These Sea Slugs EAT SUNLIGHT and RIP THEIR OWN HEADS OFF 🤘🔥🤘 | Alien Ocean @OctopusLady

The Octopus Lady Check out my Patreon: patreon.com/theoctopuslady
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And please donate to the Aloha Response Team and Hungry Heroes Hawaii, if you can!: gofundme.com/f/HHH-FIRE-RESPONSE
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And check out my other videos:
✩ How Researching Siphonophores Almost Made Me Have A Nervous Breakdown: youtube.com/watch?v=ipDpbYQdFEA
✩The Mystery of the Bloop Has Been SOLVED: youtube.com/watch?v=nNjA4snOxuI
✩ These Strange Triangles Can Make You Lose Your Mind: youtube.com/watch?v=QdUpQf957lI
✩ How the Mantis Shrimp Can Punch Through Glass: youtube.com/watch?v=C_bBFomNwQA
✩ Are Clownfish Part of the Trans Agenda?!?!: youtube.com/watch?v=z9vQcWE7zRs
✩ How One of the Oldest Animals in the World Constantly Rearranges Their Insides: youtube.com/watch?v=85nki-YAGgQ

Creative consulting by Friscoborn
Writing, Direction, Editing, and All Original Content by The Octopus Lady

Music provided by tunetank.com
5am by danyvin: tunetank.com/tracks/3743-5-am

Photo Credits: docs.google.com/document/d/1VTfAChR8c_F9kklIJ09NtESJsr5WcIcOErYlIlO7Eoo/edit

Sources:
Sigovini, M., Keppel, E., & Tagliapietra, D. (2016). Open Nomenclature in the biodiversity era. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 7(10), 1217-1225.

Mitoh, S., & Yusa, Y. (2021). Extreme autotomy and whole-body regeneration in photosynthetic sea slugs. Current Biology, 31(5), R233-R234.

Pierce, S. K., & Curtis, N. E. (2012). Cell biology of the chloroplast symbiosis in sacoglossan sea slugs. International review of cell and molecular biology, 293, 123-148.

Jensen, K. R. (2007). Biogeography of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia). Bonner Zoologische Beiträge, 55(3/4), 255-281.

Keen, A.M., & Smith, A.G. (1961). West American Species of the Bivalved Gastropod Genus Berthelinia. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. 30(2), 47-66.

Jensen, K. R. (1997). Evolution of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia) and the ecological associations with their food plants. Evolutionary Ecology, 11(3), 301-335.

Händeler, K., Grzymbowski, Y. P., Krug, P. J., & Wägele, H. (2009). Functional chloroplasts in metazoan cells-a unique evolutionary strategy in animal life. Frontiers in Zoology, 6, 1-18.

McLean, N. (1976). Phagocytosis of chloroplasts in Placida dendritica (Gastropoda: Sacoglossa). Journal of Experimental Zoology, 197(3), 321-329.

Clark, K. B., Jensen, K. R., Stirts, H. M., & Fermin, C. (1981). Chloroplast symbiosis in a non-elysiid mollusc, Costasiella lilianae Marcus (Hermaeidae: Ascoglossa (= Sacoglossa): effects of temperature, light intensity, and starvation on carbon fixation rate. The Biological Bulletin, 160(1), 43-54.

Yonow, N. (2015). Sea slugs: unexpected biodiversity and distribution. The Red Sea: The formation, morphology, oceanography and environment of a young ocean basin, 531-550.

De Vries, J., Habicht, J., Woehle, C., Huang, C., Christa, G., Wägele, H., ... & Gould, S. B. (2013). Is ftsH the key to plastid longevity in sacoglossan slugs?. Genome Biology and Evolution, 5(12), 2540-2548.

Rumpho, M. E., Worful, J. M., Lee, J., Kannan, K., Tyler, M. S., Bhattacharya, D., ... & Manhart, J. R. (2008). Horizontal gene transfer of the algal nuclear gene psbO to the photosynthetic sea slug Elysia chlorotica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(46), 17867-17871.

Wägele, H., Deusch, O., Händeler, K., Martin, R., Schmitt, V., Christa, G., ... & Martin, W. (2011). Transcriptomic evidence that longevity of acquired plastids in the photosynthetic slugs Elysia timida and Plakobranchus ocellatus does not entail lateral transfer of algal nuclear genes. Molecular biology and evolution, 28(1), 699-706.

Bhattacharya, D., Pelletreau, K. N., Price, D. C., Sarver, K. E., & Rumpho, M. E. (2013). Genome analysis of Elysia chlorotica egg DNA provides no evidence for horizontal gene transfer into the germ line of this kleptoplastic mollusc. Molecular biology and evolution, 30(8), 1843-1852.

Christa, G., Gould, S. B., Franken, J., Vleugels, M., Karmeinski, D., Händeler, K., ... & Wägele, H. (2014). Functional kleptoplasty in a limapontioidean genus: phylogeny, food preferences and photosynthesis in Costasiella, with a focus on C. ocellifera (Gastropoda: Sacoglossa). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 80(5), 499-507.

Seifert, A. W., Kiama, S. G., Seifert, M. G., Goheen, J. R., Palmer, T. M., & Maden, M. (2012). Skin shedding and tissue regeneration in African spiny mice (Acomys). Nature, 489(7417), 561-565.

updated 3 years ago

These Sea Slugs EAT SUNLIGHT and RIP THEIR OWN HEADS OFF 🤘🔥🤘 | Alien Ocean

The Octopus Lady 2023-08-26 | Check out my Patreon: patreon.com/theoctopuslady
And my Twitter: twitter.com/theoctopuslady

And please donate to the Aloha Response Team and Hungry Heroes Hawaii, if you can!: gofundme.com/f/HHH-FIRE-RESPONSE
hungryheroeshawaii.com

And check out my other videos:
✩ How Researching Siphonophores Almost Made Me Have A Nervous Breakdown: youtube.com/watch?v=ipDpbYQdFEA
✩The Mystery of the Bloop Has Been SOLVED: youtube.com/watch?v=nNjA4snOxuI
✩ These Strange Triangles Can Make You Lose Your Mind: youtube.com/watch?v=QdUpQf957lI
✩ How the Mantis Shrimp Can Punch Through Glass: youtube.com/watch?v=C_bBFomNwQA
✩ Are Clownfish Part of the Trans Agenda?!?!: youtube.com/watch?v=z9vQcWE7zRs
✩ How One of the Oldest Animals in the World Constantly Rearranges Their Insides: youtube.com/watch?v=85nki-YAGgQ

Creative consulting by Friscoborn
Writing, Direction, Editing, and All Original Content by The Octopus Lady

Music provided by tunetank.com
5am by danyvin: tunetank.com/tracks/3743-5-am

Photo Credits: docs.google.com/document/d/1VTfAChR8c_F9kklIJ09NtESJsr5WcIcOErYlIlO7Eoo/edit

Sources:
Sigovini, M., Keppel, E., & Tagliapietra, D. (2016). Open Nomenclature in the biodiversity era. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 7(10), 1217-1225.

Mitoh, S., & Yusa, Y. (2021). Extreme autotomy and whole-body regeneration in photosynthetic sea slugs. Current Biology, 31(5), R233-R234.

Pierce, S. K., & Curtis, N. E. (2012). Cell biology of the chloroplast symbiosis in sacoglossan sea slugs. International review of cell and molecular biology, 293, 123-148.

Jensen, K. R. (2007). Biogeography of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia). Bonner Zoologische Beiträge, 55(3/4), 255-281.

Keen, A.M., & Smith, A.G. (1961). West American Species of the Bivalved Gastropod Genus Berthelinia. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. 30(2), 47-66.

Jensen, K. R. (1997). Evolution of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia) and the ecological associations with their food plants. Evolutionary Ecology, 11(3), 301-335.

Händeler, K., Grzymbowski, Y. P., Krug, P. J., & Wägele, H. (2009). Functional chloroplasts in metazoan cells-a unique evolutionary strategy in animal life. Frontiers in Zoology, 6, 1-18.

McLean, N. (1976). Phagocytosis of chloroplasts in Placida dendritica (Gastropoda: Sacoglossa). Journal of Experimental Zoology, 197(3), 321-329.

Clark, K. B., Jensen, K. R., Stirts, H. M., & Fermin, C. (1981). Chloroplast symbiosis in a non-elysiid mollusc, Costasiella lilianae Marcus (Hermaeidae: Ascoglossa (= Sacoglossa): effects of temperature, light intensity, and starvation on carbon fixation rate. The Biological Bulletin, 160(1), 43-54.

Yonow, N. (2015). Sea slugs: unexpected biodiversity and distribution. The Red Sea: The formation, morphology, oceanography and environment of a young ocean basin, 531-550.

De Vries, J., Habicht, J., Woehle, C., Huang, C., Christa, G., Wägele, H., ... & Gould, S. B. (2013). Is ftsH the key to plastid longevity in sacoglossan slugs?. Genome Biology and Evolution, 5(12), 2540-2548.

Rumpho, M. E., Worful, J. M., Lee, J., Kannan, K., Tyler, M. S., Bhattacharya, D., ... & Manhart, J. R. (2008). Horizontal gene transfer of the algal nuclear gene psbO to the photosynthetic sea slug Elysia chlorotica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(46), 17867-17871.

Wägele, H., Deusch, O., Händeler, K., Martin, R., Schmitt, V., Christa, G., ... & Martin, W. (2011). Transcriptomic evidence that longevity of acquired plastids in the photosynthetic slugs Elysia timida and Plakobranchus ocellatus does not entail lateral transfer of algal nuclear genes. Molecular biology and evolution, 28(1), 699-706.

Bhattacharya, D., Pelletreau, K. N., Price, D. C., Sarver, K. E., & Rumpho, M. E. (2013). Genome analysis of Elysia chlorotica egg DNA provides no evidence for horizontal gene transfer into the germ line of this kleptoplastic mollusc. Molecular biology and evolution, 30(8), 1843-1852.

Christa, G., Gould, S. B., Franken, J., Vleugels, M., Karmeinski, D., Händeler, K., ... & Wägele, H. (2014). Functional kleptoplasty in a limapontioidean genus: phylogeny, food preferences and photosynthesis in Costasiella, with a focus on C. ocellifera (Gastropoda: Sacoglossa). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 80(5), 499-507.

Seifert, A. W., Kiama, S. G., Seifert, M. G., Goheen, J. R., Palmer, T. M., & Maden, M. (2012). Skin shedding and tissue regeneration in African spiny mice (Acomys). Nature, 489(7417), 561-565.

Why Researching Parrotfish Almost Drove Me to Madness

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PHOTO CREDITS: docs.google.com/document/d/1CH3DlAkhOv83BCe6oJsGPuxadF4W4gdagCrhexYnfbk/edit?usp=sharing

Select imagery/video supplied by Getty Images
Music provided by Adobe Stock

Sources:

Byrne, J. E. (1970). Mucous envelope formation in two species of Hawaiian parrotfishes (Genus Scarus).

Ghiselin, M. T. (1969). The evolution of hermaphroditism among animals. The Quarterly review of biology, 44(2), 189-208.

Grutter, A. S., Rumney, J. G., Sinclair-Taylor, T., Waldie, P., & Franklin, C. E. (2011). Fish mucous cocoons: the ‘mosquito nets’ of the sea. Biology Letters, 7(2), 292-294.

Hodge, J. R., Santini, F., & Wainwright, P. C. (2020). Correlated evolution of sex allocation and mating system in wrasses and parrotfishes. The American Naturalist, 196(1), 57-73. . DOI: doi.org/10.1086/708764

Hoey, A. S. (2018). Feeding in parrotfishes: The influence of species, body size, and temperature. In Biology of parrotfishes (pp. 119-133). CRC Press.

Mallela, J., & Fox, R. J. (2018). The role of parrotfishes in the destruction and construction of coral reefs. In Biology of parrotfishes (pp. 161-196). CRC Press.

Manzello, D. P., Kleypas, J. A., Budd, D. A., Eakin, C. M., Glynn, P. W., & Langdon, C. (2008). Poorly cemented coral reefs of the eastern tropical Pacific: Possible insights into reef development in a high-CO2 world. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(30), 10450-10455.

Mumby, P. J. (2009). Herbivory versus corallivory: are parrotfish good or bad for Caribbean coral reefs?. Coral Reefs, 28(3), 683-690.

Munoz, R. C., & Warner, R. R. (2003). A new version of the size-advantage hypothesis for sex change: incorporating sperm competition and size-fecundity skew. The American Naturalist, 161(5), 749-761.

Munoz, R. C., & Warner, R. R. (2004). Testing a new version of the size-advantage hypothesis for sex change: sperm competition and size-skew effects in the bucktooth parrotfish, Sparisoma radians. Behavioral Ecology, 15(1), 129-136.

Robertson, D. R., & Warner, R. R. (1978). Sexual patterns in the labroid fishes of the Western Caribbean, II, the parrotfishes (Scaridae).

Taylor, B. M., Trip, E. D., & Choat, J. H. (2018). Dynamic demography: Investigations of life-history variation in the parrotfishes. In Biology of parrotfishes (pp. 69-98). CRC Press.

Thresher, R. E. (1984). Reproduction in reef fishes. T.F.H. Publication.

Wainwright, P. C., & Price, S. A. (2018). Innovation and diversity of the feeding mechanism in parrotfishes. In Biology of parrotfishes (pp. 26-41). CRC Press.

Winn, H. E. (1955). Formation of a mucous envelope at night by parrot fishes. Zoologica : Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society., 40(14), 145–148.

Winn, H. E., & Bardach, J. E. (1959). Differential food selection by moray eels and a possible role of the mucous envelope of parrot fishes in reduction of predation. Ecology, 40(2), 296-298.

This Fish Has Murdered People

The Octopus Lady 2026-02-02 | Get Nebula using my link for 40% off an annual subscription: go.nebula.tv/theoctopuslady
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PHOTO CREDITS: docs.google.com/document/d/1VdG31NKYfnxCsn4ntKslt6xyqczR7FLbGOoWLwP3riE/edit?tab=t.0

Select imagery/video supplied by Getty Images
Music provided by Adobe Stock

Sources:
Astakhov, D. A. (2023). Hunting of the Reef Needlefish Strongylura incisa (Belonidae) for Small Schooling Pelagic Fishes on Shallow Lagoonal Reefs of Innafushi Mini-Atoll (Indian Ocean, Maldives, Ari Atoll). Journal of Ichthyology, 63(4), 843-847.

Barss, P. G. (1982). Injuries caused by garfish in Papua New Guinea. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 284(6309), 77-79.

Day, R. D., Mueller, F., Carseldine, L., Meyers‐Cherry, N., & Tibbetts, I. R. (2016). Ballistic Beloniformes attacking through Snell's window. Journal of Fish Biology, 88(2), 727-734.

Ebner, Y., Golani, D., Ophir, D., & Finkelstein, Y. (2009). Penetrating injury of the maxilla by needlefish jaws. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, 37(4), 235-238.

Gaudant, J., Caulet, J. P., Di Geronimo, I., Di Stefano, A., Fourtanier, E., Romeo, M., & Vénec-Peyré, M. T. (1996). Analyse séquentielle d'un nouveau gisement de poissons fossiles du Messinien marin diatomitique: Masseria il Salto près de Caltagirone (Province de Catane, Sicile). Géologie méditerranéenne, 23(2), 117-153.

Gonçalves, L. F., Alves Martins, I., & Haddad Junior, V. (2020). Needlefish injury in a surfer: a risk to those practicing water sports. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 31(3), 376-378.

Helfman, G. S., Collette, B. B. & Facey, D. E. (1997). The Diversity of Fishes. Malden ,MA: Blackwell Science.

Link, K. W., Counselman, F. L., Steele, J., & Caughey, M. (1999). A new hazard for windsurfers: needlefish impalement. The Journal of emergency medicine, 17(2), 255-259.

McCabe, M. J., Hammon, W. M., Halstead, B. W., & Newton, T. H. (1978). A fatal brain injury caused by a needlefish. Neuroradiology, 15(3), 137-139.

Myers, G. S. (1950). Flying of the halfbeak, Euleptorhamphus. Copeia, 1950(4), 320-320.

Porter, H. T., & Motta, P. J. (2004). A comparison of strike and prey capture kinematics of three species of piscivorous fishes: Florida gar (Lepisosteus platyrhincus), redfin needlefish (Strongylura notata), and great barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda). Marine Biology, 145(5), 989-1000.

Schaeffer, J. (2012). Needlefish. Fisheries, 37(11), 515-515.

WoRMS Editorial Board (2026). World Register of Marine Species. Available from marinespecies.org at VLIZ. Accessed 2025-08-15. doi:10.14284/170

TierZoos Mollusk Video is a HATE CRIME

The Octopus Lady 2025-07-24 | Get Nebula using my link for 40% off an annual subscription: nebula.tv/theoctopuslady
Watch TierZoo's Let's Play Outside - Mantidfly: nebula.tv/videos/tierzoo-lets-play-outside-mantidfly?ref=theoctopuslady

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Come watch me talk about pufferfish!
youtube.com/watch?v=s-iuENcZ-2Q
youtube.com/watch?v=dgInakXpWmc

Thanks again to my fellow creators who helped make this video possible:
TierZoo: @TierZoo
Go check out his Mollusk Tier List video here: youtube.com/watch?v=nC9dU_oXANo
12tone: @12tone
Matthew Krol (Extra History/Credits): @extrahistory @extracredits
ChemThug: @ChemThug
Nando v Movies: @NandovMovies
CinemaWins: @CinemaWins

Music provided by Storyblocks

PHOTO CREDITS:
dwdaniels - inaturalist.org/photos/97231974
Shinto K Anto - inaturalist.org/photos/152623059
Callum Evans - inaturalist.org/photos/100379394
Mark Stiebel - inaturalist.org/photos/401954671
Justin T. Williams - inaturalist.org/photos/47800158
Sara Thiebaud - inaturalist.org/photos/267625387
Sara Thiebaud - inaturalist.org/photos/267625375
Select imagery/video supplied by Getty Images

VIDEO CREDITS:
The Octopus Show - archive.org/details/TheOctopusShow
youtube.com/watch?v=LU8DDYz68kM
youtube.com/watch?v=pxuBwfNp2wk
youtube.com/watch?v=XGgFH3kcRhU

Sources:
Denton, E. J., & Gilpin-Brown, J. B. (1966). On the buoyancy of the pearly Nautilus. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 46(3), 723-759.

Finn, J. K., Tregenza, T., & Norman, M. D. (2009). Defensive tool use in a coconut-carrying octopus. Current biology, 19(23), R1069-R1070.

Fulton-Bennett, K. (2020, March 23). Deciphering the visual language of Humboldt Squid . MBARI. mbari.org/news/deciphering-the-visual-language-of-humboldt-squid

Huffard, C. L. (2006). Locomotion by Abdopus aculeatus (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae): walking the line between primary and secondary defenses. Journal of experimental biology, 209(19), 3697-3707.

Neil, T. R., & Askew, G. N. (2018). Swimming mechanics and propulsive efficiency in the chambered nautilus. Royal Society Open Science, 5(2), 170467.

Schulz, J. R., Jan, I., Sangha, G., & Azizi, E. (2019). The high speed radular prey strike of a fish-hunting cone snail. Current Biology, 29(16), R788-R789.

Shumaker, R. W., Walkup, K. R., & Beck, B. B. (2011). Animal tool behavior: The use and manufacture of tools by animals. Johns Hopkins University Press.

Ward, P. D., & Chamberlain, J. (1983). Radiographic observation of chamber formation in Nautilus pompilius. Nature, 304(5921), 57-59.

Whitelaw, B. L., Cooke, I. R., Finn, J., Zenger, K., & Strugnell, J. M. (2019). The evolution and origin of tetrodotoxin acquisition in the blue-ringed octopus (genus Hapalochlaena). Aquatic toxicology, 206, 114-122.

Wikimedia Foundation. (2025, May 24). Nautilus. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus

The Bizarrely Violent World of Clam Smuggling

The Octopus Lady 2025-05-09 | Get Nebula using my link for 40% off an annual subscription: nebula.tv/theoctopuslady
Watch Joe Scott's Mysteries of the Human Body - 6 Weird Diseases That Leave Scientists Scratching Their Heads: nebula.tv/videos/joe-scott-mysteries-6-weird-diseases-that-leave-scientists-scratching-their-heads?ref=theoctopuslady

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Thanks again to Curious Archive for reading the Shell Games excerpts! Go check him out! @CuriousArchive

Donate to Salmon Defense here! salmondefense.org/donate

Music provided by Storyblocks

PHOTO CREDITS:
Michael Roiland - inaturalist.org/photos/44756201
Siena McKim - inaturalist.org/photos/120334705
dwdaniels - inaturalist.org/photos/80379219
Select imagery/video supplied by Getty Images
Other imagery/video supplied by Shutterstock

Sources:
Welch, Craig. (2010). Shell Games (1st ed.). HarperCollins.
BUY A COPY HERE: harpercollins.com/products/shell-games-craig-welch?variant=32207612280866 (I know the cover looks different from the one in my video, but it's the same book!)
st̓əč̓as (Steh-Chass): People of the Water - storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/38fad2d55790451891c8061b72391da3
The Tribes of Washington - washingtontribes.org/the-tribes-of-washington
Burke Museum - burkemuseum.org/collections-and-research/culture/contemporary-culture/coast-salish-art/coast-salish-art-style
The Squaxin Island Tribe - squaxinisland.org
Northwest Treaty Tribes - nwtreatytribes.org/member-tribes
st̓əč̓as (Steh-Chass): People of the Water - storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/38fad2d55790451891c8061b72391da3
Indigenous History Now - The Civil Rights Struggle of the Pacific Northwest—The Fish Wars: youtube.com/watch?v=9U5zTalWaxs
Back to the River (2013): youtube.com/watch?v=xzWfuWNuRT0
As Long As the Rivers Run (1971): youtu.be/lN46NWkEFow

All other sources can be found here: docs.google.com/document/d/1rGF_1e1HAG4ifDZ2nRpReDyPCGPS6VPldbjPM-jDxpQ/edit?tab=t.0
There wasn't enough space to fit them all in the description!

FLASHING LIGHT WARNING AT 02:42 - 02:45, 06:30 - 06:37, 18:04 - 18:17

Uh, Why Do Geoduck Clams Look Like...THAT?

The Octopus Lady 2025-03-22 | Get Nebula using my link for 40% off an annual subscription: nebula.tv/theoctopuslady
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Animation by
Mikaila Blackburn
Adam Lubanski
at Nebula Studios

uwu Bacterium by Toxo at @phylumchannel

Music provided by Storyblocks

Photo/Video Credits: docs.google.com/document/d/1zdkoV51Q7wogdqW3MY32zemuBUr2iETJ_9PjjAfR7P8/edit?usp=sharing

Nick DiGiovanni - Geoduck Clam: youtube.com/shorts/hIXW0265GQo

Select imagery/video supplied by Getty Images

Other imagery/video supplied by Shutterstock

Sources:
🌟Tul̕čaʔkw - Aquatic. Lushootseed: The Language of Puget Sound. (n.d.). tulaliplushootseed.com/aquatic-3 Accessed at 2025-02-27.🌟

🌟People. Lushootseed: The Language of Puget Sound. (n.d.). tulaliplushootseed.com/people Accessed at 2025-02-27.🌟

(These first two URLs link to the website where I learned those Lushootseed words at the beginning of my video. I wanted to highlight them because I just think Lushootseed sounds really cool and more people need to hear it!)

Aragón-Noriega, E. A., Alcántara-Razo, E., Calderon-Aguilera, L. E., & Sánchez-Fourcade, R. (2012). Status of geoduck clam fisheries in Mexico. Journal of Shellfish Research, 31(3), 733-738.

Bureau, D. (2002). Age, size structure and growth parameters of geoducks (Panopea abrupta, Conrad 1849) from 34 locations in British Columbia sampled between 1993 and 2000. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 2413, 1-84.

Fathom Seafood. (2021, May 6). What is Geoduck? fathomseafood.com/blogs/news/what-is-geoduck

Gabb, W. M. (1864). Description of the Triassic fossils of California and the adjacent territories. California Geological Survey, Paleontology, 1, 17-35.

Goodwin, C. L., & Pease, B. (1987). The distribution of geoduck (Panope abrupta) size, density, and quality in relation to habitat characteristics such as geographic area, water depth, sediment type, and associated flora and fauna in Puget Sound, Washington. State of Washington, Department of Fisheries, Shellfish Division.

Huo, Z., Rbbani, M. G., Cui, H., Xu, L., Yan, X., Fang, L., ... & Yang, F. (2019). Larval development, juvenile survival, and burrowing rate of geoduck clams (Panopea japonica) under different pH conditions. Aquaculture International, 27, 1331-1342.

Koller-Hodac, A., Germann, D. P., Gilgen, A., Dietrich, K., Hadorn, M., Schatz, W., & Hotz, P. E. (2010, May). Actuated bivalve robot study of the burrowing locomotion in sediment. In 2010 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (pp. 1209-1214). IEEE.

Puyallup Tribal Language - Culture. Puyallup Tribal Language. (n.d.). puyalluptriballanguage.org/about

Rupart, E.E., Fox, R.S., Barnes, R.D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach. Brooks/Cole.

Stanley, S. M. (1975). Why clams have the shape they have: an experimental analysis of burrowing. Paleobiology, 1(1), 48-58.

Straus, K. M. M., Crosson, P. S., & Vadopalas, L. M. (2013). Effects of geoduck aquaculture on the environment: a synthesis of current knowledge.

Welch, C. (2009, March). Geoducks: Happy as Clams. Smithsonian Magazine. smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/geoducks-happy-as-clams-52966346

WoRMS Editorial Board (2025). World Register of Marine Species. Available from marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=225484 at VLIZ. Accessed 2025-02-17. doi:10.14284/170

This Crab Gave Me Trust Issues

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Sources:

Amodio, P., Jelbert, S. A., & Clayton, N. S. (2018). The interplay between psychological predispositions and skill learning in the evolution of tool use. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 20, 130-137.

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Karplus, I., Fiedler, G. C., & Ramcharan, P. (1998). The Intraspecific Fighting Behavior of the Hawaiian Boxer Crab, Lybia edmondsoni Fighting with Dangerous Weapons? Symbiosis.

Mendoza, J. C. E., & Ng, P. K. (2011). The Polydectinae Dana, 1851, of the Philippines, with description of a new genus for Lybia hatagumoana Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Xanthidae). Zootaxa, 3052(1), 51-61.

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Schnytzer, Y., Giman, Y., Karplus, I., & Achituv, Y. (2017). Boxer crabs induce asexual reproduction of their associated sea anemones by splitting and intraspecific theft. PeerJ, 5, e2954.

Schnytzer, Y., Achituv, Y., Fiedler, G. C., & Karplus, I. (2022). The intimate relationship between boxer crabs and sea anemones: what is known and what is not. Oceanography and Marine Biology, 495-531.

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FLASHING LIGHT WARNING AT 00:14 - 00:16, 15:40 - 15:53, 18:39 - 18:40

The Upsetting Reality of Brittle Stars

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Vampire Squid Illustrations by Bryan G. Mann
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youtube.com/watch?v=YBvh3Gij-d8

NOAA - Dive 08: Sea Cucumber Serenity: oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex1705/logs/photolog/welcome.html#cbpi=/okeanos/explorations/ex1705/dailyupdates/media/video/dive08-seacuke/seacuke.html

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Geraldi, N. R., Bertolini, C., Emmerson, M. C., Roberts, D., Sigwart, J. D., & Connor, N. E. (2017). Aggregations of brittle stars can perform similar ecological roles as mussel reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 563, 157-167.

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Jangoux, M., & Lawrence, J. M. (1982). Echinoderm nutrition. CRC Press.

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Jones, A., & Mallefet, J. (2013). Why do brittle stars emit light? Behavioural and evolutionary approaches of bioluminescence. Cahiers de biologie marine, 54(4), 729-734.

Kano, T., Sato, E., Ono, T., Aonuma, H., Matsuzaka, Y., & Ishiguro, A. (2017). A brittle star-like robot capable of immediately adapting to unexpected physical damage. Royal Society open science, 4(12), 171200.

Le Roux, P. J., Branch, G. M., & Joska, M. A. P. (1990). On the distribution, diet and possible impact of the invasive European shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.) along the South African coast. South African Journal of Marine Science, 9(1), 85-93.

Mosher, C. V., & Watling, L. (2009). Partners for life: a brittle star and its octocoral host. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 397, 81-88.

Stöhr, S., O'Hara, T. D., & Thuy, B. (2012). Global diversity of brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Plos one, 7(3), e31940.

Stöhr, S.; O’Hara, T.; Thuy, B. (Eds) (2024). World Ophiuroidea Database. Accessed at marinespecies.org/ophiuroidea on 2024-11-20. doi:10.14284/358

Warner, G. F. (1971). On the ecology of a dense bed of the brittle-star Ophiothrix fragilis. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 51(2), 267-282.

Is There An Ocean Underneath The Earths Crust?

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Come watch me and ChemThug talk about deep sea hydrothermal vents! youtube.com/watch?v=6R8hdRiEWkY
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Music/Audio Credits:
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Sources:
Alden, A. (2014, June 12). New evidence of Earth’s deep water cycle reveals a virtual buried ocean. KQED. kqed.org/science/18307/new-evidence-of-earths-deep-water-cycle-reveals-a-virtual-buried-ocean

Chung, E. (2014, March 12). Oceans’ worth of water stored deep in Earth | CBC news. CBC. cbc.ca/news/science/deep-earth-has-oceans-worth-of-water-10-diamond-reveals-1.2569564

Dey, P. (2024, May 4). Scientists discover gigantic ocean 700 km beneath the Earth’s surface. Times of India. timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/scientists-discover-gigantic-ocean-700-km-beneath-the-earths-surface/articleshow/108999227.cms

Fellman, M. M. F. (2014, June 12). New evidence for oceans of water deep in the Earth. Northwestern University. https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2014/06/new-evidence-for-oceans-of-water-deep-in-the-earth/

Pearson, D. G., Brenker, F. E., Nestola, F., McNeill, J., Nasdala, L., Hutchison, M. T., ... & Vincze, L. (2014). Hydrous mantle transition zone indicated by ringwoodite included within diamond. Nature, 507(7491), 221-224.

Peslier, A. H., Schönbächler, M., Busemann, H., & Karato, S. I. (2017). Water in the Earth’s interior: distribution and origin. Space Science Reviews, 212, 743-810.

Ralls, E. (2024, August 29). Earth has a vast interior ocean, 400-miles under our feet, that creates “ringwoodite” gems. Earth.com. earth.com/news/ringwoodite-mineral-confirms-vast-ocean-exists-400-miles-under-earths-crust/#google_vignette

Ringwoodite and the Deep Water Cycle. Let’s Talk Science. (2019, September 23). letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/stem-in-context/ringwoodite-and-deep-water-cycle

Schmandt, B., Jacobsen, S. D., Becker, T. W., Liu, Z., & Dueker, K. G. (2014). Dehydration melting at the top of the lower mantle. Science, 344(6189), 1265-1268.

U.S. Department of the Interior. (2020, February 11). Convergent plate boundaries. National Parks Service. nps.gov/subjects/geology/plate-tectonics-convergent-plate-boundaries.htm

Why Do Humpback Whales Swim Thousands of Miles To Starve?

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Audio of the humpback whale singing was taken from: Unraveling mysteries of Humpback Whale Song at Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary. (n.d.). sanctuaries.noaa.gov/news/sep22/mysteries-of-humpback-whale-song.html

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Sources:
Eman and I had so many that there wasn't enough space in the description to fit them all! So have a Google Doc instead: docs.google.com/document/d/1rkBcVJn894q3q23CShkCAUNw5ShISaf19zSO-0dHryU/edit?tab=t.0

These Deep Sea Rocks SEEM to Be Breathing

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Philweb - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=48185052

ROV KIEL 6000, GEOMAR - Geomar Bilddatenbank, CC BY 4.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=115709490

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Fuse School - youtube.com/watch?v=7uIIq_Ofzgw

Fuse School - youtube.com/watch?v=WmtaMq36jaE

Tyler DeWitt - youtube.com/watch?v=dRtSjJCKkIo

Last Week Tonight - youtube.com/watch?v=qW7CGTK-1vA

Sources:
Sweetman, A. K., Smith, A. J., de Jonge, D. S., Hahn, T., Schroedl, P., Silverstein, M., ... & Marlow, J. J. (2024). Evidence of dark oxygen production at the abyssal seafloor. Nature Geoscience, 1-3.

Guardian News and Media. (2024, July 22). “Dark oxygen” in depths of Pacific Ocean could force rethink about origins of life. The Guardian. theguardian.com/environment/article/2024/jul/22/dark-oxygen-in-depths-of-pacific-ocean-could-force-rethink-about-origins-of-life

Ettwig, K. F., Speth, D. R., Reimann, J., Wu, M. L., Jetten, M. S., & Keltjens, J. T. (2012). Bacterial oxygen production in the dark. Frontiers in microbiology, 3, 273.

Why Coconut Crabs Would Make Excellent Hired Goons

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SpongeBob French Narrator Voice by Michael Blood
youtube.com/@MichaelBlood?si=XqyEP916rYBU8YSv

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Other Video Credit: "Coconut Crab Attacks Bird" - Mark Laidre via ViralHog

KHON2 News - "Coconut crab found in Salt Lake": youtube.com/watch?v=2WveKqC0eaA

Sources:
Bracken-Grissom, H. D., Cannon, M. E., Cabezas, P., Feldmann, R. M., Schweitzer, C. E., Ahyong, S. T., ... & Crandall, K. A. (2013). A comprehensive and integrative reconstruction of evolutionary history for Anomura (Crustacea: Decapoda). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 13, 1-29.

Drew, M. M., Harzsch, S., Stensmyr, M., Erland, S., & Hansson, B. S. (2010). A review of the biology and ecology of the robber crab, Birgus latro (Linnaeus, 1767)(Anomura: Coenobitidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger-A Journal of Comparative Zoology, 249(1), 45-67.

Laidre, Mark E. "Ruler of the atoll: the world's largest land invertebrate." Frontiers in Ecology & the Environment 15.9 (2017).

Laidre, M. E. (2018). Coconut crabs. Current Biology, 28(2), R58-R60.

Luque, J. (2017). Fossil hermit and land crabs (Decapoda: Anomura, Brachyura) from the Quaternary of Antigua and Bermuda. The Journal of Crustacean Biology, 37(2), 151-156.

Oka, S. I., Tomita, T., & Miyamoto, K. (2016). A mighty claw: pinching force of the coconut crab,
the largest terrestrial crustacean. PLoS One, 11(11), e0166108.

Schiller, C., Fielder, D. R., Brown, I. W., & Obed, A. (1991). Reproduction, early life-history and recruitment. The coconut crab: aspects of Birgus latro biology and ecology in Vanuatu. Canberra. Aciar Monographs, 8, 13-34.

Stensmyr, M. C., Erland, S., Hallberg, E., Wallén, R., Greenaway, P., & Hansson, B. S. (2005). Insect-like olfactory adaptations in the terrestrial giant robber crab. Current Biology, 15(2), 116-121.

Reese, E. S. (1968). Shell use: an adaptation for emigration from the sea by the coconut crab. Science, 161(3839), 385-386.

The Internets Most Misunderstood Worm

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Pall Sigurdsson - Bobbit worm bit this fish in half: youtube.com/watch?v=KufQDlAO764

Photo Credits: docs.google.com/document/d/1kgqdDxKvfKEzjppQJOwClNUUGRJjjv0Yu6Kw7z55uPw/edit

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Sources:
The Bobbit Worm Chronicles (the forum thread about the guy who finds a bobbit worm in his home aquarium) - michiganreefers.com/threads/the-bobbit-worm-chronicles.84173

"Unpublished interview with Frank Herbert and Professor Willis E. McNelly.” February 3, 1969. http://www.sinanvural.com/seksek/inien/tvd/tvd2.htm

BBC Cornwall. (2009, July 24). Superstar Worm. BBC. bbc.co.uk/cornwall/content/articles/2009/04/07/nature_worm_feature.shtml

Eriksson, M. E., Parry, L. A., & Rudkin, D. M. (2017). Earth’s oldest ‘Bobbit worm’–gigantism in a Devonian eunicidan polychaete. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 43061.

Herbert, B. (2004). Dreamer of Dune. Tor Books.

Lachat, J., & Haag-Wackernagel, D. (2016). Novel mobbing strategies of a fish population against a sessile annelid predator. Scientific reports, 6(1), 33187.

Rupart, E.E., Fox, R.S., & Barnes, R.D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach. Brooks/Cole.

Salazar-Vallejo, S. I., Carrera-Parra, L. F., & de León-González, J. A. (2011). Giant Eunicid Polychaetes (Annelida) in shallow tropical and temperate seas. Revista de Biología Tropical, 59(4), 1463-1474.

Schulze, A. (2011). The Bobbit worm dilemma: a case for DNA (Reply to Salazar-Vallejo et al. 2011. Giant Eunicid Polychaetes (Annelida) in shallow tropical and temperate seas. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59-4: 1463-1474). Revista de Biología Tropical, 59(4), 1475-1477.

The Seoul Times. (n.d.). Giant Sea Worm Unmasked as Coral Killer. theseoultimes.com. theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=%2FST%2Fdb%2Fread.php%3Fidx&ckattempt=2

Simon, M. (2013, September 6). Absurd creature of the week: 10-foot Bobbit Worm is the ocean’s most disturbing predator. Wired. wired.com/2013/09/absurd-creature-of-the-week-bobbit-worm

Southcott, R. V. (1970). Human injuries from invertebrate animals in the Australian Seas. Clinical Toxicology, 3(4), 617-636.

The Telegraph. (2009, March 19). Giant Sea Worm that attacked coral reef caught by Aquarium Staff. The Telegraph. telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5016366/Giant-sea-worm-that-attacked-coral-reef-caught-by-aquarium-staff.html

Uchida, H. O., Tanase, H., & Kubota, S. (2009). An extraordinarily large specimen of the polychaete worm Eunice aphroditois (Pallas)(Order Eunicea) from Shirahama, Wakayama, central Japan. Kuroshio Biosphere, 5, 9-15.

WoRMS Editorial Board (2024). World Register of Marine Species. Available from marinespecies.org at VLIZ. Accessed 2024-05-14. doi:10.14284/170

Zhu, Z., Dai, K., Wang, M., Jiang, L., Bian, L., Zhang, W., & Tian, Y. (2023). “Bobbit Worm”‐Inspired Soft Adaptive Grasper with Self‐Generated Triboelectric Force Sensor. Advanced Sensor Research, 2300154.

This Cute Fish Can KILL YOU in 7 Milliseconds

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Thumbnail Photo by Rafi Amar
inaturalist.org/photos/297343949

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Sources:
Carnevale, G., Pietsch, T. W., Bonde, N., Leal, M. E., & Marramà, G. (2020). “† Neilpeartia ceratoi, gen. et sp. nov., a New Frogfish from the Eocene of Bolca, Italy.” Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 40(2), e1778711. doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2020.1778711

De Brauwer, M., & Hobbs, J. P. A. (2016). Stars and stripes: biofluorescent lures in the striated frogfish indicate role in aggressive mimicry. Coral Reefs, 35(4), 1171-1171.

Fraser, G. J., Hulsey, C. D., Bloomquist, R. F., Uyesugi, K., Manley, N. R., & Streelman, J. T. (2009). An ancient gene network is co-opted for teeth on old and new jaws. PLoS biology, 7(2), e1000031.

Lamb, J. Y., & Davis, M. P. (2020). Salamanders and other amphibians are aglow with biofluorescence. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 2821.

Miya, M., Pietsch, T. W., Orr, J. W., Arnold, R. J., Satoh, T. P., Shedlock, A. M., ... & Nishida, M. (2010). Evolutionary history of anglerfishes (Teleostei: Lophiiformes): a mitogenomic perspective. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10, 1-27.

Pasteur, G. (1982). A classificatory review of mimicry systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 13(1), 169-199.

Pietsch, T. W., & Grobecker, D. B. (1990). Frogfishes. Scientific American, 262(6), 96-103. jstor.org/stable/24996833

Pietsch, T. W., & Arnold, R. J. (2020). Frogfishes: biodiversity, zoogeography, and behavioral ecology. JHU Press.

Sutton, G. P., & Burrows, M. (2011). Biomechanics of jumping in the flea. Journal of Experimental Biology, 214(5), 836-847.

EVERY SINGLE MISTAKE The Octopus Lady Ever Made

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✩ This Ecosystem Will Kill You If You Move - youtube.com/watch?v=6R8hdRiEWkY
✩ These Sea Slugs EAT SUNLIGHT and RIP THEIR OWN HEADS OFF 🤘🔥🤘: youtu.be/Jm7nZMHX2Cs?si=AL0gbDuhnKVRg7r6
✩ How Researching Siphonophores Almost Made Me Have A Nervous Breakdown: youtube.com/watch?v=ipDpbYQdFEA
✩The Mystery of the Bloop Has Been SOLVED: youtube.com/watch?v=nNjA4snOxuI
✩ These Strange Triangles Can Make You Lose Your Mind: youtube.com/watch?v=QdUpQf957lI
✩ Are Clownfish Part of the Trans Agenda?!?!: youtube.com/watch?v=z9vQcWE7zRs

Writing, Direction, Editing, and All Other Original Content by The Octopus Lady

Music provided by tunetank

Select imagery/video supplied by Getty Images

Other Photo and Video Credits:
Prey (2022). Last I checked, it was streaming on Hulu. GO CHECK IT OUT IT'S SERIOUSLY ONE OF THE BEST ACTION FILMS I'VE EVER SEEN. AND I DON'T EVEN LIKE PREDATOR FILMS.

Ted-Ed - How do nerves work? - Elliot Krane: youtu.be/uU_4uA6-zcE?si=Gz_sXQRsFAuOdCO9

Marie Tharp: pioneering mapmaker of the Ocean Floor. (n.d.). https://web.whoi.edu/womens-comm/marie-tharp-pioneering-mapmaker-of-the-ocean-floor/

Marie Tharp: Pioneering Oceanographer - Marie Tharp - The University of Chicago Library. (n.d.). https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/collex/exhibits/marie-tharp-pioneering-oceanographer/

Sources:
I couldn't fit them all into the description so here's a Google Doc: docs.google.com/document/d/1GDd_8z6MU0yWRQjajlvlDmC5jLoPQgPRjz8msBMZqhc/edit?usp=sharing

But there were a few I wanted to highlight!

✨Marie Tharp's Adventures in Mapping the Seafloor, In Her Own Words: https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2020/07/24/marie-tharp-connecting-dots/ (This is the essay Marie Tharp wrote!)✨

✨Ferrini, V. (2020, July 23). Marie Tharp’s Seafloor. ArcGIS StoryMaps. storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/232257acdac6409a907abd77b3d83f89 (This is the one had all the cool interactive maps!)✨

Ewing, M., & Heezen, B. C. ✨ (AND THARP, M. DARN IT)✨ (1956, January). Some problems of Antarctic submarine geology. In Antarctica in the International Geophysical Year: Based on a Symposium on the Antarctic (Vol. 1, pp. 75-81). Washington DC: American Geophysical Union.

✨Celebrating Marie Tharp Doodle - Google Doodles. (n.d.). Google Doodles. https://doodles.google/doodle/celebrating-marie-tharp/✨

00:00 Intro
01:37 1) Toothed Predators
05:52 2) Lionfish Venom
08:27 3) Negative Potassium Ions
10:13 4) My Explanation of Gender and Transmedicalism
17:16 Timestamp for Skipping "Political" Topics
17:25 5) Marie Tharp and the Mid-Ocean Ridge
22:58 Nebula
24:58 Outro
25:36 #JustGirlyThings

This Ecosystem Will Kill You If You Move

THE NO-JULY-VIDEO VARIETY STREAM!

The Octopus Lady 2023-07-30 | Singing it n' Wingin' it!

Check out our Patreon: patreon.com/theoctopuslady
Our TwiXXer??: twitter.com/theoctopuslady

And the playlist of our previous videos: youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsbdtEnduc4KvCTGxvojqnIkkT4mRDvZa

Are Clownfish Part of the Trans Agenda?!?! | Alien Ocean

The Octopus Lady 2023-06-25 | Check out my Patreon: patreon.com/theoctopuslady
And my Twitter: twitter.com/theoctopuslady

And please donate to interACT, if you can!
interactadvocates.org
Donation form: secure.lglforms.com/form_engine/s/gd9PNTObIGPgkUTK2PCL-g

And check out my other videos:
✩ How Researching Siphonophores Almost Made Me Have A Nervous Breakdown: youtube.com/watch?v=ipDpbYQdFEA
✩The Mystery of the Bloop Has Been SOLVED: youtube.com/watch?v=nNjA4snOxuI
✩ These Strange Triangles Can Make You Lose Your Mind: youtube.com/watch?v=QdUpQf957lI
✩ How the Mantis Shrimp Can Punch Through Glass: youtube.com/watch?v=C_bBFomNwQA
✩Just How Scary is the Deep-Sea Magnapinna Squid? youtube.com/watch?v=Hb5T-G5nf_M
✩ How One of the Oldest Animals in the World Constantly Rearranges Their Insides: youtube.com/watch?v=85nki-YAGgQ

Digital Artist: Bryan Mann
Creative consultant: Friscoborn
Everything else: The Octopus Lady

Check out Bryan Mann's socials:
Twitter: twitter.com/bryan_g_mann
IG: instagram.com/bryangregorymann
bryangregorymann.wixsite.com/website

Music Credits:
Music provided by tunetank.com
Deep Ocean Meditation By melancholicbird

Photo Credits: docs.google.com/document/d/1FBLuoMN6I3_WbhvwAxCg-Jlm3m39SdL9-9pRve7q8M0/edit

Video Credit: Hun Nass - Very aggressive Damselfish attack: youtube.com/watch?v=Tjjz31sTSLA

Sources:

The Trevor Project: thetrevorproject.org/resources/category/gender-identity
The Intersex Society of North America: isna.org/faq
interACT: interactadvocates.org/faq
The Ezra Klein Show, If You Read the G.O.P.’s Anti-Trans Policies, You’ll See What It Really Wants podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/if-you-read-the-g-o-p-s-anti-trans-policies-youll-see/id1548604447?i=1000603123504 (when I was doing research for this video, this was the only source I found that mentioned intersex people AT ALL)
Roundup of Anti-LGBTQ+ Legislation Advancing In States Across the Country: hrc.org/press-releases/roundup-of-anti-lgbtq-legislation-advancing-in-states-across-the-country

WoRMS Editorial Board (2023). World Register of Marine Species. Available from marinespecies.org at VLIZ. Accessed 2023-05-20. doi:10.14284/170

Litsios, G., Sims, C. A., Wüest, R. O., Pearman, P. B., Zimmermann, N. E., & Salamin, N. (2012). Mutualism with sea anemones triggered the adaptive radiation of clownfishes. BMC evolutionary biology, 12(1), 1-15.

Buston, P. (2003). Size and growth modification in clownfish. Nature, 424(6945), 145-146.

Olivotto, I., & Geffroy, B. (2017). Clownfish. Marine ornamental species aquaculture, 177-199.

Hoepner, C. M., Fobert, E. K., Abbott, C. A., & Da Silva, K. B. (2022). No Place Like Home: Can Omics Uncover the Secret behind the Sea Anemone and Anemonefish Symbiotic Relationship?. In Evolution, Development and Ecology of Anemonefishes (pp. 197-208). CRC Press.

Fricke, H., & Fricke, S. (1977). Monogamy and sex change by aggressive dominance in coral reef fish. Nature, 266(5605), 830-832.

Buston, Peter M. "Territory inheritance in clownfish." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 271.suppl_4 (2004): S252-S254.

00:00 Intro
02:08 What is sex? What is gender?
05:42 What does it mean to be transgender? What does it mean to be intersex?
09:04 You're a science channel! Why are you bringing politics into this?
11:32 Intro to Clownfish
13:04 The Anemone and Clownfish Relationship
16:04 Sequential Hermaphroditism in Fish
18:35 Why Don't Non-Breeders Leave or Fight Each Other?
20:03 The Six Phases of Clownfish Sex Changes
21:49 Comparing Transgender People and Clownfish
22:49 Conclusion
23:19 Outro

How One of the Oldest Animals in the World Constantly Rearranges Their Insides | Alien Ocean

The Octopus Lady 2023-05-21 | Check out my Patreon: patreon.com/theoctopuslady
And my Twitter: twitter.com/theoctopuslady

And my other videos:
✩ How Researching Siphonophores Almost Made Me Have A Nervous Breakdown: youtube.com/watch?v=ipDpbYQdFEA
✩The Mystery of the Bloop Has Been SOLVED: youtube.com/watch?v=nNjA4snOxuI
✩ These Strange Triangles Can Make You Lose Your Mind: youtube.com/watch?v=QdUpQf957lI
✩ How the Mantis Shrimp Can Punch Through Glass: youtube.com/watch?v=C_bBFomNwQA
✩Just How Scary is the Deep-Sea Magnapinna Squid? youtube.com/watch?v=Hb5T-G5nf_M
✩ This Animal Can Vomit Up All Its Organs...and SURVIVE?: youtube.com/watch?v=3RSh8i2MKoY

Digital Artist and Animator: by Bryan Mann
Creative consultant: Friscoborn
Everything else: The Octopus Lady

Check out Bryan Mann's socials:
Twitter: twitter.com/bryan_g_mann
IG: instagram.com/bryangregorymann
bryangregorymann.wixsite.com/website

Music Credits:
Clean Soul by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

Photo Credits: docs.google.com/document/d/1U5u1orB80l74glgrIF4he_G4z--4mIcwc46uH4gjjoo/edit

Sources:
etymonline.com/word/porifera

Antcliffe, J. B., Callow, R. H. T., & Brasier, M. D. (2014). Giving the early fossil record of sponges a squeeze. Biological Reviews, 89(4), 972–1004. doi:10.1111/brv.12090

Yin, Z., Zhu, M., Davidson, E. H., Bottjer, D. J., Zhao, F., & Tafforeau, P. (2015). Sponge grade body fossil with cellular resolution dating 60 Myr before the Cambrian. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 201414577. doi:10.1073/pnas.1414577112

Chang, S., Feng, Q., Clausen, S., & Zhang, L. (2017). Sponge spicules from the lower Cambrian in the Yanjiahe Formation, South China: The earliest biomineralizing sponge record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 474, 36–44. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.06.032

Turner, E. C. (2021). Possible poriferan body fossils in early Neoproterozoic microbial reefs. Nature, 596(7870), 87-91.

Bond, C. (1992). Continuous cell movements rearrange anatomical structures in intact sponges. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 263(3), 284–302. doi:10.1002/jez.1402630308

Müller, W. E. (2003). The origin of metazoan complexity: Porifera as integrated animals. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 43(1), 3-10.

Dohrmann, M., & Wörheide, G. (2013). Novel scenarios of early animal evolution—is it time to rewrite textbooks?. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 53(3), 503-511.

Leys, S. P., & Hill, A. (2012). The Physiology and Molecular Biology of Sponge Tissues. Advances in Sponge Science: Physiology, Chemical and Microbial Diversity, Biotechnology, 1–56. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394283-8.00

Funayama, N. (2012). The stem cell system in demosponges: suggested involvement of two types of cells: archeocytes (active stem cells) and choanocytes (food-entrapping flagellated cells). Development Genes and Evolution, 223(1-2), 23–38. doi:10.1007/s00427-012-0417-5

Rupart, E.E., Fox, R.S., Barnes, R.D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach. Brooks/Cole.

How Researching Siphonophores Almost Made Me Have A Nervous Breakdown | Alien Ocean

The Octopus Lady 2023-04-21 | Check out my Patreon: patreon.com/theoctopuslady
And my Twitter: twitter.com/theoctopuslady

And donate to Kahea: The Hawaiian-Environmental Alliance! http://www.kahea.org

And my other videos:
✩The Mystery of the Bloop Has Been SOLVED: youtube.com/watch?v=nNjA4snOxuI
✩ These Strange Triangles Can Make You Lose Your Mind: youtube.com/watch?v=QdUpQf957lI
✩ How the Mantis Shrimp Can Punch Through Glass: youtube.com/watch?v=C_bBFomNwQA
✩Just How Scary is the Deep-Sea Magnapinna Squid? youtube.com/watch?v=Hb5T-G5nf_M
✩ Wait jk lol maybe magnapinna squid ARE kinda scary?: youtu.be/zOMEmn_r-sw
✩ This Animal Can Vomit Up All Its Organs...and SURVIVE?: youtube.com/watch?v=3RSh8i2MKoY

Digital Artist and Animator: by Bryan Mann
Creative consultant: Friscoborn
Camera Operator: The Octopus Lady and Jason Lee
Everything else: The Octopus Lady

Check out Bryan Mann's socials:
Twitter: twitter.com/bryan_g_mann
IG: instagram.com/bryangregorymann
bryangregorymann.wixsite.com/website

Music provided by tunetank.com
Without You by vitokompozito tunetank.com/track/648-witho
AND
Creative Commons Music by Jason Shaw on Audionautix.com

Photo Credits: docs.google.com/document/d/1ppoNouqX1Tkbl0TvvfMijkAlfsuDC0PO9by59RCWu04/edit

Sources:

Land acknowledgement adapted from: Land Acknowledgment – Native Hawaiian Place of Learning Advancement Office. (n.d.). https://manoa.hawaii.edu/nhpol/auamo/land-acknowledgment/

Munro, C., Siebert, S., Zapata, F., Howison, M., Damian-Serrano, A., Church, S. H., ... & Dunn, C. W. (2018). Improved phylogenetic resolution within Siphonophora (Cnidaria) with implications for trait evolution. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 127, 823-833.

Damian-Serrano, A., Haddock, S. H., & Dunn, C. W. (2019). Shaped to kill: The evolution of siphonophore tentilla for specialized prey capture in the open ocean. bioRxiv, 653345.

Mariscal, R. N. (1974). Nematocysts. Coelenterate biology, 129-178.

Damian-Serrano, A., Haddock, S. H., & Dunn, C. W. (2021). The evolutionary history of siphonophore tentilla: Novelties, convergence, and integration. Integrative Organismal Biology, 3(1), obab019.

Mackie, G. O. (1963). SIphonophores, Bud Colonies, and Super Organisms. In E. C. Doughtery (Ed.), The Lower Metazoa: Comparative Biology and Phylogeny (pp. 329-337). University of California Press.

Munro, C., Zapata, F., Howison, M., Siebert, S., & Dunn, C. W. (2022). Evolution of gene expression across species and specialized zooids in Siphonophora. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 39(2), msac027.

Dunn, C. W. (2005). Complex colony‐level organization of the deep‐sea siphonophore Bargmannia elongata (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) is directionally asymmetric and arises by the subdivision of pro‐buds. Developmental dynamics: an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists, 234(4), 835-845.

Grimmelikhuijzen, C. J. P., Spencer, A. N., & Carré, D. (1986). Organization of the nervous system of physonectid siphonophores. Cell and tissue research, 246, 463-479.

Mackie, G. O., Pugh, P. R., & Purcell, J. E. (1988). Siphonophore biology. In Advances in Marine biology (Vol. 24, pp. 97-262). Academic Press.

Mapstone, G. M. (2014). Global diversity and review of Siphonophorae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). PLoS One, 9(2), e87737.

Dunn, C. (2009). Siphonophores. Current Biology, 19(6), R233-R234.

Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R., & Haddock, S. H. (2005). Molecular phylogenetics of the Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic biology, 54(6), 916-935.

Mapstone, G. M., & Arai, M. N. (2009). Siphonophora (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) of Canadian Pacific waters. NRC Research Press.

Wait jk lol maybe magnapinna squid ARE kinda scary? | Alien Ocean

The Octopus Lady 2023-04-07 | Check out my first video about magnapinna squid! youtu.be/Hb5T-G5nf_M

Check out my Patreon: patreon.com/theoctopuslady

Check out TahoeDeep!
youtube.com/@TahoeDeep

And my other videos:
✩ youtube.com/watch?v=o6qDcCMeI30
✩ youtu.be/QdUpQf957lI
✩ youtu.be/C_bBFomNwQA
✩youtu.be/-Cf26GXssT4
✩ youtu.be/s-iuENcZ-2Q
✩ youtu.be/3RSh8i2MKoY

Creative consulting by Friscoborn

Music:
Void Glider by Shane Ivers - silvermansound.com

Video Sources:
Dr. Mark Benfield, Louisiana State University
@TahoeDeep (and while it was TahoeDeep who did give me the footage to make this video, @MagnapinnaArchive in fact, posted it first! So shout out to them!)

Sources:
And no real sources for this one, since it's all just speculation! I do reference my first magnapinna squid video a few times, and you'll find proper sources there.

Why Sperm Whales Are, Unquestionably, The COOLEST Marine Mammal | Alien Ocean

The Octopus Lady 2023-02-19 | Check out my Patreon: patreon.com/theoctopuslady

And my other videos:
✩The Mystery of the Bloop Has Been SOLVED: youtube.com/watch?v=nNjA4snOxuI
✩ These Strange Triangles Can Make You Lose Your Mind: youtube.com/watch?v=QdUpQf957lI
✩ How the Mantis Shrimp Can Punch Through Glass: youtube.com/watch?v=C_bBFomNwQA
✩Just How Scary is the Deep-Sea Magnapinna Squid? youtube.com/watch?v=Hb5T-G5nf_M
✩ Can You Build Up a Tolerance to Pufferfish Toxin?: youtube.com/watch?v=s-iuENcZ-2Q
✩ This Animal Can Vomit Up All Its Organs...and SURVIVE?: youtube.com/watch?v=3RSh8i2MKoY

Check out Bryan Mann's socials:
Twitter: twitter.com/bryan_g_mann
IG: instagram.com/bryangregorymann
bryangregorymann.wixsite.com/website

Photo Manipulations by The Octopus Lady and Friscoborn
Digital Art by Bryan Mann and Friscoborn
Creative consulting by Friscoborn
Everything else by The Octopus Lady

Music provided by tunetank.com
Sleep by VictorWayne - tunetank.com/track/3895-sleep

Photo Credits: docs.google.com/document/d/1a3oKk1FXR4VuCSTlgr7y03QyCHb-8lBQjadoxrDtyTE/edit

Sources:
Halsey, L. (2002). Ultimate divers. Biologist, 49(4), 161.

Deep-diving Adaptations in the Sperm Whale. (n.d.). orcaireland.org/deep-diving-adaptations-in-the-sperm-whale

Clarke, M. R. (1978). Buoyancy control as a function of the spermaceti organ in the sperm whale. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 58(1), 27-71.

Werth, A. J. (2004). Functional morphology of the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) tongue, with reference to suction feeding. Aquatic Mammals, 30(3), 405-418.

McHedlize, G. A. (2002) Sperm Whales, Evolution. In W. F. Perrin, et al (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma2002unse/mode/2up?q=sperm

McClain, C. R., Balk, M. A., Benfield, M. C., Branch, T. A., Chen, C., Cosgrove, J., ... & Thaler, A. D. (2015). Sizing ocean giants: patterns of intraspecific size variation in marine megafauna. PeerJ, 3, e715.

Cantor, M., Gero, S., Whitehead, H., & Rendell, L. (2019). Sperm whale: the largest toothed creature on Earth. Ethology and behavioral ecology of odontocetes, 261-280.

Hopkin, M. (2004). Sperm whales suffer the bends. Nature. doi.org/10.1038/news041220-13

Whitehead, H. (2018). Sperm whale: Physeter macrocephalus. In Encyclopedia of marine mammals (pp. 919-925). Academic Press.

Roeleveld, M. A. (2000). Giant squid beaks: implications for systematics. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 80(1), 185-187.

Bennett, M. (2022, February 22). Ode to the Sperm Whale. In Our Nature. inournaturemag.com/all/features/ode-to-sperm-whale-whjir3

Marine Biologist Flounders Her Way Through Subnautica

The Octopus Lady 2023-02-06 | The title is a pun. Get it?

This is also my very first stream! Hopefully it won't be a complete disaster!

If you want to other streams of me playing Subnautica, go check out my second channel! @TheOcTWOpusLady

OH BOI KOI MALOY | ALiUm OsHuN

The Octopus Lady 2023-01-23 | The Octopus Lady was on vacation when making this video. I don't even know what to put here.

Check out our Patreon: patreon.com/theoctopuslady
And Twitter: twitter.com/theoctopuslady

And our other videos:
✩ The Destructive Power of the Lionfish: youtube.com/watch?v=6tDbb7OYinQ
✩ These Strange Triangles Can Make You Lose Your Mind: youtube.com/watch?v=QdUpQf957lI
✩ How the Mantis Shrimp Can Punch Through Glass: youtube.com/watch?v=C_bBFomNwQA
✩Just How Scary is the Deep-Sea Magnapinna Squid? youtube.com/watch?v=Hb5T-G5nf_M
✩ Can You Build Up a Tolerance to Pufferfish Toxin?: youtube.com/watch?v=s-iuENcZ-2Q
✩ This Animal Can Vomit Up All Its Organs...and SURVIVE?: youtube.com/watch?v=3RSh8i2MKoY

Photo manipulations by Friscoborn and The Octopus Lady
Digital art by Friscoborn and Bryan Mann
Everything else by Friscoborn

Check out Bryan Mann's socials:
Twitter: twitter.com/bryan_g_mann
IG: instagram.com/bryangregorymann
bryangregorymann.wixsite.com/website

The Mystery of the Bloop Has Been SOLVED | Alien Ocean

The Octopus Lady 2022-12-22 | Check out my Patreon: patreon.com/theoctopuslady
And Twitter: twitter.com/theoctopuslady

And my other videos:
✩ The Destructive Power of the Lionfish: youtube.com/watch?v=6tDbb7OYinQ
✩ These Strange Triangles Can Make You Lose Your Mind: youtube.com/watch?v=QdUpQf957lI
✩ How the Mantis Shrimp Can Punch Through Glass: youtube.com/watch?v=C_bBFomNwQA
✩Just How Scary is the Deep-Sea Magnapinna Squid? youtube.com/watch?v=Hb5T-G5nf_M
✩ Can You Build Up a Tolerance to Pufferfish Toxin?: youtube.com/watch?v=s-iuENcZ-2Q
✩ This Animal Can Vomit Up All Its Organs...and SURVIVE?: youtube.com/watch?v=3RSh8i2MKoY

And Jef Chang!
IG: instagram.com/jefchangcomix (again, they have some NSFW work there!)
The ORIGINAL "The Leviathan, Revisited": deviantart.com/jefchangcomix/art/The-Leviathan-revisited-134059068

And the Map Kiwi!
andrewdc.co.nz
FB: facebook.com/mapkiwi
Twitter: twitter.com/themapkiwi

And Seabed 2030:
seabed2030.org

Photo manipulations by The Octopus Lady
Creative consulting by Friscoborn

Music provided by tunetank.com
Deep Forest by VictorWayne tunetank.com/track/4202-deep-forest

Photo Credits:
Megalodon: By Karen Carr - http://www.karencarr.com/tmpl1.php?CID=196, CC BY 3.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10308333

Video Credits:
What Lurks Beneath - They Heard THIS In The Deep Ocean (The Bloop): youtube.com/watch?v=yUn4kfC9tog

Psychopoly - IS THE BLOOP REAL? 😰 #shorts #mystery: youtube.com/watch?v=IAWvx_fNzMQ

Dark Docs - The Bloop: Did a Creature Make the Most Mysterious Sound Ever Recorded in the Ocean?: youtube.com/watch?v=G3E6HRprGaU

Stuart Wahlin - The Bloop is Back: youtube.com/watch?v=SgX7MBgX7Rw

Concerning Reality - "The Bloop" Played at Normal Speed (1X): youtube.com/watch?v=3j0NDgh_VkU

Sources:

Wolman, D. (2002, Jun 15). Calls from the deep. New Scientist, (2347). web.archive.org/web/20130206021811/http://www.science.org.au/nova/newscientist/102ns_001.htm

Steadman, I. (2012, Nov 29). The Bloop mystery has been solved: it was never a giant sea monster. Wired. wired.co.uk/article/bloop-mystery-not-solved-sort-of

NOAA. (2021, Feb 26). What is SOFAR? oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sofar.html

NOAA. (2021, Feb 26). What is the bloop? oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/bloop.html

NOAA. (n.d.). Icequakes (Bloop). PMEL Acoustics Program. pmel.noaa.gov/acoustics/sounds/bloop.html

NOAA. (n.d.). Cryogenic (Ice). PMEL Acoustics Program. pmel.noaa.gov/acoustics/specs_cryogenic.html

Dziak, R. P., Park, M., Lee, W. S., Matsumoto, H., Bohnenstiehl, D. R., & Haxel, J. H. (2010). Tectonomagmatic activity and ice dynamics in the Bransfield Strait back‐arc basin, Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 115(B1).

Aaaaand even though I didn't end up using it in my video, here's the source for that article I went to the library to get.
Schneider, D. (1997 Aug). Blue Note: Seismologists find a mysteriously pure tone in the ocean. Scientific American, 277(2), pg. 18.

The Destructive Power of the Lionfish | Alien Ocean

The Octopus Lady 2022-11-20 | Check out my Patreon: patreon.com/theoctopuslady

And my other videos:
✩ These Strange Triangles Can Make You Lose Your Mind: youtube.com/watch?v=QdUpQf957lI
✩ How the Mantis Shrimp Can Punch Through Glass: youtube.com/watch?v=C_bBFomNwQA
✩Just How Scary is the Deep-Sea Magnapinna Squid? youtube.com/watch?v=Hb5T-G5nf_M
✩ Can You Build Up a Tolerance to Pufferfish Toxin?: youtube.com/watch?v=s-iuENcZ-2Q
✩3 Ways Seahorses are Like British Aristocracy and 1 Way They're Definitely Not: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MneR6...
✩ This Animal Can Vomit Up All Its Organs...and SURVIVE?: youtube.com/watch?v=3RSh8i2MKoY

Photo manipulations by Friscoborn and The Octopus Lady
Digital art and creative consulting by Friscoborn and Bryan Mann

Check out Bryan Mann's socials:
Twitter: twitter.com/bryan_g_mann
IG: instagram.com/bryangregorymann
bryangregorymann.wixsite.com/website

Music provided by tunetank.com
Night Flow by Finval tunetank.com/tracks/4123-night-flow

Photo Credits: docs.google.com/document/d/1hgsAujtOIu5UBcxaAjr1LsXJD5bU17e6tmGR9ykOaE0/edit

Video Credits:
FWC Saltwater Fishing - Lionfish Removal: Pensacola Pyramids: youtube.com/watch?v=5IDlTMLLYEw

LakeHickoryScuba - How To De-Spine A Lionfish: youtube.com/watch?v=QDPDLyge98k

Albins, M. A., & Lyons, P. J. (2012). Invasive red lionfish Pterois volitans blow directed jets of water at prey fish. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 448, 1-5.

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Rizzari, J. R., & Lönnstedt, O. M. (2014). Cooperative hunting and gregarious behaviour in the zebra lionfish, Dendrochirus zebra. Marine Biodiversity, 44(4), 467-468.

Fishelson, L. (1975). Ethology and reproduction of pteroid fishes found in the gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea), especially Dendrochirus brachypterus (Cuvier),(Pteroidae, Teleostei).[Conference paper]. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica, Napoli.

Galloway, K. A., & Porter, M. E. (2019). Mechanical properties of the venomous spines of Pterois volitans and morphology among lionfish species. Journal of Experimental Biology, 222(6), jeb197905.

Vetrano, S. J., Lebowitz, J. B., & Marcus, S. (2002). Lionfish envenomation. The Journal of emergency medicine, 23(4), 379-382.

Vanden Berghe, E., Martinez, O., & Bailly, N (2004, June 6). Pterois. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved October 22, 2022, from marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=204051

US Fish and Wildlife Services (n.d.). Invasive Species. Retrieved October 23, 2022 from fws.gov/program/invasive-species

Côté, I. M., & Smith, N. S. (2018). The lionfish Pterois sp. invasion: Has the worst‐case scenario come to pass?. Journal of Fish Biology, 92(3), 660-689.

Albins, M. A. (2013). Effects of invasive Pacific red lionfish Pterois volitans versus a native predator on Bahamian coral-reef fish communities. Biological Invasions, 15(1), 29-43.

Lönnstedt, O. M., Ferrari, M. C., & Chivers, D. P. (2014). Lionfish predators use flared fin displays to initiate cooperative hunting. Biology letters, 10(6), 20140281.

The Unexpected Diet of the Vampire Squid | Alien Ocean

The Octopus Lady 2022-10-21 | Check out my Patreon: patreon.com/theoctopuslady

And Bryan THE Mann!
Twitter: twitter.com/bryan_g_mann
IG: instagram.com/bryangregorymann
bryangregorymann.wixsite.com/website

And my other videos:
✩ These Strange Triangles Can Make You Lose Your Mind: youtube.com/watch?v=QdUpQf957lI
✩ How the Mantis Shrimp Can Punch Through Glass: youtube.com/watch?v=C_bBFomNwQA
✩Just How Scary is the Deep-Sea Magnapinna Squid? youtube.com/watch?v=Hb5T-G5nf_M
✩ Can You Build Up a Tolerance to Pufferfish Toxin?: youtube.com/watch?v=s-iuENcZ-2Q
✩3 Ways Seahorses are Like British Aristocracy and 1 Way They're Definitely Not: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MneR6...
✩ This Animal Can Vomit Up All Its Organs...and SURVIVE?: youtube.com/watch?v=3RSh8i2MKoY

Photo manipulations by Friscoborn and The Octopus Lady
Digital art and creative consulting by Friscoborn and Bryan Mann

Ghost Town by Finval - tunetank.com/track/40q/ghost-town

Photo Credits: docs.google.com/document/d/1Fw3b6ntT4o0VMXtwhvin_fmTBL2aujsDbx3mU2DK59I/edit?usp=sharing

Sources:

I have no idea how to cite this, but this where I found that humans consume 0.84kg of O2/day. It's on page 26: nasa.gov/pdf/166504main_Survival.pdf

Birch Aquarium at Scripps. (2020, July 13). Virtual Perspectives Lecture: Oceans Out of Breath | Monday, July 13 at 6 p.m [Video]. YouTube. youtube.com/watch?v=l572lDTUTnU

Seibel, B. A., Thuesen, E. V., & Childress, J. J. (1998). Flight of the vampire: ontogenetic gait-transition in Vampyroteuthis infernalis (Cephalopoda: Vampyromorpha). The Journal of experimental biology, 201(16), 2413-2424.

Young, R. E. (1967). Homology of retractile filaments of vampire squid. Science, 156(3782), 1633-1634.

Strugnell, J., Norman, M., Drummond, A. J., & Cooper, A. (2004). Neotenous origins for pelagic octopuses. Current Biology, 14(8), R300-R301.

Golikov, A. V., Ceia, F. R., Sabirov, R. M., Ablett, J. D., Gleadall, I. G., Gudmundsson, G., ... & Xavier, J. C. (2019). The first global deep-sea stable isotope assessment reveals the unique trophic ecology of Vampire Squid Vampyroteuthis infernalis (Cephalopoda). Scientific reports, 9(1), 1-13.

Seibel, B. A., Thuesen, E. V., Childress, J. J., & Gorodezky, L. A. (1997). Decline in pelagic cephalopod metabolism with habitat depth reflects differences in locomotory efficiency. The biological bulletin, 192(2), 262-278.

Seibel, B. A., Chausson, F., Lallier, F. H., Zal, F., & Childress, J. J. (1999). Vampire blood: respiratory physiology of the vampire squid (Cephalopoda: Vampyromorpha) in relation to the oxygen minimum layer. Experimental Biology Online, 4(1), 1-10.

Robison, B. H., Reisenbichler, K. R., Hunt, J. C., & Haddock, S. H. (2003). Light production by the arm tips of the deep-sea cephalopod Vampyroteuthis infernalis. The biological bulletin, 205(2), 102-109.

Hoving, H. J., & Robison, B. H. (2012). Vampire squid: detritivores in the oxygen minimum zone. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279(1747), 4559-4567.

These Strange Triangles Can Make You Lose Your Mind | Alien Ocean

The Octopus Lady 2022-09-15 | Check out my Patreon: patreon.com/theoctopuslady

And my other videos:
✩ Pistol Shrimp Are One of the Loudest Animals in the World: youtube.com/watch?v=nyRFmyRy4WM
✩ How the Mantis Shrimp Can Punch Through Glass: youtube.com/watch?v=C_bBFomNwQA
✩Just How Scary is the Deep-Sea Magnapinna Squid? youtube.com/watch?v=Hb5T-G5nf_M
✩ Can You Build Up a Tolerance to Pufferfish Toxin?: youtube.com/watch?v=s-iuENcZ-2Q
✩3 Ways Seahorses are Like British Aristocracy and 1 Way They're Definitely Not: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MneR6...
✩ This Animal Can Vomit Up All Its Organs...and SURVIVE?: youtube.com/watch?v=3RSh8i2MKoY

Photo manipulations by Friscoborn and The Octopus Lady
Digital art and creative consulting by Friscoborn

Music provided by tunetank.com
Night Sky by Dima Tyshko: tunetank.com/tracks/3805-night-sky

Photo Credits: Music provided by tunetank.com
Calm Place by Finval: tunetank.com/track/3hd/calm-place

Photo Credits: docs.google.com/document/d/1YZ6AtMqkRTZlq_Gd08omekL2ZP3w9j7ZksY-0N69itc/edit

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Hamm, C. E., Merkel, R., Springer, O., Jurkojc, P., Maier, C., Prechtel, K., & Smetacek, V. (2003). Architecture and material properties of diatom shells provide effective mechanical protection. Nature, 421(6925), 841–843. doi:10.1038/nature01416

Raven, J. A., & Waite, A. M. (2004). The evolution of silicification in diatoms: inescapable sinking and sinking as escape?. New phytologist, 162(1), 45-61.

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Mitchell, J. G., Seuront, L., Doubell, M. J., Losic, D., Voelcker, N. H., Seymour, J., & Lal, R. (2013). The role of diatom nanostructures in biasing diffusion to improve uptake in a patchy nutrient environment. PLoS One, 8(5), e59548.

Ingalls, A. E., Whitehead, K., & Bridoux, M. C. (2010). Tinted windows: The presence of the UV absorbing compounds called mycosporine-like amino acids embedded in the frustules of marine diatoms. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74(1), 104–115. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2009.09.012

Bargu, S., Silver, M. W., Ohman, M. D., Benitez-Nelson, C. R., & Garrison, D. L. (2012). Mystery behind Hitchcock’s birds. Nature Geoscience, 5(1), 2–3. doi:10.1038/ngeo1360

Smith-Harding, T. (2018). The Role of the Silica Frustule in Diatom Carbon Acquisition and Photosynthesis (Doctoral dissertation, Flinders University, College of Science and Engineering.).

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Koren, I., Kaufman, Y. J., Washington, R., Todd, M. C., Rudich, Y., Martins, J. V., & Rosenfeld, D. (2006). The Bodélé depression: a single spot in the Sahara that provides most of the mineral dust to the Amazon forest. Environmental Research Letters, 1(1), 014005.

Yu, Y., Kalashnikova, O. V., Garay, M. J., Lee, H., Notaro, M., Campbell, J. R., ... & Okin, G. S. (2020). Disproving the Bodélé depression as the primary source of dust fertilizing the Amazon Rainforest. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(13), e2020GL088020.

Blanco, S. (2020). Diatom taxonomy and identification keys. Modern Trends in Diatom Identification, 25-38.

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Denning, S. (2019, August 26). No, the Amazon fires won’t deplete the Earth’s oxygen supply. Here’s why. PBS. Retrieved August 24, 2022, from pbs.org/newshour/science/no-the-amazon-fires-wont-deplete-the-earths-oxygen-supply-heres-why

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Trabing, W. (1961, August 18). Seabird Invasions Hit Coastal Homes : Thousands of Birds Floundering in Streets. Santa Cruz Sentinal, 1.

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Domoic Acid. (n.d.). Retrieved August 25, 2022, from cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CEH/DRSEM/Pages/EMB/Shellfish/Domoic-Acid.aspx

Pistol Shrimp Are One of the Loudest Animals in the World | Alien Ocean

The Octopus Lady 2022-08-15 | Check out my Patreon: patreon.com/theoctopuslady

And my other videos:
✩ How the Mantis Shrimp Can Punch Through Glass: youtube.com/watch?v=C_bBFomNwQA
✩Just How Scary is the Deep-Sea Magnapinna Squid? youtube.com/watch?v=Hb5T-G5nf_M
✩ What is Making Our Oceans Glow Like This?: youtube.com/watch?v=-Cf26GXssT4
✩ Can You Build Up a Tolerance to Pufferfish Toxin?: youtube.com/watch?v=s-iuENcZ-2Q
✩3 Ways Seahorses are Like British Aristocracy and 1 Way They're Definitely Not: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MneR6...
✩ This Animal Can Vomit Up All Its Organs...and SURVIVE?: youtube.com/watch?v=3RSh8i2MKoY

Photo manipulations by Friscoborn and The Octopus Lady
Digital art and creative consulting by Friscoborn

Music provided by tunetank.com
Night Sky by Dima Tyshko: tunetank.com/tracks/3805-night-sky

Photo Credits: docs.google.com/document/d/1-eKZ4THIZD0LSh9D7Xo6CK61hGiUfhI1gIJvQZB7SXo/edit

Video Credits:

Versluis, M., von der Heydt, A., Lohse, D., & Schmitz, B. (2001). On the sound of snapping shrimp. University of Twente Research Information. https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/on-the-sound-of-snapping-shrimp-2
cFayho - Yellow Watchman Goby and Candy Stripe Pistol Shrimp Pair: youtube.com/watch?v=qHE0Jgmbtsg
tomoyasu ami - MVI 8117: youtube.com/watch?v=qJUaXKUMjOk
Kids Fun Science - Drops of water on a PENNY experiment / How many drops can fit on a penny?: youtube.com/watch?v=1p8oHxZtNnw
Joey Slay Em - GIANT BLUE CRAB vs GIANT MANTIS SHRIMP! *Epic Battle Royale*: youtube.com/watch?v=g5AB9TxAATU

Sources:

https://hearing.health.mil/Prevention/Causes-of-Injury/High-Decibel-Levels

audiology-web.s3.amazonaws.com/migrated/NoiseChart16x20.pdf_5399b28aaef0d9.27446344.pdf

gcaudio.com/tips-tricks/decibel-loudness-comparison-chart

Hyžný, M., Kroh, A., Ziegler, A., Anker, A., Košťák, M., Schlögl, J., Culka, A., Jagt, J. W. M., Fraaije, R. H. B., Harzhauser, M., van Bakel, B. W. M., & Ruman, A. (2017). Comprehensive analysis and reinterpretation of Cenozoic mesofossils reveals ancient origin of the snapping claw of alpheid shrimps. Science Report, 181(4076), 1–10. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-02603-5

Ritzmann, R. (1973). Snapping Behavior of the Shrimp Alpheus californiensis. Science, 181(4098), 459–460. doi:10.1126/science.181.4098.459

Bohnenstiehl, D.R., Lillis, A., Eggleston, D.B. (2016). The Curious Acoustic Behavior of Estuarine Snapping Shrimp: Temporal Patterns of Snapping Shrimp Sound in Sub-Tidal Oyster Reef Habitat. PLOS ONE, 11(1), 1–21. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143691

Koukouvinis, P., Bruecker, C. & Gavaises, M. (2017). Unveiling the physical mechanism behind pistol shrimp cavitation. Science Report, 7(13994), 1-12. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14312-0

McClure, M. R. (1996). Symmetry in Large Claws of Snapping Shrimp in Nature (Decapoda, Alpheidae), Crustaceana, 69(7), 920-921. doi: doi.org/10.1163/156854096X00321

Shimu, Q. I. N., Yang, Y., Junqi, Q. I. N., & Changchun, D. I. (2019, August). Research on the cavitation in the snapping shrimp: a review. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 310, No. 5, p. 052057). IOP Publishing.

Hughes, M. (1996). Size assessment via a visual signal in snapping shrimp. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 38(1), 51–57. doi:10.1007/s002650050216

Nolan, B. A., & Salmon, M. (1970). The behavior and ecology of snapping shrimp (Crustacea: Alpheus heterochelis and Alpheus normanni). Forma et functio, 2, 289-335.

Herberholz, J., & Schmitz, B. (1998). Role of Mechanosensory Stimuli in Intraspecific Agonistic Encounters of the Snapping Shrimp (Alpheus heterochaelis). The Biological Bulletin, 195(2), 156–167. doi:10.2307/1542823

Versluis, M. (2000). How Snapping Shrimp Snap: Through Cavitating Bubbles. Science, 289(5487), 2114–2117. doi:10.1126/science.289.5487.2114

Randall, J. E., Lobel, P. S., & Kennedy, C. W. (2005). Comparative Ecology of the Gobies Nes longus and Ctenogobius saepepallens, Both Symbiotic with the Snapping Shrimp Alpheus floridanus. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 74(2), 119–127. doi:10.1007/s10641-005-2138-3

Ritzmann, R. E. (1974). Mechanisms for the snapping behavior of two alpheid shrimp,Alpheus californiensis andAlpheus heterochelis. Journal of Comparative Physiology ? A, 95(3), 217–236. doi:10.1007/bf00625445

Lohse, D., Schmitz, B., & Versluis, M. (2001). Snapping shrimp make flashing bubbles. Nature, 413(6855), 477–478. doi:10.1038/35097152

Kingston, A. C., Lucia, R. L., Havens, L. T., Cronin, T. W., & Speiser, D. I. (2019). Vision in the snapping shrimp Alpheus heterochaelis. Journal of Experimental Biology, 222(21), jeb209015.

Kaji, T., Anker, A., Wirkner, C. S., & Palmer, A. R. (2017). Parallel saltational evolution of ultrafast movements in snapping shrimp claws. Current Biology, 28(1), 106-113.

How the Mantis Shrimp Can Punch Through Glass | Alien Ocean

The Octopus Lady 2022-07-15 | Check out my Patreon: patreon.com/theoctopuslady

And my other videos:
✩Just How Scary is the Deep-Sea Magnapinna Squid? youtube.com/watch?v=Hb5T-G5nf_M
✩ What is Making Our Oceans Glow Like This?: youtube.com/watch?v=-Cf26GXssT4
✩ Can You Build Up a Tolerance to Pufferfish Toxin?: youtube.com/watch?v=s-iuENcZ-2Q
✩3 Ways Seahorses are Like British Aristocracy and 1 Way They're Definitely Not: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MneR6...
✩Jellyfish are Filled with Bio-Weapons: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hdm6n...
✩ This Animal Can Vomit Up All Its Organs...and SURVIVE?: youtube.com/watch?v=3RSh8i2MKoY

Photo manipulations by Friscoborn and The Octopus Lady
Thumbnail and creative consulting by Friscoborn

Music provided by tunetank.com
Deep Ocean Meditation By melancholicbird

Photo Credits: docs.google.com/document/d/1APBj72h2ncftEn9oX9uRK66heR-STeW1jo6AEkZA9rg/edit

Video Sources:
Joey Slay Em - Giant Mantis Shrimp VS Giant Shrimp!: youtube.com/watch?v=yGRpfa_Tmvw
Joey Slay Em - GIANT BLUE CRAB vs GIANT MANTIS SHRIMP! *Epic Battle Royale*: youtube.com/watch?v=g5AB9TxAATU
Joey Slay Em - Red Crab VS Giant Mantis Shrimp!: youtube.com/watch?v=ANiMWSUA2Z0
Nat Geo WILD - Mantis Shrimp vs Octopus | Ocean Fight Night: youtube.com/watch?v=Hwji93BVjnI
Mix Videos - Mantis shrimp try eating snail: youtube.com/watch?v=OfN4VbcoGRA
TECH GAMING - Mantis shrimp fight....💣🔫: youtube.com/watch?v=TDvUgCLapuw

Sources:
Quora comment: https://qr.ae/pvP6zt
Reef2Reef Comment: reef2reef.com/threads/true-or-false-can-mantis-shrimp-crack-glass.85745

Onion, A. (2001, Jan. 5). Tiny Shrimp Terrorizes Aquarium. ABC News. abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=94488&page=1

Van Der Wal, C., Ahyong, S. T., Ho, S., & Lo, N. (2017). The evolutionary history of Stomatopoda (Crustacea: Malacostraca) inferred from molecular data. PeerJ, 5, e3844. doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3844

Patek, S. A., & Caldwell, R. L. (2005). Extreme impact and cavitation forces of a biological hammer: strike forces of the peacock mantis shrimp Odontodactylus scyllarus. Journal of Experimental Biology, 208(19), 3655-3664.

Patek, S. N. (2015). The most powerful movements in biology. Am. Sci, 103(5), 330-337.

Patek, S. N., Korff, W. L., & Caldwell, R. L. (2004). Deadly strike mechanism of a mantis shrimp. Nature, 428(6985), 819–820. doi:10.1038/428819a

Burrows, M. (1969). The mechanics and neural control of the prey capture strike in the mantid shrimps Squilla and Hemisquilla. Zeitschrift Für Vergleichende Physiologie, 62(4), 361–381. doi:10.1007/bf00299261

Patek, S. N., Nowroozi, B. N., Baio, J. E., Caldwell, R. L., & Summers, A. P. (2007). Linkage mechanics and power amplification of the mantis shrimp's strike. Journal of Experimental Biology, 210(20), 3677-3688.

DeVries, M. S., Murphy, E. A. K., & Patek, S. N. (2012). Strike mechanics of an ambush predator: the spearing mantis shrimp. Journal of Experimental Biology, 215(24), 4374-4384.

Steinhardt, E., Hyun, N. S. P., Koh, J. S., Freeburn, G., Rosen, M. H., Temel, F. Z., ... & Wood, R. J. (2021). A physical model of mantis shrimp for exploring the dynamics of ultrafast systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(33), e2026833118.

Amaral, A. L. S., Castilho, A. L., & Haddad Junior, V. (2021). Injuries in humans caused by mantis shrimp or siriboia (Crustacea: Stomatopoda). Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 54.

Just How Scary is the Deep-Sea Magnapinna Squid? | Alien Ocean

The Octopus Lady 2022-06-15 | Check out my Patreon: patreon.com/theoctopuslady

Check out Kobadit!
Twitter: twitter.com/kobadit
IG: instagram.com/kobadit
Tumblr: kobadit.tumblr.com

And my other videos:
✩This Microscopic Organism Has 90x More DNA than Humans?!: youtube.com/watch?v=xIcGWun6mZg
✩ What is Making Our Oceans Glow Like This?: youtube.com/watch?v=-Cf26GXssT4
✩ Can You Build Up a Tolerance to Pufferfish Toxin?: youtube.com/watch?v=s-iuENcZ-2Q
✩3 Ways Seahorses are Like British Aristocracy and 1 Way They're Definitely Not: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MneR6...
✩Jellyfish are Filled with Bio-Weapons: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hdm6n...
✩ This Animal Can Vomit Up All Its Organs...and SURVIVE?: youtube.com/watch?v=3RSh8i2MKoY

Photo manipulations and creative consulting by Friscoborn

Music:
Void Glider by Shane Ivers - silvermansound.com

Photo Credits:
Soapfish - flickr.com/photos/krokodiver/49878454957

Video Sources:
Dr. Mark Benfield, Louisiana State University
oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex2107/media-resources/bigfin-squid.html

Sources:

http://tolweb.org/Magnapinna

oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex2107/features/bigfin-squid/bigfin-squid.html

oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex2107/media-resources/bigfin-squid.html

Vecchione, M., & Young, R. E. (1998). The Magnapinnidae, a newly discovered family of oceanic squid (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida). African Journal of Marine Science, 20.

Vecchione, M. (2001). Worldwide Observations of Remarkable Deep-Sea Squids. Science, 294(5551), 2505–2505. doi:10.1126/science.294.5551.2505

Vecchione, M., Roper, C. F. E., Widder, E. A., & Frank, T. M. (2002). In situ observations on three species of large-finned deep-sea squids. Bulletin of Marine Science, 71(2), 893-901.

Guerra, A., González, A. F., Rocha, F., Segonzac, M., & Gracia, J. (2002). Observations from submersibles of rare long-arm bathypelagic squids. Sarsia, 87(2), 189–192. doi:10.1080/003648202320205274

Guerrero-Kommritz, J., Cantera, J., Puentes, V., & Leon, J. (2018). First observations of the bigfin squid Magnapinna sp. in the Colombian Southern Caribbean. Biodiversity data journal, (6), e24170. doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.6.e24170

Vecchione, M., & Young, R. E. (2006). The squid family Magnapinnidae (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in the Atlantic Ocean, with a description of a new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 119(3), 365–372. doi:10.2988/0006-324x(2006)119[365:tsfmmc]2.0.co;2

Lindsay, D. J., Hunt, J. C., Hashimoto, J., Fujiwara, Y., Fujikura, K., Miyake, H., & Tsuchida, S. (2000). Submersible observations on the deep-sea fauna of the south-west Indian Ocean: preliminary results for the mesopelagic and near-bottom communities. JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research, 16, 23-33.

Osterhage, D., MacIntosh, H., Althaus, F., & Ross, A. (2020). Multiple observations of Bigfin Squid (Magnapinna sp.) in the Great Australian Bight reveal distribution patterns, morphological characteristics, and rarely seen behaviour. Plos one, 15(11), e0241066.

Jamieson, A. J., & Vecchione, M. (2022). Hadal cephalopods: first squid observation (Oegopsida, Magnapinnidae, Magnapinna sp.) and new records of finned octopods (Cirrata) at depths 6000 m in the Philippine Trench. Marine Biology, 169(1), 1-5.

Guerra, A., González, A. F., Rocha, F., Segonzac, M., & Gracia, J. (2002). Observations from submersibles of rare long-arm bathypelagic squids. Sarsia, 87(2), 189–192. doi:10.1080/003648202320205274

And thanks for watching our video "Just How Scary is the Deep-Sea Magnapinna Squid?"

Can You Build Up a Tolerance to Pufferfish Toxin? | Alien Ocean

The Octopus Lady 2022-05-15 | I can't even begin to fathom how many times I listened to Toxic by Britney Spears while I was making this video.

Check out my Patreon: patreon.com/theoctopuslady

And my other videos:
✩This Microscopic Organism Has 90x More DNA than Humans?!: youtube.com/watch?v=xIcGWun6mZg
✩ What is Making Our Oceans Glow Like This?: youtube.com/watch?v=-Cf26GXssT4
✩Barnacles Have the Biggest D!cks in the Ocean: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cP7y0...
✩3 Ways Seahorses are Like British Aristocracy and 1 Way They're Definitely Not: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MneR6...
✩Jellyfish are Filled with Bio-Weapons: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hdm6n...
✩ This Animal Can Vomit Up All Its Organs...and SURVIVE?: youtube.com/watch?v=3RSh8i2MKoY

Photo manipulations, creative consulting, digital art, and thumbnail by Friscoborn.

Music provided by tunetank.com
5am by danyvin: tunetank.com/tracks/3743-5-am

Photo Credits: docs.google.com/document/d/1XGRXpQSbTX_GfaJ1bZH0EMqrXNhzu43TJVGGIlZvICQ/edit?usp=sharing

Video Sources:
Maja Divjak - Clostridium tetani and Tetanus: youtube.com/watch?v=e6bLlFUO3XA
John Downer Productions - Dolphins on Drugs - Pass the Puffer!: youtube.com/watch?v=iVqObIauPJA

Sources:

Matsuura, K. (2014). Taxonomy and systematics of tetraodontiform fishes: a review focusing primarily on progress in the period from 1980 to 2014. Ichthyological Research, 62(1), 72–113. doi:10.1007/s10228-014-0444-5

ZHAO Shuang, SONG Jia-Kun, WANG Xiao-Jie. Functional morphology of puffing behavior in pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus). Zoological Research, 2010, 31(5): 539-549. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1141.2010.05539

Alfaro, M. E., Santini, F., & Brock, C. D. (2007). DO REEFS DRIVE DIVERSIFICATION IN MARINE TELEOSTS? EVIDENCE FROM THE PUFFERFISH AND THEIR ALLIES (ORDER TETRAODONTIFORMES). Evolution, 61(9), 2104–2126. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00182.x

Brainerd, E. L. (1994). Pufferfish inflation: Functional morphology of postcranial structures inDiodon holocanthus (Tetraodontiformes). Journal of Morphology, 220(3), 243–261. doi:10.1002/jmor.1052200304

Miyazawa, K., & Noguchi, T. (2001). DISTRIBUTION AND ORIGIN OF TETRODOTOXIN. Journal of Toxicology: Toxin Reviews, 20(1), 11–33. doi:10.1081/txr-100103081

Bane, V., Lehane, M., Dikshit, M., O’Riordan, A., & Furey, A. (2014). Tetrodotoxin: Chemistry, Toxicity, Source, Distribution and Detection. Toxins, 6(2), 693–755. doi:10.3390/toxins6020693

Chau, R., Kalaitzis, J. A., & Neilan, B. A. (2011). On the origins and biosynthesis of tetrodotoxin. Aquatic Toxicology, 104(1-2), 61–72. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.04.001

NARAHASHI, T. (2008). Tetrodotoxin. Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B, 84(5), 147–154. doi:10.2183/pjab.84.147

Moczydlowski, E. G. (2013). The molecular mystique of tetrodotoxin. Toxicon, 63, 165–183. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.11.026

Booth, W. (1988). Voodoo science. Science, 240(4850), 274–277. doi:10.1126/science.3353722

Hines, T. (2008). Zombies and Tetrodotoxin. Skeptical Inquirer, 32(3), 60. cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2008/05/22164506/p60.pdf

Vodou is elusive and endangered, but it remains the soul of Haitian people: theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/07/vodou-haiti-endangered-faith-soul-of-haitian-people

What does a dolphin use to get high? A toxic puffer fish that makes them lapse into a trance-like state: dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2530664/High-not-dry-Dolphins-filmed-chewing-toxic-puffer-fish-enjoy-narcotic-like-effects.html

How Did They Get This Footage of the Giant Squid? | Marine Biology in a Minute

The Octopus Lady 2022-05-12 | My first TikTok! Thought I'd throw it up here for funsies.

What is Making Our Oceans Glow Like This? | Alien Ocean

The Octopus Lady 2022-04-15 | Check out my Patreon: patreon.com/theoctopuslady

And the first video of this series: youtu.be/xIcGWun6mZg

And my other videos:
✩Barnacles Have the Biggest D!cks in the Ocean: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cP7y0...
✩3 Ways Seahorses are Like British Aristocracy and 1 Way They're Definitely Not: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MneR6...
✩Where Did the Fishman From "The Shape of Water" Actually Come From? Marine Biologist Reacts!: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tY_fZ...
✩Jellyfish are Filled with Bio-Weapons: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hdm6n...
✩ This Animal Can Vomit Up All Its Organs...and SURVIVE?: youtube.com/watch?v=3RSh8i2MKoY

Photo manipulations, creative consulting, digital art, and thumbnail by Friscoborn.

Music provided by TuneTank.com

Photo Credits: docs.google.com/document/d/1aMXITfuaLQ34qy3i-MmWTnDZbgN9vS6rR31pEzeH-R8/edit

Video Sources:
Franz Krachtus - Red Tide Causes Bioluminescent Ocean: youtube.com/watch?v=NjWTr_cXqNs
Franz Krachtus - Red Tide Bioluminescent Ocean: youtube.com/watch?v=bdTz4sUAgc4

Sources:

Hackett, J. D., Anderson, D. M., Erdner, D. L., & Bhattacharya, D. (2004). Dinoflagellates: a remarkable evolutionary experiment. American Journal of Botany, 91(10), 1523–1534. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1523

Prevett, A., Lindström, J., Xu, J., Karlson, B., & Selander, E. (2019). Grazer-induced bioluminescence gives dinoflagellates a competitive edge. Current Biology, 29(12), R564–R565. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.019

ESAIAS, W. E., & CURL, H. C. (1972). EFFECT OF DINOFLAGELLATE BIOLUMINESCENCE ON COPEPOD INGESTION RATES1. Limnology and Oceanography, 17(6), 901–906. doi:10.4319/lo.1972.17.6.0901

Valiadi, M., & Iglesias-Rodriguez, D. (2013). Understanding Bioluminescence in Dinoflagellates—How Far Have We Come? Microorganisms, 1(1), 3–25. doi:10.3390/microorganisms1010003

Abrahams, M. V., & Townsend, L. D. (1993). Bioluminescence in Dinoflagellates: A Test of the Burgular Alarm Hypothesis. Ecology, 74(1), 258–260. doi:10.2307/1939521

Hallegraeff, G. M., Anderson, D. M., & Cembella, A. D. (2003, October 1). Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae (Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology, 11). United Nations Educational.

This Microscopic Organism Has 90x More DNA than Humans?! | Alien Ocean

The Octopus Lady 2022-03-15 | Check out my Patreon: patreon.com/theoctopuslady

And my other videos:
✩Barnacles Have the Biggest D!cks in the Ocean: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cP7y0...
✩3 Ways Seahorses are Like British Aristocracy and 1 Way They're Definitely Not: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MneR6...
✩Where Did the Fishman From "The Shape of Water" Actually Come From? Marine Biologist Reacts!: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tY_fZ...
✩Jellyfish are Filled with Bio-Weapons: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hdm6n...
✩ This Animal Can Vomit Up All Its Organs...and SURVIVE?: youtube.com/watch?v=3RSh8i2MKoY

Photo manipulations, creative consulting, digital art, and thumbnail by Friscoborn.

Music provided by TuneTank.com

Photo Credits: docs.google.com/document/d/1aMXITfuaLQ34qy3i-MmWTnDZbgN9vS6rR31pEzeH-R8/edit

Sources:
oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/plankton.html
oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/phyto.html
oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/redtide.html

Ruggiero, M. A., Gordon, D. P., Orrell, T. M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R. C., … Kirk, P. M. (2015). A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLOS ONE, 10(4), e0119248. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248

Cavalier-Smith, T. (2017). Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences. Protoplasma, 255(1), 297–357. doi:10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3

Hoppenrath, M. (2016). Dinoflagellate taxonomy — a review and proposal of a revised classification. Marine Biodiversity, 47(2), 381–403. doi:10.1007/s12526-016-0471-8

Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998). A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 73(3), 203–266. doi:10.1017/s0006323198005167

Schnepf, E., & Deichgräber, G. (1984). “Myzocytosis”, a kind of endocytosis with implications to compartmentation in endosymbiosis. Naturwissenschaften, 71(4), 218–219. doi:10.1007/bf00490442

Penaud, A., Hardy, W., Lambert, C., Marret, F., Masure, E., Servais, T., … Mertens, K. N. (2018). Dinoflagellate fossils: Geological and biological applications. Revue de Micropaléontologie. doi:10.1016/j.revmic.2018.09.003

Mangerud, G., Paterson, N. W., & Riding, J. B. (2018). The temporal and spatial distribution of Triassic dinoflagellate cysts. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2018.11.010

Lin, S. (2011). Genomic understanding of dinoflagellates. Research in Microbiology, 162(6), 551–569. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2011.04.006

Nand, A., Zhan, Y., Salazar, O.R. et al. Genetic and spatial organization of the unusual chromosomes of the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium microadriaticum. Nat Genet 53, 618–629 (2021). doi.org/10.1038/s41588-021-00841-y

Stephens, T. G., Ragan, M. A., Bhattacharya, D., & Chan, C. X. (2018). Core genes in diverse dinoflagellate lineages include a wealth of conserved dark genes with unknown functions. Scientific reports, 8(1), 17175. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35620-z

Fransolet, D., Roberty, S., & Plumier, J.-C. (2012). Establishment of endosymbiosis: The case of cnidarians and Symbiodinium. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 420-421, 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2012.03.015

Douglas, A. E. (2003). Coral bleaching––how and why? Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46(4), 385–392. doi:10.1016/s0025-326x(03)00037-7

Hallegraeff, G. M., Anderson, D. M., & Cembella, A. D. (2003, October 1). Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae (Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology, 11). United Nations Educational.

This Animal Can Vomit Up All Its Organs...and SURVIVE? | Alien Ocean

The Octopus Lady 2022-02-15 | Talk about eating your heart out. Or...your heart being on your sleeve. Or...SOMETHING about your heart being outside of your body.

Check out my Patreon: patreon.com/theoctopuslady

And my other videos:
✩No Animal in the World Eats Like a Sea Star | Alien Ocean: Episode 1: youtube.com/watch?v=weIA9tCSGLU
✩This Eel has the Ability to Bite You TWICE: youtube.com/watch?v=8LG8yS1gRmA
✩What Does This "Crab" Have To Do With the Covid Vaccine?: youtube.com/watch?v=9UXB9BhLHuM
✩Barnacles Have the Biggest D!cks in the Ocean: youtube.com/watch?v=cP7y01zlpsk
✩3 Ways Seahorses are Like British Aristocracy and 1 Way They're Definitely Not | Alien Ocean: youtube.com/watch?v=MneR6hTm-YI
✩Where Did the Fishman From "The Shape of Water" Actually Come From? Marine Biologist Reacts!: youtube.com/watch?v=tY_fZFURqSQ
✩Jellyfish are Filled with Bio-Weapons: youtube.com/watch?v=hdm6nhGgj2I

Photo manipulations, creative consulting, digital art, and thumbnail by Friscoborn.

Creative Commons Music by Jason Shaw on www.audionautix.com

Photo Credit:
Sea Cucumber Fossil Photo: Matt Heaton/FossilEra.com fossilera.com/fossils/4-fossil-sea-cucumber-achistrum-pos-neg-mazon-creek
Other photo credits: docs.google.com/document/d/16JqEF7qKGSq3vAOfyXOCsoqPRaIabbTFWU63ZRNc45g/edit?usp=sharing

Video Sources:
MA MarineFisheries - Tube Feet: youtube.com/watch?v=tvTH3Q4OLdQ
seacid2002 - sea cucumber crawling: youtube.com/watch?v=toazzZOIM8M
EVNautilus - Pelagic Sea Cucumber Drifts Past | Nautilus Live: youtube.com/watch?v=TEa3SaBVg3M
Procrastination Pictures - Demonic Chorus Sound Effect: youtube.com/watch?v=DYKtNzBL2_4

Other Sources:

oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/benthic.html
timescalefoundation.org/gssp/index.php?parentid=77

Reich, Mike. "The early evolution and diversification of holothurians (Echinozoa)." Echinoderms: Durham: Taylor and Francis Group, London (2010): 55-59.
researchgate.net/profile/Mike-Reich/publication/233386484_The_early_evolution_and_diversification_of_holothurians_Echinozoa/links/0c96052976badd79f0000000/The-early-evolution-and-diversification-of-holothurians-Echinozoa.pdf

Coe, Wesley, R. Echinoderms of Connecticut. Hartford, Printed for the State Geological and Natural History Survey, 1912
biodiversitylibrary.org/item/117005#page/9/mode/1up

Wolcott, Robert, H. Animal Biology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1933
biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23519#page/9/mode/1up

Jaeckle, W., Strathmann, R., 2013. The anus as a second mouth: anal suspension feeding by an
oral deposit-feeding sea cucumber. Invert. Biol. 132, 62-68.
doi:10.1111/ivb.12009

García-Arrarás, J. E., & Greenberg, M. J. (2001). Visceral regeneration in holothurians. Microscopy Research and Technique, 55(6), 438–451.
doi:10.1002/jemt.1189

García-Arrarás, J. E., Estrada-Rodgers, L., Santiago, R., Torres, I. I., Díaz-Miranda, L., & Torres-Avillán, I. (1998). Cellular mechanisms of intestine regeneration in the sea cucumber,Holothuria glaberrima Selenka (Holothuroidea:Echinodermata). The Journal of Experimental Zoology, 281(4), 288–304.
(I can't give the doi or URL cuz it has angled brackets in it and YouTube apparently doesn't allow those in the description!)

Mo, Jingyi, et al. "Interfibrillar stiffening of echinoderm mutable collagenous tissue demonstrated at the nanoscale." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113.42 (2016): E6362-E6371.
pnas.org/content/113/42/E6362.short

Tracey, D. J. "Evisceration and regeneration in Thyone okeni (Bell, 1884)." Proc. Linn. Soc. NSW. Vol. 97. No. 1. 1972.
researchgate.net/publication/287208916_Evisceration_and_regeneration_in_Thyone_okeni_Bell_1884

NACE III, A. GEORGE. The digestive system and lantern complex of Thyonella gemmata (Pourtales): structure and regeneration. The Florida State University, 1971.
proquest.com/openview/991969da2d65d526266ad9d892569e5c/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y

Rupart, E.E., Fox, R.S., Barnes, R.D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach. Brooks/Cole.

Hey, you made it to the end! As a treat, here's some really great Existential/Cosmic/Lovecraftian horror (without all the racism, classism, and xenophobia):
Mystery Flesh Pit National Park: mysteryfleshpitnationalpark.com
Borne by Jeff Vandermeer: mcdbooks.com/books/borne
Annihilation by Jeff Vandermeer: jeffvandermeer.com/book/annihilation

Jellyfish are Filled with Painful and Deadly Bio-Weapons | Alien Ocean

The Octopus Lady 2022-01-15 | No wonder jellyfish stings can hurt so much.

Check out my Patreon: patreon.com/theoctopuslady

And my other videos:
✩This Eel has the Ability to Bite You TWICE: youtube.com/watch?v=8LG8yS1gRmA
✩What Does This "Crab" Have To Do With the Covid Vaccine?: youtube.com/watch?v=9UXB9BhLHuM
✩Barnacles Have the Biggest D!cks in the Ocean: youtube.com/watch?v=cP7y01zlpsk
✩3 Ways Seahorses are Like British Aristocracy From, idk, the 1800s (& 1 Way They're Definitely Not): youtube.com/watch?v=MneR6hTm-YI
✩Where Did the Fishman From "The Shape of Water" Actually Come From? Marine Biologist Reacts!: youtube.com/watch?v=tY_fZFURqSQ

Photo manipulations, creative consultant, digital art, and thumbnail by Friscoborn.

Line art for Artist's Rendition of My Creative Consultant by Bryan Mann, shading and photo manipulation by Shea Breslin

Wet Riffs Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

Video Sources:

Ghostly critters from the deep sea: Stygiomedusa gigantea: youtube.com/watch?v=sszjsGGJzkk An extraordinary deep-sea sighting:

An extraordinary deep-sea sighting: The giant phantom jelly: youtube.com/watch?v=9bzQYKm3xTA

Other Sources:

Rupart, E.E., Fox, R.S., Barnes, R.D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach. Brooks/Cole.

Zapata, F., Goetz, F. E., Smith, S. A., Howison, M., Siebert, S., Church, S. H., … Cartwright, P. (2015). Phylogenomic Analyses Support Traditional Relationships within Cnidaria. PLOS ONE, 10(10), e0139068. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139068

Liu, Y., Shao, T., Zhang, H., Wang, Q., Zhang, Y., Chen, C., … Xue, J. (2017). A new scyphozoan from the Cambrian Fortunian Stage of South China. Palaeontology, 60(4), 511–518. doi:10.1111/pala.12306

Hamilton, G. The secret lives of jellyfish. Nature 531, 432–434 (2016). doi.org/10.1038/531432a nature.com/articles/531432a

Holstein, T., & Tardent, P. (1984). An ultrahigh-speed analysis of exocytosis: nematocyst discharge. Science, 223(4638), 830–833. doi:10.1126/science.6695186

britannica.com/animal/lions-mane-jellyfish

Benfield, M. C., & Graham, W. M. (2010). In situ observations of Stygiomedusa gigantea in the Gulf of Mexico with a review of its global distribution and habitat. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 90(06), 1079–1093. doi:10.1017/s0025315410000536

mbari.org/products/creature-feature/giant-phantom-jelly

Drazen, J. C., & Robison, B. H. (2004). Direct observations of the association between a deep-sea fish and a giant scyphomedusa. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 37(3), 209–214. doi:10.1080/10236240400006190

Piraino, S., De Vito, D., Schmich, J., Bouillon, J., & Boero, F. (2004). Reverse development in Cnidaria. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 82(11), 1748–1754. doi:10.1139/z04-174

Piraino, S., Boero, F., Aeschbach, B., & Schmid, V. (1996). Reversing the Life Cycle: Medusae Transforming into Polyps and Cell Transdifferentiation in Turritopsis nutricula (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). The Biological Bulletin, 190(3), 302–312. doi:10.2307/1543022

my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17821-jellyfish-stings

mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/jellyfish-stings/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353290

Where Did the Fishman From The Shape of Water Actually Come From? Marine Biologist Reacts!

The Octopus Lady 2021-12-16 | Take a shot every time I say "parts per thousand."

I also had to re-upload this video because I accidentally uploaded it in 720p, so...THAT WASN'T ANNOYING.

Check out my Patreon: patreon.com/theoctopuslady

And my other videos:
✩No Animal in the World Eats a Like Sea Star: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=weIA9...
✩This Eel has the Ability to Bite You TWICE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8LG8y...
✩What Does This "Crab" Have To Do With the Covid Vaccine?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UXB9...
✩Barnacles Have the Biggest D!cks in the Ocean: youtube.com/watch?v=cP7y01zlpsk
✩3 Ways Seahorses are Like British Aristocracy From, idk, the 1800s (& 1 Way They're Definitely Not): youtube.com/watch?v=MneR6hTm-YI

Photo manipulations, creative consultant, and digital art by Friscoborn.

Recommended Videos:
Lindsay Ellis - My Monster Boyfriend: youtube.com/watch?v=YesMWAxqJ60
Innuendo Studios - CO-VIDS: that one guillermo del toro movie - youtube.com/watch?v=pp-EmsmCsRE
Quality Culture - The Shape of Water is Misunderstood: youtube.com/watch?v=lGvkczgir2c

And thanks for watching our video "Where Did the Fishman From 'The Shape of Water' Actually Come From? Marine Biologist Reacts!"

3 Ways Seahorses are Like British Aristocracy and 1 Way Theyre Definitely Not | Alien Ocean

The Octopus Lady 2021-11-15 | Hang onto your petticoats, your ulster jackets, and your canes with ivory handles -- seahorses are about to get scandalous, y'all.

Check out my Patreon: patreon.com/theoctopuslady

And my other videos:
✩No Animal in the World Eats a Like Sea Star: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=weIA9...
✩This Eel has the Ability to Bite You TWICE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8LG8y...
✩What Does This "Crab" Have To Do With the Covid Vaccine?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UXB9...
✩Barnacles Have the Biggest D!cks in the Ocean: youtube.com/watch?v=cP7y01zlpsk

Photo manipulations, creative consultant, thumbnail, and digital art by FriscoBorn.

Creative Commons Music “Emerald Therapy” by Jason Shaw on audionautix.com

Nowhere Land Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

Video Sources:

Cow Turtle - Seahorses eating guppies and ghost shrimp: youtube.com/watch?v=XFPPwYWMzQQ
The Smithsonian Channel - Watch a Male Seahorse Give Birth to Hundreds of Babies: youtube.com/watch?v=wILL_rDRkIA

Sources:

etymonline.com/word/hippocampus#etymonline_v_34318

merriam-webster.com/dictionary/seahorse

Foster, S. J., & Vincent, A. C. J. (2004). Life history and ecology of seahorses: implications for conservation and management. Journal of Fish Biology, 65(1), 1–61. doi:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00429.x

Žalohar, J., Hitij, T., & Križnar, M. (2009). Two new species of seahorses (Syngnathidae, Hippocampus) from the Middle Miocene (Sarmatian) Coprolitic Horizon in Tunjice Hills, Slovenia: The oldest fossil record of seahorses. Annales de Paléontologie, 95(2), 71–96. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2009.03.002

Teske, P. R., & Beheregaray, L. B. (2009). Evolution of seahorses’ upright posture was linked to Oligocene expansion of seagrass habitats. Biology Letters, 5(4), 521–523. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0152

Van Wassenbergh, S., Roos, G., & Ferry, L. (2011). An adaptive explanation for the horse-like shape of seahorses. Nature Communications, 2(1). doi:10.1038/ncomms1168

Amanda C. J. Vincent. “Operational Sex Ratios in Seahorses.” Behaviour 128, no. 1/2 (1994): 153–67. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4535169.

Masonjones, H. D., & Lewis, S. M. (1996). Courtship Behavior in the Dwarf Seahorse, Hippocampus zosterae. Copeia, 1996(3), 634. doi:10.2307/1447527

JONES, A. G., KVARNEMO, C., MOORE, G. I., SIMMONS, L. W., & AVISE, J. C. (1998). Microsatellite evidence for monogamy and sex-biased recombination in the Western Australian seahorse Hippocampus angustus. Molecular Ecology, 7(11), 1497–1505. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00481.x

Jones, A. G., & Avise, J. C. (1997). Microsatellite analysis of maternity and the mating system in the Gulf pipefish Syngnathus scovelli, a species with male pregnancy and sex-role reversal. Molecular Ecology, 6(3), 203–213. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1997.00173.x

Jones, A. G., Rosenqvist, G., Berglund, A., & Avise, J. C. (1999). The genetic mating system of a sex-role-reversed pipefish ( Syngnathus typhle ): a molecular inquiry. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 46(5), 357–365. doi:10.1007/s002650050630

Sridevi, J. P., Anantaraju, H. S., Kulkarni, P., Yogeeswari, P., & Sriram, D. (2014). Optimization and validation of Mycobacterium marinum-induced adult zebrafish model for evaluation of oral anti-tuberculosis drugs. International Journal of Mycobacteriology, 3(4), 259–267. doi:10.1016/j.ijmyco.2014.10.001

Barnacles Have the Biggest Male Reproductive Organs in the Ocean | Alien Ocean

The Octopus Lady 2021-10-16 | Check out my Patreon: patreon.com/theoctopuslady

And my other videos:

✩No Animal in the World Eats a Like Sea Star: youtube.com/watch?v=weIA9tCSGLU
✩This Eel has the Ability to Bite You TWICE: youtube.com/watch?v=8LG8yS1gRmA
✩What Does This "Crab" Have To Do With the Covid Vaccine?: youtube.com/watch?v=9UXB9BhLHuM

Creative consulting and video thumbnail by Friscoborn.

Creative Commons Music by Jason Shaw on audionautix.com

Video Sources:

Barnacle feeding and reproduction: youtube.com/watch?v=V7fWmF--Xes
2016-12-17 : Diving GCS - Barnacles Feeding: youtube.com/watch?v=Lyb2doGWbYc
Coral Spawning: youtube.com/watch?v=qSU51AweDBYOther

Sources:

Chan, B. K. K., et. al. (2021). The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms.: academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160/6149353
Buckeridge, J. S., Chan, B., & Lin, J. P. (2019). Paleontological Studies of Whale Barnacles in Taiwan Reveal New Cetacean Migration Routes in the Western Pacific Since the Miocene.: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6971528
J. Matthew Hoch, Daniel T. Schneck, Christopher J. Neufeld. (2016). Ecology and Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity in the Penis and Cirri of Barnacles: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6971528
W.A. Newman, D.P. Abbott (1980). Cirripedia: the barnacles: decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31753/31753.pdf
DOYLE, P., MATHER, A. E., BENNETT, M. R., & BUSSELL, M. A. (1996). Miocene barnacle assemblages from southern Spain and their palaeoenvironmental significance.: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1996.tb01659.x
Glenner, H., Høeg, J., O'Brien, J. et al. (2000). Invasive vermigon stage in the parasitic barnacles Loxothylacus texanus and L. panopaei (Sacculinidae): closing of the rhizocephalan life-cycle.: link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002270050683
What Are Barnacles? oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/barnacles.html
Kamino, K. (2016). Barnacle Underwater Attachment.: link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-46082-6_7
Benny K K Chan, Niklas Dreyer, Andy S Gale, Henrik Glenner, Christine Ewers-Saucedo, Marcos Pérez-Losada, Gregory A Kolbasov, Keith A Crandall, Jens T Høeg. (2021). The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms.: academic.oup.com/icb/article/56/4/728/2198193?login=true
D Fertl, WA Newman. (2018). Barnacles.: sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128043271000601
David Veale, Sarah Miles, Sally Bramley, Gordon Muir, John Hodsoll,. (2014). Am I normal? A systematic review and construction of nomograms for flaccid and erect penis length and circumference in up to 15 521 men: bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bju.13010
Our World in Data, Human Height: ourworldindata.org/human-height
Long, John A. (2012). The Dawn of the Deed: The Prehistoric Origins of Sex: books.google.com/books?id=TXs4e7eIB9cC&pg=PT24#v=onepage&q&f=false
Animal Diversity Web, Balaenoptera musculus blue whale: animaldiversity.org/accounts/Balaenoptera_musculus/#6efc8e596085caee2bbcc4163c555ec6
Darwin, C. (1854). A Monograph on the Sub-class Cirripedia: The Balanidæ (or sessile cirrepedes) the Verrucidæ, etc., etc., etc: play.google.com/store/books/details?id=CsoQAAAAIAAJ
Barazandeh Marjan, Davis Corey S., Neufeld Christopher J., Coltman David W. and Palmer A. Richard. (2013). Something Darwin didn't know about barnacles: spermcast mating in a common stalked species.: royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2012.2919
Ann I. Larsson, Lena M. Granhag, Per R. Jonsson. (2016). Instantaneous Flow Structures and Opportunities for Larval Settlement: Barnacle Larvae Swim to Settle.: journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0158957
Neufeld Christopher J and Palmer A. Richard. (2008). Precisely proportioned: intertidal barnacles alter penis form to suit coastal wave action.: royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2007.1760

What Does This Crab Have To Do With the Covid Vaccine? | Alien Ocean

The Octopus Lady 2021-09-10 | Check out my Patreon! patreon.com/theoctopuslady

And my other videos!
No Animal in the World Eats a Like Sea Star: youtube.com/watch?v=weIA9tCSGLU

This Eel has the Ability to Bite You TWICE: youtube.com/watch?v=8LG8yS1gRmA

Photo manipulations, creative consultant, thumbnail, and digital art by FriscoBorn.
For inquiries, please check the About section

Sources:
Horseshoe crab aquarium eating and swimming: youtube.com/watch?v=qeZ9aXFxvro
Baby Blue Blood Drive: wnycstudios.org/podcasts/radiolab/articles/baby-blue-blood-drive
The Horseshoe Crab, Limulus polyphemus: 200 Million Years of Existence, 100 Years of Study: tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/20026491051677
Ordovician faunas of Burgess Shale type: nature.com/articles/nature09038
Three-dimensional reconstruction and the phylogeny of extinct chelicerate orders: peerj.com/articles/641
Male mating tactics in the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus: sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003347205802933
Mating Behavior of Horseshoe Crabs, Limulus Polyphemus: brill.com/view/journals/beh/114/1-4/article-p206_12.xml
Dr. H. Jane Brockman of University of Florida: https://people.clas.ufl.edu/hjb/research/
Saving the horseshoe crab: A synthetic alternative to horseshoe crab blood for endotoxin detection: journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2006607
The Blood Harvest, theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/02/the-blood-harvest/284078
The Last Days of the Blue Blood Harvest, theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/05/blood-in-the-water/559229
Blue Bloods, newyorker.com/magazine/2014/04/14/blue-bloods
Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission: http://www.asmfc.org/species/horseshoe-crab

Music:
Clean Soul Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

This Eel has the Ability to Bite You TWICE | Alien Ocean

The Octopus Lady 2021-04-18 | Follow me on Twitter: twitter.com/theoctopuslady

Check out my first video!
Alien Ocean: Sea Stars | Episode 1: youtube.com/watch?v=weIA9tCSGLU

Photo manipulations, song lyrics, creative consultant, and digital art by Friscoborn
(But those dumb crayon drawings at the end were done by ME. And they took FOREVER)
For inquiries, please check the About section

Creative Commons Music by Jason Shaw on Audionautix.com: audionautix.com

Videos:
How Fish Eat (in SLOW MOTION!) - Smarter Every Day 118: youtube.com/watch?v=Wq48opvHsNI
Moray Eel Hunting: youtube.com/watch?v=MMHHZXsfRdY
Valerie Taylor Befriends a Spotted Moray Eel: youtube.com/watch?v=3IQ2I-P8Ucw
Food Too Big...Why Knot?!: experiment.com/u/goJd5A
To knot or not? Novel feeding behaviours in moray eels: link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12526-015-0404-y
Raptorial jaws in the throat help moray eels swallow large prey: nature.com/articles/nature06062#ref4

Other sources:
Phylogenetics and phylogeography of Moray Eels: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1289&context=etd
Eels Imitate Alien: nature.com/news/2007/070903/full/070903-11.html
Moray eels: The most cosmopolitan of reef fish, but why?: sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/04/100407121217.htm
Moray eels in knots over food: phys.org/news/2015-10-moray-eels-food.html
The fish that ties knots in its own body: http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20151010-the-fish-that-ties-knots-in-its-own-body

No Animal in the World Eats Like a Sea Star | Alien Ocean: Episode 1

The Octopus Lady 2019-03-03 | My very first episode of Alien Ocean! Holy mackerel, am I relieved that it is done.

✩Links!✩
Sunflower Star Has A Weird Way of Eating: youtube.com/watch?v=l6dnmLDu6Eg

My friend Bryan's social media:
instagram.com/bryangregorymann
twitter.com/bryan_g_mann

My friend Bryan and my brother Shea's YouTube channel, Scribble Zone:
youtube.com/channel/UCdRWBc5cM_eJVElcIb-exAw