), the Luba of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (28.8 million as of 2010), the Sukuma of Tanzania (10.2 million as of 2016), the Kikuyu of Kenya (8.1 million as of 2019), the Xhosa people of Southern Africa (9.6 million as of 2011), batswana of Southern Africa (8.2 Million as of 2020) and the Pedi of South Africa (7 million as of 2018).
Netflix’s Queen Cleopatra docuseries caused an immense storm of controversy surrounding its depiction of Cleopatra as a black woman, and whilst Cleopatra herself was not black, there were indeed black pharaohs who ruled over Egypt at one point in the 8th and 7th centuries BC. These Black Pharaohs were from a black ethnic group called The Nubians. `They are the topic of todays video.
So who are these Nubians?
Nubians are a Nilo-Saharan speaking ethnic group indigenous to the region which is now northern Sudan and southern Egypt. They originate from the early inhabitants of the central Nile valley, believed to be one of the earliest cradles of civilization. They number approximately 6 million; with Sudan having around 812000 and Egypt about 5 million. There are some diaspora Nubian communities in Kenya and Uganda as well.
The Nubian people possess a rich cultural and historical heritage. They are believed to be descendants of the ancient civilizations that thrived along the Nile, specifically from modern day Dinka people. Evidence from archaeological findings indicates that Nubia was home to complex societies dating back to around 4000 BCE. The region is known for its rich deposits of gold, leading to the establishment of powerful kingdoms such as the Kingdom of Kush, which often competed with ancient Egypt.
The Nubian Kingdom of Kush ruled Egypt during the 25th Dynasty (circa 747–656 BCE) and produced notable pharaohs, including Taharqa and Piye. Nubian culture and influences on Egyptian society were significant, with Nubians often portrayed in Egyptian art and literature.
Genetics
The Nubians are undoubtedly black people.
Recent genetic studies have revealed that Nubians possess a unique genetic makeup, influenced by their long-standing interactions with neighboring populations, including Egyptians and various sub-Saharan African groups.
They speak a Nilo-Saharan language family, with several dialects spoken by different Nubian groups. Their language points out the fact that these people are primarily Nilotic with recent and ancient insignificant contributions from invaders such as the Arabs.
Sirak et al. in 2021 obtained and analysed the whole genomes of 66 individuals from the site of Kulubnarti situated between the 2nd and 3rd cataract and dated to the Christian period between 650 and 1000 CE. The genetic profile of the sampled Nubians was found to be a mixture between West Eurasian and Sub Saharan Dinka-related ancestries. It is probable then that Nubians are essentially Nilotic Dinka with some West Eurasian admixture. It is also plausible that earlier Nubians, the Ancient Black Egyptians were less mixed and more black Nilotic. Nubian means Golden People or people who shine! This direct reference to their rich melanin that would glisten in the sun.
The 25th Dynasty, also known as the Nubian Dynasty, or Black Pharaohs, ruled Egypt between 744 BC and 656 BC as part of the wider Kushite Empire. The 25th Dynasty originated from the city-state of Napata in Nubia, in what is today Sudan.
The Nubian Kushite civilization, from whom the 25th Dynasty originated, could, like the Egyptians, boast of impressive architectural, artistic, and cultural achievements. Sadly, this enigmatic civilization has been overshadowed by its better-known members and does not achieve the attention it deserves in a mainstream setting.
The Black Pharaohs: 25th Dynasty Egypt
The 25th Dynasty’s rise to power began with King Piye, who launched a military campaign into Egypt and successfully captured Memphis, the capital, in 727 BC. Piye proclaimed himself pharaoh and initiated the Kushite Dynasty’s rule over Egypt, although it was his successor, Shebitku, who fully established Kushite control over Egypt after defeating King Bakenranef of the rival 24th Dynasty at the Battle of Sais.
Subsequent kings of the dynasty, including Shabaka, Shebitku, Taharqa, and Tanutamun, continued to consolidate their power and assert their authority over Egypt.
The Black Pharaohs erected grand structures and renovated existing temples, leaving behind a rich architectural legacy. The Kushite kings of Egypt were also keen to initiate a revival of pyramid building in their new realm, bringing about a resurgence of monumental tombs to the Egyptian landscape. This revival occurred approximately 1,000 years after Egyptian burial practices had evolved away from pyramid construction.
It's evident that when Black Americans say they were once kings, it's more than just rhetoric—especially for those with Nilotic ancestry.
The Central African Republic mainly consists of Sudano-Guinean savannas, but the country also includes a Sahelo-Sudanian zone in the north and an equatorial forest zone in the south. Two-thirds of the country is within the Ubangi River basin (which flows into the Congo), while the remaining third lies in the basin of the Chari, which flows into Lake Chad.
What is today the Central African Republic has been inhabited since at least 8,000 BCE. The country's borders were established by France, which ruled the country as a colony starting in the late 19th century. After gaining independence from France in 1960, the Central African Republic was ruled by a series of autocratic leaders, including an abortive attempt at a monarchy under the regime of Jean-Bedel Bokassa.
By the 1990s, calls for democracy led to the first multi-party democratic elections in 1993. Ange-Félix Patassé became president, but was later removed by General François Bozizé in a 2003 coup. The Central African Republic Bush War began in 2004 and, despite a peace treaty in 2007 and another in 2011, civil war resumed in 2012. The civil war perpetuated the country's poor human rights record: it was characterized by widespread and increasing abuses by various participating armed groups, such as arbitrary imprisonment, torture, and restrictions on freedom of the press and freedom of movement.
Despite its significant mineral deposits and other resources, such as uranium reserves, crude oil, gold, diamonds, cobalt, lumber, and hydropower, as well as significant quantities of arable land, the Central African Republic is among the ten poorest countries in the world, with the lowest GDP per capita at purchasing power parity in the world as of 2017.[ As of 2022, according to the Human Development Index (HDI), the country had the third-lowest level of human development, ranking 191 out of 193 countries. The country had the second lowest inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), ranking 164th out of 165 countries. The Central African Republic is also estimated to be the unhealthiest country as well as the worst country in which to be young.
Genetically, Cape Verdeans have a unique blend of African and European ancestry, with an average makeup of about 57% African and 43% European, although this varies. The Cape Verdean census describes the population as 71 percent Creole (Mulatto), 28 percent African and 1 percent European. The African genetic contribution largely comes from West African groups like the Mandé, Wolof, and Fula. On the European side, the Portuguese influence is most dominant, though there are traces of Dutch, French, and Italian ancestry, reflecting Cape Verde’s history as a trading hub.
Mitochondrial DNA, passed through the maternal line, is predominantly African, while Y-chromosome analysis, inherited through the paternal line, shows a stronger European influence. This reflects the gender imbalance during a period when many African women were enslaved and brought to the islands, with European men having relations with them then and later after the end of the Transatlantic Slave Trade.
Over centuries, the blending of cultures resulted in a distinct identity. While many Cape Verdeans have emigrated to countries like the United States, Portugal, and France, their ties to their homeland remain strong. Interestingly, unlike many African nations, Cape Verde has no tribal divisions.
Phenotype and Diversity
Due to this mixed heritage, Cape Verdeans display a wide range of physical features. Skin tones range from light to dark brown, and hair textures vary from curly to straight. This diversity, resulting from centuries of intermarriage, is a defining characteristic of Cape Verdean identity.
Demographics.
Cape Verde is a nation made up of ten volcanic islands, covering about 1,557 square miles—roughly the same size as Rhode Island. These islands lie about 700 kilometers from continental Africa. The capital, Praia, is the largest and most vibrant city, situated on the island of Santiago, which hosts a significant portion of the nation’s population. By 2024, Cape Verde's population had reached approximately 600,000, with 236,000 residents on Santiago alone. Cape Verde has a population of around 500,000, but its diaspora—nearly three times the size of the population on the islands—plays a significant role in its culture and economy. Approximately 1.5 million Cape Verdeans live abroad, primarily in the United States, Portugal, and the Netherlands. Cities like Boston, Rotterdam, and Lisbon have notable Cape Verdean communities. The official language of Cape Verde is Portuguese, but Cape Verdean Creole, a Portuguese-based Creole with African influences, is widely spoken. This language is a key aspect of the nation's cultural identity.
Geography.
Most of Cape Verde enjoys a pleasantly tropical climate. Three of the Cape Verde islands, Sal, Boa Vista, and Maio, are fairly flat, sandy, and dry; the others are generally rockier with more vegetation. While most of Cape Verde receives little precipitation throughout the year, the north-eastern slopes of high mountains see significant rainfall with average temperatures ranging from 22 °Celsius or 72 °Fahrenheit in February to 27 °Celsius or 80.6 °Fahrenheit in September.
Culture.
Cape Verdean culture reflects a rich blend of African, Portuguese, and Creole influences. Music is a central part of life, with genres like morna blending African rhythms with European melodies. The nation’s cuisine also mirrors this mix, with dishes like cachupa—a hearty stew of corn, beans, and meat or fish—being a staple.
Religiously, most Cape Verdeans are Roman Catholic, a legacy of Portuguese colonization. However, traces of African traditional beliefs remain, particularly in rural areas, alongside small Protestant communities. Festivals and celebrations often feature a mix of African and Portuguese elements, with music, dance, and religious processions being key components.
Fascinating Facts about Cape Verde
1. A Pirate Haven: During the 16th and 17th centuries, Cape Verde’s strategic location made it a hotspot for pirates and privateers.
2. Water Scarcity: The islands have no permanent rivers. Agriculture and daily use rely on rainfall and desalination, making fresh water a precious resource.
3. Astronomical Observation: Cape Verde’s clear skies are ideal for stargazing, and the islands host international astronomical missions, including space debris tracking.
4. Food-Sharing Culture: It’s considered rude to eat in public without offering to share your food.
5. A Dual Past: Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau were one country until 1980, when they separated into two independent nations.
Kenyan women are renowned for their striking beauty, vibrant personalities, and strong sense of independence. With their rich cultural heritage, Kenyan women embody a blend of traditional and modern influences, making them both unique and fascinating.
Kenyan women are celebrated for their diverse and captivating looks, which vary across the country's 44 ethnic groups. From the tall and graceful Maasai women to the curvaceous and confident women of the Kikuyu tribe, Kenyan beauty is as varied as the landscapes of the country itself. Their skin tones range from deep ebony to lighter shades, often complemented by expressive eyes and natural hairstyles, such as braids and afros. The traditional attire, like the colorful kanga and intricate beadwork, further enhances their beauty, making them stand out wherever they go.
Kenyan women are known for their warm and welcoming nature. They possess a strong sense of community and are deeply rooted in their culture and traditions. Family is of utmost importance, and many Kenyan women play a central role in maintaining family ties and passing down cultural values to the next generation. Despite their traditional roots, Kenyan women are also modern and forward-thinking, often balancing careers, education, and family life with grace and resilience.
One of the most striking qualities of Kenyan women is their independence and unwillingness to submit to outdated gender norms. Kenyan women are increasingly breaking free from traditional roles, pursuing higher education, and thriving in various professional fields. They are entrepreneurs, leaders, and innovators, contributing significantly to the country's economy and social development.
This independence often challenges conventional expectations of submission, especially in a patriarchal society. However, it is this very quality that has earned Kenyan women respect and admiration both within the country and beyond its borders. Their strength and determination have made them key players in the fight for gender equality, advocating for their rights and the rights of future generations.
Copts are a Christian ethno religious group indigenous to North Africa who have primarily inhabited the area of modern Egypt and Sudan since antiquity. They are the largest Christian denomination in Egypt and the Middle East, as well as in Sudan and Libya. Copts in Egypt account for roughly 5–15 percent of the Egyptian population; Copts in Sudan account for 1 percent of the Sudanese population, while Copts in Libya similarly account for 1 percent of the Libyan population.
Could they be direct descendants of ancient Egyptians? Continue watching to find out.
Copts are the descendants of pre-Islamic Egyptians, when Egyptian Muslims later ceased to call themselves by the demonym, the term became the distinctive name of the Christian minority. According to Y-DNA analysis by Hassan et al. (2008), around 45% of Copts in Sudan carry the Haplogroup J. The remainder mainly belong to the E1b1b clade (21%). Both paternal lineages are common among other local Afroasiatic-speaking populations (Beja, Ethiopians, Sudanese Arabs), as well as the Nubians. E1b1b/E3b reaches its highest frequencies among North Africans, Levantine Middle Easterners, and Ethiopid East Africans. The next most common haplogroups borne by Copts in Sudan are the European-linked R1b clade (15%), as well as the archaic African B lineage (15%).
Hollfelder et al. (2017) analysed various populations in Sudan and observed that Sudanese Copts have remained relatively isolated since their arrival to Sudan with only low levels of admixture with local northeastern Sudanese groups. This could mean that Sudanese Copts are genetically closest to the Ancient Egyptians due to the limited admixture with Arabs.
Let’s delve more into the Coptic Language.
Copts have historically spoken the Coptic language, a direct descendant of the Demotic Egyptian that was spoken in late antiquity. The Coptic language is the most recent stage of the Egyptian language. Coptic remained the spoken language of most Egyptians until it was slowly replaced by colloquial Egyptian Arabic in Lower Egypt and Sa'idi Arabic in Upper Egypt by the end of the 17th century, although it may have survived in isolated pockets for a little longer.
Today Coptic is extinct but it is still the liturgical language of the native Egyptian Churches (the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Coptic Catholic Church). It is taught worldwide in many prestigious institutions, but its teaching within Egypt remains limited.
Discrimination.
Religious freedom in Egypt is hampered to varying degrees by discriminatory and restrictive government policies. Coptic Christians, being the largest religious minority in Egypt, are also negatively affected. Copts have faced increasing marginalization after the 1952 coup d'état led by Gamal Abdel Nasser. Until recently, Christians were required to obtain presidential approval for even minor repairs in churches.
The Amazigh, are the indigenous inhabitants of North Africa. They number approximately 30 million and are distributed across several areas of North Africa that is Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, as well as some Saharan regions in Mauritania, Niger, Chad, Mali and Senegal.
Let's talk about their features. While there is no singular "Berber look," we can find certain features like light skin, blue or green eyes, and straight hair among them, especially in the Rif and Kabylie regions. Some other Berber groups of northern Mali, Niger, and Mauritania, such as the Touareg, have bigger fractions of sub-Saharan genetic makeup and hence can look black or mixed. This diversity in phenotype is a testament to the Amazigh's extensive genetic mixing over millennia. Amazigh themselves enclose genetically diverse groups and have a high degree of genetic heterogeneity. It is therefore difficult to assign a single subset of features to Amazigh.
Genetic data from present-day populations suggests that North African ancestry has contributions from four main sources: (i) an autochthonous Maghrebi component related to a back migration to Africa 12,000 years ago from Western Eurasia, these are essentially Neolinthic Anatolian farmers; (ii) a Middle Eastern component probably associated with the Arab conquest; (iii) a sub-Saharan component derived from trans-Saharan migrations; and (iv) a European component that has been linked to recent historic movements.”
The Tuareg Berbers are of the same stock as the (eurasian) North African Berbers. The difference lies in their migration southwards and their increased interactions (trade, marriage, and slave trade) with black Africans who had been living in the Sahara and the Sahel for thousands of years, resulting in a higher concentration of West African components in their DNA.
Here are 10 Surprising facts about the Amazigh that you probably didn’t know.
Research reveals strong genetic affinities between the Somali people of the Horn of Africa and the Amazigh. An average Somali has about 10 to 20 percent Berber DNA.
Did you know that the term Berber was first used centuries ago by foreigners and is a variation of the Greek word barbaros (barbarian)? Interestingly, foreigners used the term to describe anyone who didn't speak Greek! It was never intended to offend—unlike the modern day term that is used to describe an uncivilized group of people. Nowadays, Berbers proudly call themselves amazigh , tamazight or imazighen (plural), meaning ‘free men’ or ‘noble people.’
The Tamazight language's root has an impressive 38 consonants and only 3 vowels! Did you know that Berber languages share similarities with Germanic languages? This is largely due to the fact that the Vandals, a Germanic tribe, ruled North Africa for the better part of one hundred years!
In the years following the spread of Christianity across North Africa, many Berbers lived as Christians and Jews. The Islamic conquest of the 7th century brought with it forced allegiance to Islamic rule, against which the Berbers fought strongly but to which they finally submitted.
The Moroccan population is approximately 40% Berber.
The Egyptian pharaoh Shoshenq I founder of the 22nd Egyptian dynasty was an Amazigh (Berber) who managed to invade ancient Palestine.
They've kept their cuisines for centuries because they're so good. Some traditional recipes even spread across North Africa because of their deliciousness. Some of the main dishes that they have been hanging on to for a very long time include Couscous, Pastillas, Tajines, Bourjeje, and Tahricht.
Traditional Amazighi women commonly tattooed their faces. It's interesting to note that Islamic law prohibits both facial tattoos and tattoos in general. But somehow, in the adoption of Islam by the Amazighi and the development of Amazigh identity, this practice has survived to this day.
While Arabs may be a patriarchal society, Amazighi people are traditionally matriarchal. On the surface, it may appear that the husband or men in general hold the official positions and places of power, but behind closed doors, women have the final say. In some Tuareg groups, like in Mauritania, a woman is free to divorce a man and take away everything. In Algeria, Kahina, a warrior queen, is recognized for leading a successful resistance against Arab invaders.
Some well-known Amazigh people include Zinadine Zidane, a French footballer whose parents are Kabyles from Algeria; Ibn Battuta, a renowned traveler and scholar, was of Berber descent and is known for his extensive journeys throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe during the 14th century; and Tariq Ibn Ziyad, who was a Berber commander, served the Ummayad Empire and conquered the Iberian Peninsula in 711 AD, responsible for spreading Islam and Islamic culture across the region.
The Tongan people, also known as Tongans, are an indigenous Polynesian ethnic group native to the Kingdom of Tonga, an archipelago in the South Pacific. In this video we will talk about their origins, genetic make-up and the million dollar question; Are they actually black?
The history of the Tongans is deeply rooted in Polynesian culture and history, with evidence suggesting their ancestors arrived in the islands around 1500 BCE. The early settlers were part of the Lapita culture, known for their distinct pottery and advanced navigation skills. Over centuries, Tongans developed a complex and hierarchical society, leading to the establishment of the Tongan Empire around the 10th century.The Tongan Empire, which reached its peak in the 13th century, extended its influence over much of Western Polynesia, including parts of Fiji and Samoa. European contact began in the 17th century, notably with Dutch and British explorers. The arrival of missionaries in the 19th century led to significant changes in Tongan society, including the widespread adoption of Christianity.
Today, Tonga, as of the latest estimates, has a population of around 105,000 people, with a significant diaspora in countries like New Zealand, Australia, and the United States. Tonga is made up of around 170 islands, split into five administrative divisions.
Modern genetic analyses, including mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosome studies, show that Tongans have a predominantly Polynesian genetic makeup with traces of Melanesian ancestry.
This reflects their origins and extensive migrations across the Pacific revealing a mixture of East Asian and Melanesian ancestry, consistent with the Austronesian expansion theory. This theory suggests that Polynesians originated from Southeast Asia and migrated through Melanesia before settling in the central Pacific islands.
Phenotype
The phenotype of Tongan people is characterized by several distinct physical features. Tongans typically have a robust and muscular build, Medium to dark brown skin tones, Generally black, thick, and wavy or curly hair, Broad facial structure with high cheekbones and a prominent jawline, above-average height compared to other Pacific island groups, often attributed to a combination of genetic factors and nutritional influences.
Do Tongans actually embrace the black identity?
We Polynesians are technically part black. We started off as voyagers in southeast Asia about 3000 years ago, going down through Melanesia.
Samoans and Tongans, like all Polynesians today, are partially descended from black people, but not black people that you’re thinking of.
We’re simply a bunch of people who sailed from Maritime Southeast Asia who mixed with some old school Melanesians, then spread throughout the eastern Pacific Ocean and that’s it.
No, we aren’t classified as Black people. It even doesn’t make any sense for two simple reasons which are that: One, Internationally speaking, when people use such a concept like Black/White/Asian, the term Black people is used to speak about people of African ancestry such as Black Americans.
Two, We just don’t look black.
I’m Tongan and I’ve never considered myself as a Black person. It doesn’t mean I would be annoyed or ashamed to be seen as black, but I’m a Tongan. A Polynesian.
During the research I was heartbroken to learn that some Tongans are even racist towards the darker skinned Melanesians.
Before I end the video, here are some Interesting Facts About Tongans.
1. Tonga is the only remaining kingdom in the Pacific, with a constitutional monarchy system. The current king is King Tupou VI, who ascended the throne in 2012.
2. Rugby is the national sport of Tonga, and the Tongan national rugby team, known as ‘Ikale Tahi, is renowned worldwide. Many Tongans play professionally in international leagues.
3. Tonga enjoys a tropical climate with a distinct wet and dry season. The islands are prone to cyclones, which can cause significant damage.
4. The traditional Tongan society is hierarchical, with a clear distinction between nobility (hou‘eiki) and commoners (tu‘a).
5. Humpback Whales Travel 3,000 Miles to Breed and Give Birth in Tonga.
6. Tonga is the only Pacific country to not be colonised. In fact, Tongans were into their own form of colonisation during the 10th Century.
7. Tonga is a deeply conservative Christian country. It’s Illegal to Conduct Business, Play Sport or Even Do Chores on a Sunday.
8. Tonga Has a Third Gender Tradition. Tonga has a cultural acceptance of a unique gender identity called “fakaleiti.”
9. Tonga, along with Samoa and Kiribati, are among the first countries to celebrate the New Year and witness the dawn of each new day.
10. Tonga, like many Pacific nations, has one of the fattest populations in the world.
Genetics and Phenotype
The people of Bougainville are primarily of Melanesian descent, characterized by a high degree of genetic diversity due to their long history of settlement and relative isolation. Studies have shown that the population has a significant amount of Denisovan DNA, indicating ancient interbreeding with this archaic human species. Bougainvilleans have one of the highest frequencies of a unique genetic marker, the Denisovan gene than in many other populations, highlighting their unique place in human history. This gene contributes to their distinctive physical characteristics.
One of the great puzzles of Bougainville is why its people are so distinctive in appearance from most other people in the region, particularly why they are so black. Did some Africans somehow move into this area thousands of years ago? In broader comparisons, Bougainville people are, on average, darker as a group than African–Americans. They are in fact blacker than most Africans.
Phenotypically, Bougainvilleans typically have dark skin, curly hair, and robust facial features, which are common traits among Melanesian populations. There is also significant variation within the population though and shockingly it not rare to see jet black Bougainvilleans with blonde hair. The blonde is caused by a mutation in the TYRP1 gene. This gene is involved in the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for hair, skin, and eye color. This mutation is different from the one that causes blonde hair in Europeans.
Are they black?
The identity of Bougainvilleans as a "black" people is both a reflection of their Melanesian heritage and a political statement. During the Bougainville Civil War (1988-1998), the term "black" became a symbol of resistance against perceived exploitation and marginalization by the predominantly lighter-skinned Papua New Guinean government and mining companies. This period of conflict was driven by issues related to land rights, environmental degradation, and demands for greater autonomy. So I believe it is accurate to say that these people, though not African, strongly consider themselves to be black. However it’s important to note that to an ordinary Bougainvillean, tribe holds more significance than the broader racial identity.
Before we end the video, here Ten Surprising Facts about Bougainville People that you probably didn’t know.
1. In a 2019 referendum where 98% of Bougainvilleans voted for independence from Papua New Guinea, is a testament to the strong national identity and desire for self-governance among the people of Bougainville. It is planned that the island will gain full independence from Papua New Guinea in 2027.
2. The indigenous people of Bougainville Island successfully carried out the world’s first "eco-revolution" closing down one of the world’s largest mines, driving away private security and in turn the Papua New Guinea and Australian army using home-made weapons and running vehicles on coconut oil. Bougainville was home to one of the world's largest open-pit copper mines, the Panguna Mine.
3. Bougainville receives some of the highest rainfall in the world, contributing to its lush tropical environment.
4. Traditionally, shell money, made from strings of shells, is used in important transactions, such as paying bride price, compensation, and in rituals.
5. On average Bougainville people tend to be big with broad chests due to good nutrition given the abundance of food on the island.
6. Newcomers to Bougainville are welcomed in an unusual way. With water from a bamboo cane. The feet are washed in what is known as the island baptism.
7. . The island is named after the French explorer Louis Antoine de Bougainville, who visited the island in 1768.
8. Although Bougainville Islanders are fewer than 300000, an astonishing 20 languages are spoken by its inhabitants.
9. Bougainvilleans are known for their strong sense of community and cultural pride. Traditional social structures are based on clan systems, with each clan having its own customs, land, and leadership. These clans are matrilineal, meaning that descent and inheritance are traced through the female line.
The Black people of this world are scattered far and wide. And in discourse about Black cultures they are often overlooked. In today’s video, we look at the Fiji people. The indigenous people of Fiji, commonly referred to as iTaukei, have a rich history dating back approximately 3,500 years. They are believed to be descendants of the Lapita people, a prehistoric Pacific Ocean people who were skilled navigators and potters. The Lapita culture is known for its distinctive pottery and seafaring abilities, which facilitated the spread of their communities across the Pacific islands, including Fiji.
Fiji, officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies about 1,100 nautical miles north-northeast of New Zealand.
Origins
The Fijian people trace their ancestry back to the Melanesian and Polynesian migrations. Melanesians are believed to have arrived in Fiji around 3,500 years ago from the islands of Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Polynesians followed, navigating vast ocean distances to reach Fiji. This mix of Melanesian and Polynesian influences is central to the Fijian identity, shaping their culture, language, and social structures.
Demographics
As of the 2020 census, Fiji has a population of approximately 900,000 people. The population is ethnically diverse, with the indigenous iTaukei making up about 54% of the population. Indo-Fijians, descendants of Indian laborers brought to the islands during the British colonial period, constitute about 38%, and the remaining population includes Rotumans, Europeans, Chinese, and other Pacific Islanders.
Genetic Composition
Genetic studies have provided insights into the complex ancestry of the Fijian people. Research indicates that the genetic makeup of Fijians is primarily a mixture of Melanesian and Polynesian ancestry. A study conducted by Friedlaender et al. (2008) analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosome data, revealing that Fijians share genetic markers with both Melanesian and Polynesian populations.
The genetic landscape of Fiji is further complicated by the arrival of Indo-Fijians, who add South Asian genetic components to the population.
Historical Context
Rainmaking rituals can be traced back to ancient African civilizations. These communities, primarily agrarian, depended heavily on rain for their crops and livestock. The unpredictability of weather patterns often led to periods of drought, which threatened food security and survival. As a response, communities developed intricate rituals to appeal to deities, spirits, and ancestors believed to control the weather.
Cultural Significance
Rainmaking dances are more than mere performances; they are spiritual ceremonies that involve music, chants, and movements designed to communicate with higher powers. These dances are often led by a shaman or a spiritual leader, who is believed to have a special connection with the divine. The shaman's role is crucial as they perform rituals to cleanse the community of any curses or negative energies that might be causing the drought.
The Role of Music and Chants
Music and chants are central to rainmaking dances. Drums, rattles, and other traditional instruments create rhythmic patterns that are believed to resonate with the spirits. The chants often contain words of supplication, praise, and gratitude. The music and chants serve to elevate the spiritual energy of the participants, creating an atmosphere conducive to divine intervention.
Symbolic Movements
The dance movements in rainmaking ceremonies are highly symbolic. They often mimic the actions of rain, such as the falling of raindrops or the gathering of clouds. Dancers may also perform movements that represent planting, growth, and harvest, symbolizing the community’s hopes for a bountiful season. These movements are not random but are carefully choreographed to align with the spiritual and cultural beliefs of the community.
Regional Variations
Different regions in Africa have unique rainmaking dances, each reflecting the local culture, environment, and religious beliefs.
Southern Africa
In Southern Africa, the Venda people of South Africa have a well-known rain dance called the Domba. The Domba dance is performed by young women and is part of an initiation ceremony that symbolizes fertility and the continuation of life. The dance involves a rhythmic stomping of feet and intricate body movements that are believed to attract rain clouds.
Link to part 1 youtu.be/KKH75sDIGVc
Link to part 2 youtu.be/RfRd4CSp7fU
1. Bougainville Islanders
Bougainvilleans are primarily of Papuan descent, with a history dating back thousands of years in the region now known as Papua New Guinea. The Bougainville Islanders exhibit very dark skin and African-like features, attributed to their Melanesian ancestry.
2. Afro-Palestinians
Afro-Palestinians trace their roots to African Muslims who migrated to Jerusalem centuries ago, many as pilgrims, slaves, or soldiers.
They possess mixed African and Arab heritage. They roots are in Nigeria, Sudan, Senegal and Chad. Afro-Palestinians are integrated into Palestinian society but also preserve their unique traditions and heritage.
3. New Hebrides People (Vanuatu)
The New Hebrides, now known as Vanuatu, is home to people with dark skin and African-like features, consistent with Melanesian heritage.
Vanuatuans have a mix of Melanesian and some Polynesian genetic traits.
4. Federated States of Micronesia People
The indigenous people of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) are of Austronesian descent, having settled in the region over 4,000 years ago.
They share genetic similarities with other Pacific Islanders, characterized by a mix of Asian and Oceanic ancestry.
5. Tuvalu People
The Tuvaluan people are Polynesians who settled in Tuvalu around 2,000 years ago, navigating vast ocean distances. 96% of the Tuvaluans are ethnic Polynesians, closely related to the people of Samoa and Tonga.
6. Tongans
Tongans are Polynesians who settled in Tonga over 3,000 years ago, known for their navigational prowess and hierarchical society. Tongans are much lighter than other Polynesians but they still do have Black features, reflective of their Polynesian and Melanesian heritage.
7. Ati Tribe
The Ati are one of the indigenous Negrito groups in the Philippines, believed to be among the archipelago's earliest inhabitants arriving in the Philippines around 30,000 years ago.
8. Afro-Israelis
Afro-Israelis include various groups such as Ethiopian Jews (Beta Israel or Falasha) and Black Hebrew community from the US. Ethiopian Jews trace their origins to ancient Jewish communities in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian Jewish population in Israel is around 150,000.
9. Adivasi
The Adivasi are the indigenous peoples of India, with diverse groups such as the Santhals, Gonds, and Bhils, among others. Adivasi is the collective term for the tribes of the Indian subcontinent, who are claimed to be the indigenous people of India prior to the Dravidians and Indo-Aryans.
10. Ata Tribe
The Ata tribe of the Philippines, one of the indigenous Negrito groups, has distinct phenotypic features such as dark skin, curly hair, and small stature, linking them to ancient African populations.
11. Samoans
Samoans, from the Polynesian islands of Samoa, have a lovely caramel complexion, straight to wavy hair, wide noses, characteristic of Polynesian and Melanesian genetic mixing. However Samoans have less Papuan admixture than the other Polynesian populations.
12. Santa Cruz Islanders.
The inhabitants of the Santa Cruz Islands are primarily Melanesian, with a history of settlement dating back millennia. They possess dark skin and African-like features due to their Melanesian roots. Just like the Broader Solomon islanders we covered in Part 1 of this series, many Santa Cruz islanders have blonde hair especially in their younger years, the only Black people with this feature.
13. East Nusa Tenggara People
The indigenous groups of East Nusa Tenggara display a range of phenotypes, including darker skin and curly hair, due to a mix of Melanesian and Austronesian ancestry. They exhibit a mix of Austronesian and Melanesian genetic markers, contributing to a rich tapestry of cultural practices.
14. Afro-Iranians
Afro-Iranians are descendants of African slaves brought to Iran during the Arab slave trade. They primarily reside in southern Iran, particularly in Hormozgan, Sistan, and Baluchestan provinces.
15. Black Iraqis
Black Iraqis are descendants of the people who came to Iraq from East Africa. Some came as sailors, whereas others came as traders, immigrants, religious scholars, or enslaved people over the course of many centuries, beginning in the 9th century CE. They mainly live in Basra and other southern regions.
16. Lumad
The Lumad are the indigenous peoples of Mindanao in the Philippines, encompassing various ethnic groups with long-standing ties to the land. The Lumad have phenotypic traits such as dark skin and curly hair, suggesting ancient genetic roots.
In this video we look at the Tutsi people , an ethnic group of probable Nilotic and Kushitic origin whose members live within Rwanda and Burundi.
The Tutsi constitute about 9% and 14% of the populations of Rwanda and Burundi respectively. A brief history of the Tutsi. The Tutsi first penetrated the area in the 14th or 15th century, entering from the northeast seeking new rangelands. Though they were skilled warriors, they integrated with the resident Hutu through a slow and largely peaceful Infiltration. The Tutsi established a feudal kind of relationship with the Hutu, gaining their status through possession of cattle and advanced knowledge of warfare. At the head of the Tutsi's complex hierarchical political structure was the Mwami or the king who was considered to be of divine origin.
Tutsi expansion continued until the European colonial period of late 19th century and until then relations between the Hutu and the Tutsi had been fairly amicable. The Hutu and the Tutsi cultures gradually integrated over the centuries and the Tutsi adopted the mutually intelligible Bantu languages of Kinyarwanda and Kirundi.
Many scholars have concluded that the determination of Tutsi was and is mainly an expression of class or caste rather than ethnicity.
Religion wise, the Hutu and the Tutsi adhere essentially to the same religious beliefs which include forms of animism and Christianity. Now one interesting thing about the Tutsis is their above average height. Most of them are about 5 feet 9 inches, although individuals have been recorded as being taller than 7 feet. Under their holy king, Tutsi culture traditionally evolved around administering justice and government.
They were proprietors of cattle, hence their lifestyle afforded them a lot of leisure time which they spent cultivating the high arts of poetry, weaving and music. The most famous traditional dance is Intore, a highly choreographed routine consisting of three components, the ballet performed by the women and the dance of heroes performed by men and the drums.
The shield is an important element of the visually striking costumes worn during the Intore cultural dance ceremony. The dance is very spectacular. In the Tutsi culture, bath is the first rite of passage. In the earlier days when a baby was born, it was kept indoors for at least eight days and that also applied to its mother. The Tutsi do not practice male circumcision.
The cuisine of Rwanda is simple yet unique, with the typical Rwandan diet consisting of sweet potatoes, beans, corn, peas, millet, and fruit. Those people who live near lakes also incorporate fish into their diets, particularly tilapia. Modern-day genetic studies of the Y chromosome generally indicate that the Tutsi, like the Hutu, are largely of Bantu extraction at about 60%. Paterno-genetic influences associated with the Horn of Africa and the North are about 22%, which suggests that the ancestors of the Tutsis in this area may have assimilated some Southern Cushitic-speaking pastoralists. The rest is attributed to Nilo-Saharan regions, and this could explain why many Tutsis are very tall. In general, the Tutsi appear to share close genetic kinship with the neighbouring Bantu populations, particularly the Hutus.
However, it is unclear whether this similarity is primarily due to extensive genetic exchanges between these communities through intermarriage or whether it ultimately stems from common origins.
It is worth noting that Tutsis and Hutus DNA studies show clearly that these peoples are more closely related to each other than to faraway groups.


