An example of a Skinner Box Geert Stienissen 2010-08-19 | An operant conditioning chamber (also known as the Skinner box) is a laboratory apparatus used in the experimental analysis of behavior to study animal behavior.
Clark Doll experiments Geert Stienissen 2012-04-15 | The Kenneth en Mamie Clarks' doll experiments grew out of Mamie Clark's master's degree thesis. They published three major papers between 1939 and 1940 on children's self perception related to race. Their studies found contrasts among African-American children attending segregated schools in Washington, DC versus those in integrated schools in New York. The doll experiment involved a child being presented with two dolls. Both of these dolls were completely identical except for the skin and hair color. One doll was white with yellow hair, while the other was brown with black hair. The child was then asked questions inquiring as to which one is the doll they would play with, which one is the nice doll, which one looks bad, which one has the nicer color, etc. The experiment showed a clear preference for the white doll among all children in the study. These findings exposed internalized racism in African-American children, self-hatred that was more acute among children attending segregated schools. This work suggests that by its very nature, segregation harms children and, by extension, society at large, a suggestion that was exploited in several legal battles.
The original Kuleshov expiriment Geert Stienissen 2011-12-09 | Kuleshov edited together a short film in which a shot of the expressionless face of Tsarist matinee idol Ivan Mozzhukhin was alternated with various other shots (a plate of soup, a girl, a little girl's coffin). The film was shown to an audience who believed that the expression on Mozzhukhin's face was different each time he appeared, depending on whether he was "looking at" the plate of soup, the girl, or the coffin, showing an expression of hunger, desire or grief respectively. Actually the footage of Mozzhukhin was the same shot repeated over and over again. Vsevolod Pudovkin (who later claimed to have been the co-creator of the experiment) described in 1929 how the audience "raved about the acting... the heavy pensiveness of his mood over the forgotten soup, were touched and moved by the deep sorrow with which he looked on the dead child, and noted the lust with which he observed the woman. But we knew that in all three cases the face was exactly the same."
Puzzle box Geert Stienissen 2011-11-29 | Experiment with Thorndike's puzzle box by Belgian students: this particular cat failed to learn.Thorndike was a pioneer not only in behaviorism and in studying learning, but also in using animals in psychology experiments. Thorndike was able to create a theory of learning based on his research with animals. His doctoral dissertation, "Animal Intelligence: An Experimental Study of the Associative Processes in Animals", was the first in psychology where the subjects were nonhumans. Thorndike was interested in whether animals could learn tasks through imitation or observation. To test this, Thorndike created puzzle boxes. The puzzle boxes were approximately 20 inches long, 15 inches wide, and 12 inches tall. Each box had a door that was pulled open by a weight attached to a string that ran over a pulley and was attached to the door. The string attached to the door would lead to a lever or button inside the box. When the animal pressed the bar or pulled the lever the string attached to the door would cause the weight to lift and the door to open. Thorndike's puzzle boxes were arranged so that the animal would be required to perform a certain response (pulling a lever or pushing a button), while he measured the amount of time it took them to escape. Once the animal had performed the desired response they were allowed to escape and were also given a reward, usually food. Thorndike primarily used cats in his puzzle boxes. When the cats were put into the cages they would wander restlessly and meow, but they did not know how to escape.[10] Eventually, the cats would step on the switch on the floor by chance, and the door would open. To see if the cats could learn through observation he had them observe other animals escaping from the box. He would then compare the times of those who got to observe others escaping with those who did not, and found that there was no difference in their rate of learning. Thorndike saw the same results with other animals, and he observed that there was no improvement even when he placed the animals' paws on the correct levers, buttons, or bar. These failures led him to fall back on a trial and error explanation of learning. He found that after accidentally stepping on the switch once, they would press the switch faster in each succeeding trial inside the puzzle box. By observing and recording the animals' escapes and escape times, Thorndike was able to graph the times it took for the animals in each trial to escape, which eventually resulted in a learning curve. In Thorndike's learning curve the animals had difficulty escaping at first, but eventually "caught on" and escaped faster and faster with each successive puzzle box trial, until they eventually leveled off. The quickened rate of escape results in the s-shape of the learning curve. The learning curve also suggested that different species learned in the same way but at different speeds. From his research with puzzle boxes, Thorndike was able to create his own theory of learning.
The Wave (part 2) Geert Stienissen 2011-11-04 | The Wave, is a short made-for-TV movie directed by Alexander Grasshoff, based on Ron Jones' The Third Wave experiment (from 1967). Though more prominently featured as an episode of the ABC Afterschool Special series, this show debuted October 4, 1981, almost two years before being featured in the Afterschool Special series.
The Wave 1981 (part 1) Geert Stienissen 2011-11-04 | The Wave, is a short made-for-TV movie directed by Alexander Grasshoff, based on Ron Jones' The Third Wave experiment (from 1967). Though more prominently featured as an episode of the ABC Afterschool Special series, this show debuted October 4, 1981, almost two years before being featured in the Afterschool Special series.
How most evil comes from hierarchy (Zimbardo) Geert Stienissen 2011-11-04 | Lecture by Philip Zimbardo, social psychologist
Documentary on Carl Gustav Jung (Part 1 of 2) Geert Stienissen 2011-10-23 | Carl Gustav Jung (26 July 1875 -- 6 June 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist, an influential thinker and the founder of Analytical Psychology. Jung is considered the first modern psychiatrist to view the human psyche as "by nature religious" and make it the focus of exploration. Many psychological concepts were originally proposed by Jung, including the Archetype, the Collective Unconscious, the Complex, and synchronicity. A popular psychometric instrument, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), has been principally developed from Jung's theories.
Documentary on Carl Gustav Jung (Part. 2 of 2) Geert Stienissen 2011-10-23 | Carl Gustav Jung (26 July 1875 -- 6 June 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist, an influential thinker and the founder of Analytical Psychology. Jung is considered the first modern psychiatrist to view the human psyche as "by nature religious" and make it the focus of exploration. Many psychological concepts were originally proposed by Jung, including the Archetype, the Collective Unconscious, the Complex, and synchronicity. A popular psychometric instrument, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), has been principally developed from Jung's theories.
Documentary on Sigmund Freud (Part 1 of 3) Geert Stienissen 2011-10-22 | Sigmund Freud (6 May 1856 -- 23 September 1939), was an Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis. Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the mechanism of repression, and for creating the clinical method of psychoanalysis for investigating the mind and treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient (or "analysand") and a psychoanalyst.
Documentary on Sigmund Freud (Part 2 of 3) Geert Stienissen 2011-10-22 | Sigmund Freud postulated that sexual drives were the primary motivational forces of human life, developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association, discovered the phenomenon of transference in the therapeutic relationship and established its central role in the analytic process; he interpreted dreams as sources of insight into unconscious desires. He was an early neurological researcher into cerebral palsy, aphasia and microscopic neuroanatomy, and a prolific essayist, drawing on psychoanalysis to contribute to the history, interpretation and critique of culture.
Documentary on Sigmund Freud (part 3 of 3) Geert Stienissen 2011-10-22 | Sigmund Freud (6 May 1856 -- 23 September 1939), was an Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis. Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the mechanism of repression, and for creating the clinical method of psychoanalysis for investigating the mind and treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient (or "analysand") and a psychoanalyst.
Oedipus complex (Freud) Geert Stienissen 2011-10-22 | In psychoanalytic theory, the term Oedipus complex denotes the emotions and ideas that the mind keeps in the unconscious, via dynamic repression, that concentrate upon a boy's desire to sexually possess his mother, and kill his father. Sigmund Freud, who coined the term "Oedipus complex", believed that the Oedipus complex is a desire for the mother in both sexes (he believed that girls have a homosexual crush for their mother).
Documentary about the Stanford Prison Experiment Geert Stienissen 2011-10-13 | Stanford Prison Experiment explained.
Rorschach Inkblot Test Geert Stienissen 2011-10-10 | The Rorschach test is a psychological test in which subjects' perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analyzed using psychological interpretation, complex algorithms, or both. Some psychologists use this test to examine a person's personality characteristics and emotional functioning. It has been employed to detect underlying thought disorder, especially in cases where patients are reluctant to describe their thinking processes openly. The test is named after its creator, Swiss psychologist Hermann Rorschach.
Konrad Lorenz -Imprinting Geert Stienissen 2011-10-09 | Imprinting is the term used in psychology and ethology to describe any kind of phase-sensitive learning (learning occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage) that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behavior. It was first used to describe situations in which an animal or person learns the characteristics of some stimulus, which is therefore said to be "imprinted" onto the subject. Imprinting is hypothesized to have a critical period.
Theories of attachment in young children from a fathers point of view Geert Stienissen 2011-10-09 | Theories of attachment in young children from a father's point of view
Example the bystander effect Geert Stienissen 2011-10-08 | The bystander effect is a social psychological phenomenon that refers to cases where individuals do not offer any means of help in an emergency situation to the victim when other people are present. The probability of help has in the past been thought to be inversely related to the number of bystanders; in other words, the greater the number of bystanders, the less likely it is that any one of them will help. The mere presence of other bystanders greatly decreases intervention. This happens because as the number of bystanders increases, any given bystander is less likely to notice the incident, less likely to interpret the incident as a problem, and less likely to assume responsibility for taking action.
Leugendetector Geert Stienissen 2011-04-04 | Een leugendetector bestaat zelfs niet. De polygraaf meet de belangrijkste lichaamsfuncties, zoals de hartslag, bloeddruk en zweetproductie. Dat wordt dan in een grafiek gegoten, maar alles hangt af van de persoon die de grafiek interpreteert. Het is geen wondermachine waarop je blindelings mag vertrouwen. Het gaat om de interpretatie ervan.
Piaget - Stage 4 - Formal - Deductive Reasoning Geert Stienissen 2011-03-17 | Formal operational stage: from age 11-12 onwards (development of abstract reasoning). Children develop abstract thought and can easily conserve and think logically in their mind.
Piaget - Stage 3 - Concrete - Reversibility Geert Stienissen 2011-03-17 | Concrete operational stage: from ages 7 to 12 (children begin to think logically but are very concrete in their thinking). Children can now conserve and think logically but only with practical aids. They are no longer egocentric.
Piaget - Stage 2 - Preoperational - Lack of Conservation Geert Stienissen 2011-03-17 | Preoperational stage: from ages 2 to 7 (magical thinking predominates. Acquisition of motor skills). Egocentrism begins strongly and then weakens. Children cannot conserve or use logical thinking.
Piaget - Stage 1 - Sensorimotor stage : Object Permanence Geert Stienissen 2011-03-17 | Sensorimotor stage: from birth to age 2. Children experience the world through movement and senses (use five senses to explore the world). During the sensorimotor stage children are extremely egocentric, meaning they cannot perceive the world from others' viewpoints.
Rouge test (self-recognition test) Geert Stienissen 2011-03-14 | The rouge test is a self-recognition test that identifies a human child's ability to recognize a reflection in a mirror as his or her own. Using rouge makeup, an experimenter surreptitiously places a dot on the nose and/or face of the child. The child is then placed in front of a mirror and their reactions are monitored; depending on the child's development, distinct categories of responses are demonstrated. This test is widely cited as the primary measure for mirror self-recognition.
Sally Anne Test Geert Stienissen 2011-02-24 | The Sally--Anne test is a psychological test with dolls, used in developmental psychology to measure a person's social cognitive ability to attribute false beliefs to others. The experimenter uses two dolls, "Sally" and "Anne". Sally has a basket; Anne has a box. Experimenters show their subjects (usually children) a simple skit, in which Sally puts a marble in her basket and then leaves the scene. While Sally is away and cannot watch, Anne takes the marble out of Sally's basket and puts it into her box. Sally then returns and the children are asked where they think she will look for her marble. Children are said to "pass" the test if they understand that Sally will most likely look inside her basket before realizing that her marble isn't there. Autistic children face problems reading into the situation.
Kuleshov effect Geert Stienissen 2011-02-09 | Facial expressions and the importance of context. Kuleshov edited together a short film in which a shot of the expressionless face of Tsarist matinee idol Ivan Mozzhukhin was alternated with various other shots (a plate of soup, a girl, a little girl's coffin). The film was shown to an audience who believed that the expression on Mozzhukhin's face was different each time he appeared, depending on whether he was "looking at" the plate of soup, the girl, or the coffin, showing an expression of hunger, desire or grief respectively. Actually the footage of Mozzhukhin was the same shot repeated over and over again.
Facial Expressions Geert Stienissen 2011-01-30 | A facial expression results from one or more motions or positions of the muscles of the face. These movements convey the emotional state of the individual to observers. Facial expressions are a form of nonverbal communication. Facial expressions of emotion are not culturally determined, but universal across human cultures. This research by David Matsumoto examens facial expressions of blind and sighted athletes at the 2004 Olympic and Paralympic games.
Operant cond Skinnerbox - behaviorisme.wmv Geert Stienissen 2010-09-15 | Operante conditionering: Skinnerbox (mens & gedrag)
Amazing Animated Optical Illusions Geert Stienissen 2010-09-15 | Amazing Animated Optical Illusions (also called visual illusions).
Milgram Experiment revisited (Derren Brown) Geert Stienissen 2010-08-20 | Derren Brown reproduces the Milgram experiment on the episode, "The Heist." In this episode, Derren Brown subconciously influences middle management business men and women with no previous criminal record to pull an armed robbery without ever directly mentioning the idea to them.
Bobo Doll experiment (Bandura) Geert Stienissen 2010-08-20 | The Bobo doll experiment was conducted by Albert Bandura in 1961 and studied patterns of behaviour associated with aggression. Bandura hoped that the experiment would prove that aggression can be explained, at least in part, by social learning theory. The theory of social learning would state that behaviour such as aggression is learned through observing and imitating others. The experiment is important because it sparked many more studies about the effects that viewing violence had on children.
Puzzle box (Thorndike) Geert Stienissen 2010-08-19 | The puzzle box is the laboratory device that Edward L. Thorndike invented in order to study instrumental or operant conditioning in cats. Hungry cats were individually placed into a box that could be opened by the animal via a device such as a latch. Once outside of the box, the cats gained access to food (a positive reinforcer). Thorndike found that the cats took less and less time to get out of the box the more trials of training had been given. He referred to this reinforcement of latch opening as documenting the Law of Effect.
Little Albert Experiment (Watson) Geert Stienissen 2010-08-19 | The Little Albert experiment was an experiment showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans (9 month old baby). This study was also an example of stimulus generalization. It was conducted in 1920 by John B. Watson along with his assistant Rosalie Rayner. The study was done at Johns Hopkins University.
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) Geert Stienissen 2010-08-19 | Classical conditioning (also respondent conditioning, Pavlovian reinforcement) is a form of associative learning that was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov (1927). The psychological experiment is famous for Pavlov's dog.
Student version of bobo doll experiment (Bandura) Geert Stienissen 2010-08-19 | The Bobo doll experiment was conducted by Albert Bandura in 1961 and studied patterns of behaviour associated with aggression. This is a student's interpretation of the famous experiment.
Insight learning: Pigeon Solves the Classic Box-and-Banana Problem Geert Stienissen 2010-08-19 | Insight learning: Pigeon Solves the Classic Box-and-Banana Problem (Wolfgang Köhler, aha-erlebnis - aha experience).
Stanford Prison Experiment (Zimbardo) Geert Stienissen 2010-08-19 | The Stanford prison experiment was a study of the psychological effects of becoming a prisoner or prison guard under supervision of Philip Zimbardo (1971).
Insight learning: Chimpanzee Problem Solving Geert Stienissen 2010-08-19 | Insight learning. Experiment much like the one's conducted by Wolfgang Köhler (Mentality of the Apes). The apes experience insight (aha experience or aha-erlebnis).
Bystander effect: The Case Of Kitty Genovese Geert Stienissen 2010-08-19 | Origins of the Bystander effect. Also known as Genovese syndrom. This case prompted research by Latané & Darley. Famous in psychology and social sciences.
