Gross Science
Why Don’t These Cicadas Have Butts?
updated
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Host, Editor
Anna Rothschild
Hall of the Mountain King
Music Provided by APM
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2017
GROSS SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Produced by WGBH for PBS Digital Studios
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Common Avian Infection Plagued the Tyrant Dinosaurs
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0007288
Evidence of Intestinal Parasites of Dinosaurs
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16623965
Paleohaemoproteus burmacis gen. n., sp. n. (Haemospororida: Plasmodiidae) from an Early Cretaceous biting midge (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
http://bit.ly/2uAbmhH
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Host, Producer
Anna Rothschild
Camera, Sound, Research, Writing,
Illustrating, Animating
K Melvin
Brave New World
Watch Out - 30
Margarita
Fantastic Journey
Music Provided by APM
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2017
GROSS FOOTAGE AND STILLS
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2017
Jurassic Park (1993)
Universal Pictures, Amblin Entertainment
Beautiful Pigeon Bird Walking On Grass In The Square. Curious Pigeons Standing
Pond5/ronedya
Coprolite
Wikimedia Commons/United States Geological Survey
Dinosaur coprolite (Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic; Cortez, Colorado, USA)
Flickr/James St. John
Entamoeba coli
CDC/ Dr. Mae Melvin
Fasciolopsis buski
CDC/Dr. Mae Melvin
Ascaris lumbridcoides
CDC
Parasite130049 Haemoproteus syrnii -fig3
Wikimedia Commons/Karadjian, G., Puech, M.-P., Duval, L., Chavatte, J.-M., Snounou, G. & Landau, I. 2013: Haemoproteus syrnii in Strix aluco from France: morphology, stages of sporogony in a hippoboscid fly, molecular characterization and discussion on the identification of Haemoproteus species. Parasite, 20, 32. doi:10.1051/parasite/2013031
Biting midge
Flickr/Oregon State University
DMSN dinosaurs
Wikimedia Commons/Luke Jones
T-rex Sue 1070329
Wikimedia Commons/Amphibol
AMNH rex mount
Wikimedia Commons/Osborn, H.F.
Figures 1, 3, and 4
Wolff, E. D. S., Salisbury, S. W., Horner, J. R., & Varricchio, D. J. (2009). Common Avian Infection Plagued the Tyrant Dinosaurs. PLoS ONE, 4(9), e7288.
GROSS SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Short Fart 01
Freesound/dsisstudios
Big Dinosaur Whirrs
Freesound/robinhood76
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WHO on Rabies:
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/
CDC on Rabies:
cdc.gov/rabies
Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2014:
http://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/pdfplus/10.2460/javma.248.7.777
Map of US human rabies deaths from 2003-July 2014 drawn from data here:
cdc.gov/rabies/location/usa/surveillance/human_rabies.html
http://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/pdf/10.2460/javma.245.10.1111
Many thanks to Nyar Lathotep for pointing out that the Laws of Eshnunna (the tablets I speak about at the end of the piece) were clay tablets, not stone, and date to the Old Babylonian period.
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Host, Writer, Editor
Anna Rothschild
Camera, Sound, Research
K Melvin
Nature’s World 3
Horrendous Crimes
Unwanted Assignment Main underscore
Biotic Factor b
The Human Kernal a
Music Provided by APM
Special Thanks to Dr. Ryan Wallace
GROSS FOOTAGE AND STILLS
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2017
The Wolf Man (1941)
Universal Pictures
Nosferatu (1922)
Jofa-Atelier Berlin-Johannisthal, Prana-Film GmbH
Night of the Living Dead (1968)
Image Ten, Laurel Group, Market Square Productions
The Nervous System
Archive.org Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation
Circulatory Control
Archive.org/Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Nursing Care of the Sick and Injured
Archive.org/US Dept Health, Education & Welfare; US Office of Civil Defense
Close-up of dog’s face during late-stage “dumb” paralytic rabies
CDC/Barbara Andrews
"Rabies and hydrophobia..." George Fleming 1872 Wellcome L0018105
Wikimedia Commons/George Fleming
Canine suspected of being rabid and aggressive
CDC
Rabies control in the community
US National Library of Medicine
Rabies Patient
CDC
Senses of Man
Archive.org/Indiana University, Bloomington. Audio-Visual Center
Tri-colored bat (6022400811)
Wikimedia Commons/Gary Peeples/USFWS
Presence of dog-transmitted human rabies based on most recent data points from difference sources, 2010-2014
WHO
Middle Ages rabid dog
Wikimedia Commons/Scanned from Dobson, Mary J. (2008) Disease, Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Quercus, p. 157
Map of rabies cases in the US since 2003
GROSS SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Wink
Freesound/Bennychico11
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Parasite (Ribeiroia ondatrae) infection linked to amphibian malformations in the western United States:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0151:PROILT]2.0.CO;2/full
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Host, Producer
Anna Rothschild
Writer, Researcher, Editor, Illustrator, Animator
K Melvin
Summer Rain
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Gross Footage and Stills
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2017
Frog and Snail Footage
Courtesy Freshwaters Illustrated
P. regilla with parasite-induced limb malformation
Wikimedia Commons/
Brett A. Goodman, Pieter T. J. Johnson
Gross SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Produced by WGBH for PBS Digital Studios
Check out Deep Look's video on Palm Weevils! youtube.com/watch?v=S6a3Q5DzeBM&feature=youtu.be
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Grasshopper Recipe:
thespruce.com/chapulines-mexican-grasshoppers-2342567
Scorpion Recipe (I replaced scorpions for the seafood):
http://steamykitchen.com/23625-thai-seafood-curry-recipe.html
Ants on a log:
I made this one up. Just sprinkle ants on celery with cream cheese. I’d also recommend eating the ants in a salad, or maybe in gazpacho. They were pretty good!
Lollipop:
This was from Hotlix (not sponsored)
I bought all the bugs online from edibleinsects.com (again, not sponsored.)
2013 United Nations report on entomophagy: http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3253e/i3253e.pdf
Another take on why Westerners don’t typically eat bugs: askentomologists.com/2015/02/09/why-dont-we-eat-bugs-in-western-culture
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Host, Writer, Editor
Anna Rothschild
Camera, Production Assistance
K Melvin
Cherry Blossom - Underscore
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Gross Footage and Stills
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2017
Footage of Palm Weevils
Courtesy KQED Deep Look
Lobster Dinner (6013079655)
Wikimedia Commons/Benson Kua from Toronto, Canada
Compsobuthus acutecarinatus (1)
Wikimedia Commons/Philipp Weigell
African.field.cricket.arp
Wikimedia Commons/Adrian Pingstone
Scorpio maurus palmatus, Israel 1
Wikimedia Commons/MinoZig - מינוזיג
Gross SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Wink
Freesound/Bennychico11
Produced by WGBH for PBS Digital Studios
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Here’s a tutorial for making giant borax crystals. However, DO NOT heat pyrex directly on the stove. I did so with some… unfortunate results that ended with glass and hot borax everywhere: http://www.danslelakehouse.com/2015/01/diy-borax-crystals.html
Here’s some info on gem formation: gemsociety.org/article/gem-formation
Cleaning instructions: If you can do the experiment in a cooking pot, you can add additional water and just reheat the borax so that it becomes liquid again. If you use pyrex or something else that can’t be heated on a burner, poor hot water into the container a few times to loosen the mat of crystals that forms, and then dispose of them.
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Host, Editor
Anna Rothschild
Writer, Illustrator, Animator
K Melvin
Camera, Moral Support
Marshall Johnson
Heartbreak Liar - Underscore
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Gross Images
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2017
Sal (close)
Wikimedia Commons/kevindooley
Sugar Cubes (7164573186)
Wikimedia Commons/david pacey
Cardinal Gems
Wikimedia Commons/Mario Sarto
Gross SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Bubbles Popping
Freesound/ch0cchi
Boiling Towel
Freesound/unfa
Basket Creek
Freesound/sheepfilms
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Dysregulation of BDNF-TrkB Signaling in Developing Hippocampal Neurons by Pb2þ: Implications for an Environmental Basis of Neurodevelopmental Disorders:
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22345308
CDC on Lead Poisoning:
cdc.gov/nceh/lead
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Host, Writer, Animator, Editor
Anna Rothschild
Camera, Sound
Ana Aceves
Culture Shock
Music Provided by APM
Special Thanks to:
Dr. Tomás Guilarte, Dean of Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work at Florida International University
Dr. Patric K. Stanton, New York Medical College
FOOTAGE AND STILLS
Original Footage and Stills
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2017
Footage of brain cells with and without BDNF
Courtesy Dr. Tomás Guilarte
Neuronsfiring-loop
Pond5/kitchendon
Lead electrolytic and 1cm3 cube
Wikimedia Commons/Alchemist-hp
Lead Pipe - Bath Roman Baths
Wikimedia commons/Andrew Dunn
LeadPaint1
Wikimedia Commons/Thester11
Peinture Plomb écailles 3
Wikimedia Commons/Lamiot
PSM V01 D357 Human encelphalon
Wikimedia Commons/Popular Science Monthly Volume 1
Skelett-Mensch-drawing
Wikimedia Commons/Hubert Ludwig
31 Weeks Pregnant
Flickr/Jerry Lai
New baby
Flickr/Jeremy Tarling
SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Bubbles Popping
Freesound/ch0cchi
Nord analog howling wind storm
Freesound/medialint
Wink
Freesound/Bennychico11
Lock Unlock
Freesound/cemagar
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Caffeinated forage tricks honeybees into increasing foraging and recruitment behaviors.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26480843
Nicotine in floral nectar pharmacologically influences bumblebee learning of floral features
nature.com/articles/s41598-017-01980-1
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Host, Editor, Animator
Anna Rothschild
Writer, Illustrator, Camera, Sound
Natasha Ishak
Busy Bees and Summer Waltz c
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Gross Footage and Stills
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2017
Footage from the following video used with permission from Dr. Margaret Couvillon:
http://bit.ly/2r6H9ZZ
-Scientists at feeders: Credit Dr. Hasan Al Toufailia and Mr. Kyle Shackleton
-Bees foraging on flowers: Dr. Roger Schürch
Extreme closeup of several honeybees swarming into pink gum-nut blossom flower to suckle nectar
Pond5/EnlightenedMedia
Almond Tree
Wikimedia Commons/Yves Remedios from London, UK
Cherries 3
Wikimedia Commons/Liridon
Disco Ball 1
Wikimedia Commons/PJ
Fiori e frutti di avocado
Wikimedia Commons/Petar43
Gross SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Male drinking slurping aaaaaaaaaaah small belch
Freesound/Anton
Bee Flying
Freesond/soundmary
Produced by WGBH for PBS Digital Studios
These extinct frogs used to barf up their babies—and now scientists are trying to bring them back from the dead. Happy Mother’s Day!
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Inhibition of Gastric Acid Secretion in the Gastric Brooding Frog, Rheobatrachus silus:
http://bit.ly/2pe4hW0
Not Exactly Rocket Science, National Geographic: Resurrecting the Extinct Frog with a Stomach for a Womb: http://bit.ly/2pdSZRS
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Host, Writer, Animator, Editor
Anna Rothschild
Camera, Sound
Natasha Ishak
A Race to the Moon
Music Provided by APM
Gross Footage and Images
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation
Images of Gastric-Brooding Frogs Giving Birth
© Michael J. Tyler
Gastric Acid
Shutterstock/decade3d - anatomy online
John Snow Waking Up
Game of Thrones, HBO
Rheobatrachus silus
Wikimedia Commons/ThinkQuest
Baby Belly
Wikimedia Commons/David Roseborough
Chytridiomycosis
Wikimedia Commons/Forrest Brem
Chytridiomycosis2
Wikimedia Commons/ Peter Daszak, Lee Berger, Andrew A. Cunningham, Alex D. Hyatt, D. Earl Green, and Rick Speare
Rain Forest
Wikimedia Commons/Karduelis
Forest of Sai Yok National Park
Wikimedia Commons/uploader
Atelopus zeteki1
Wikimedia Commons/Brian Gratwicke
M fasciolatus
Wikimedia Commons/user:LiquidGhoul
Gross SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Pencil
Freesound/Faston
Wink
Freesound/Bennychico11
Rolling in Chair 1_2
Freesound/acrober
Produced by WGBH for PBS Digital Studios
Check out Melissa’s video at Clean My Space! youtube.com/watch?v=DKO2gFWzxqU
Many thanks to Google’s Making & Science team for making this collaboration possible #sciencegoals
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The concept of hygiene and the human microbiome:
https://biobe.uoregon.edu/2017/01/11/the-concept-of-hygiene-and-the-human-microbiome/#.WPk21VKZMUE
Time to abandon the hygiene hypothesis: New perspectives on allergic disease, the human microbiome, infectious disease prevention and the role of targeted hygiene:
http://www.grahamrook.net/resources/Bloomfield_obsolete-terminology_16.pdf
The Scientist: Microbes of the Skin:
http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/40228/title/Microbes-of-the-Skin
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Host, Writer, Producer, Editor
Anna Rothschild
Illustrator, Animator
Jason Drakeford
Camera, Sound
Natasha Ishak
Rolling Underground
Music provided by APM
Many thanks to Dr. Roo Vandegrift
Gross Footage
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2017
Hand Dryer
Pond5/asiaview
man with dirty hands
Shutterstock/Kim Reinick
Gross SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Running Water Bubbles 02
Freesound/kijjaz
Wink
Freesound/bennychico11
Hand dryer 9 hand movement
Freesound/1chris.murray1
Marker writing on paper
Freesound/ftpalad
Pencil Check Mark 2
Freesound/jakobhandersen
Produced by WGBH for PBS Digital Studios
The plant Hydnora africana is a parasite that smells foul...and that’s not even the weirdest thing about it.
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Bolin, J., Maass, E., & Musselman, L. (2009). Pollination Biology of Hydnora africana Thunb. (Hydnoraceae) in Namibia: Brood‐Site Mimicry with Insect Imprisonment. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 170(2), 157-163. doi:10.1086/593047
http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/593047?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
More info and pictures of Hydnora from Lytton J. Musselman at Old Dominion University
http://ww2.odu.edu/~lmusselm/plant/parasitic/hydnora.php
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Host, Writer, Animator, Editor
Anna Rothschild
Camera, Sound
Natasha Ishak
Many thanks to Dr. Lytton John Musselman for his help with this piece.
Gross Footage and Images
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2017
Images of Hydnora plants
Courtesy Dr. Lytton John Musselman
Host, Writer, Animator, Editor
Anna Rothschild
Camera, Sound
Natasha Ishak
Boom Town
Music Provided by APM
Road In Summer Beautiful Forest.
Pond5/Kinomasterskaya
Sun Shining Through Green Walnut
Tree Leaves, Natural Energy Hd
Pond5/viggo
Green Little Plants Growing
Pond5/Kolosigor
Euphorbia caput-medusa]
Shutterstock/Nadezhda Kharitonova
Dionaea muscipula trap
Wikimedia Commons/che
Corpse Plant
Wikimedia Commons/liz west
Rafflesia 80 cm
Wikimedia Commons/Steve Cornish (cornstaruk) from Marlow, UK
Hydnora africana Sachs
Wikimedia Commons/Julius Sachs (1832-1897)
Flickr - Rainbirder - Golden Jackal
Wikimedia Commons/Steve Garvie
HydnoraAfricanaKarasburgDistrictNamibia2002Musselman
Wikimedia Commons/Lytton John Musselman
HydnoraJohannisUmBaronaWadMedaniSudanMusselman
Wikimedia Commons/Lytton John Musselman
Gross SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Wink
Freesound/bennychico11
Male drinking slurping aaaaaaaaaaah small belch
Freesound/Anton
Slide whistle down 01
Freesound/joedeshon
Slide whistle up 01
Freesound/joedeshon
Flying Mosquito
Freesound/zywx
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Yoshiura, K., et al. (2006). “A SNP in the ABCC11 gene is the determinant of human earwax type.” Nature Genetics, 38, 324 - 330.
http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v38/n3/full/ng1733.html
Prokop-Prigge, K. A., Thaler, E., Wysocki, C. J., & Preti, G. (2014). Identification of volatile organic compounds in human cerumen. Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, 0, 48–52.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3987112
Prokop-Prigge, K. A., Mansfield, C. J., Parker, M. R., Thaler, E., Grice, E. A., Wysocki, C. J., & Preti, G. (2015). ETHNIC/RACIAL AND GENETIC INFLUENCES ON CERUMEN ODOR PROFILES. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 41(1), 67–74. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-014-0533-y
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4304888
Trumble, S. J., et al. (2013). "Blue whale earplug reveals lifetime contaminant exposure and hormone profiles." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110(42): 16922-16926.
http://www.pnas.org/content/110/42/16922.abstract
(Smithsonian.com) For Scientists, Chunks of Whale Earwax Can Be Biological Treasure Troves
http://bit.ly/2mnlc6G
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Host, Writer, Animator, Editor
Anna Rothschild
Camera, Sound
Ana Aceves
Additional Voice Over
Allison Eck
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2017
Rolling Underground
Music Provided by APM
Gross Images and Footage
Fig 1. from Trumble, S. J., et al. (2013). "Blue whale earplug reveals lifetime contaminant exposure and hormone profiles." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110(42): 16922-16926.
Courtesy Dr. Sascha Usenko and Dr. Stephen J. Trumble, Baylor University
Image of Prokop-Prigge, K. A., Mansfield, C. J., Parker, M. R., Thaler, E., Grice, E. A., Wysocki, C. J., & Preti, G. (2015). ETHNIC/RACIAL AND GENETIC INFLUENCES ON CERUMEN ODOR PROFILES. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 41(1), 67–74.
OhrenSchmalzBrocken
Wikimedia Commons/Freak1972 aka Ulf Hundeiker
Dry Earwax
Wikimedia Commons/Kelvinc
Armpit by David Shankbone
Wikimedia Commons/David Shankbone
Gross SFX
Wink
Freesound/bennychico11
Poof of Smoke
Freesound/Planman
Male drinking slurping aaaaaaaaaaah small belch
Freesound/Anton
Running Water Bubbles 02
Freesound/kijjaz
Gross Science is produced by WGBH for PBS Digital Studios
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New York Magazine: Is There An Antidote for Emotional Contagion?
http://nymag.com/scienceofus/2015/04/there-an-antidote-for-emotional-contagion.html
PLoS ONE: Chemosensory Cues to Conspecific Emotional Stress Activate Amygdala in Humans
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0006415
Journal of Marketing Research: What Makes Online Content Viral?
http://journals.ama.org/doi/abs/10.1509/jmr.10.0353?code=amma-site
Scientific American: The Secret to Online Success: What Makes Content Go Viral
scientificamerican.com/article/the-secret-to-online-success-what-makes-content-go-viral
Nautilus: Nothing Snowballs Online Like Fear
http://nautil.us/issue/33/attraction/how-ebola-infected-twitter
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Host, Editor, Animator
Anna Rothschild
Researcher and Writer
Seeta Joseph
Additional Research and Writing
Natasha Ishak and Anna Rothschild
Camera, Sound
Natasha Ishak
Infinite Void Underscore
Music Provided by APM
GROSS FOOTAGE AND IMAGES
Opening Montage
-Psycho (1960)
-The Shining (1980)
-Airplane! (1980)
-Troll 2 (1990)
Butt Sniff Party
Flickr/Craig Howell
Brady L., 34
Flickr/Hairy Jacques
Image of friends drinking milkshakes
Friends (NBC)
Ebola virus virion
Wikimedia Commons/CDC/Cynthia Goldsmith
Image from Ebola epidemic
CDC/Umid Sharapov, M.D., M.Sc.
GROSS SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Wink
Freesound/Bennychico11
Bee Fly
Freesound/soundmary
Cough Cough Sniff Sniff
Freesound/harrypeeks
Slide Whistle Down Fast 01
Freesound/joedeshon
Gross Science is produced by WGBH for PBS Digital Studios
Head over to Reactions for more snot science! youtu.be/RbcUcYDejks
Previous collab with Reactions: http://bit.ly/2jojAsd
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↓Want more gross info?↓
The Conversation: Health Check: what you need to know about mucus and phlegm: http://theconversation.com/health-check-what-you-need-to-know-about-mucus-and-phlegm-33192
Popular Science: Why Does Your Nose Run When You're Sick?:
http://www.popsci.com/why-does-your-nose-run-when-youre-sick
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Host, Writer, Animator, Edit
Anna Rothschild
Camera, Sound
Annette Choi
Skeletone Deaf b
Music Provided by APM
Special Thanks to Dr. Ralph Metson
GROSS FOOTAGE AND STILLS
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the trachea (respiratory epithelium). Light microscope micrograph.
Shutterstock/Jose Luis Calvo
Woman Digging Nose
Shutterstock/ CHAjAMP
File:Surgical anatomy - a treatise on human anatomy in its application to the practice of medicine and surgery (1901) (14780479334)
Wikimedia Commons/Internet Archive Book Images
Delightful, Jesara
Flickr, Nathan
Day 59, Project 365 - 12.18.09
Flickr/William Brawley
GROSS SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Cough Cough Sniff Sniff
Freesound/harrypeeks
Male Drinking Slurping Aaaaaaaaaaah Small Belch
Freesound/anton
Pfiff Whistle
Freesound/tommorawe
Gross Science is produced by WGBH for PBS Digital Studios
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Pathways for below-ground carbon transfer between paper birch and Douglas-fir seedlings: http://bit.ly/2kocFzg
Defoliation of interior Douglas-fir elicits carbon transfer and stress signalling to ponderosa pine neighbors through ectomycorrhizal networks: http://go.nature.com/2ko1iaS
Suzanne Simard’s TED Talk: http://bit.ly/2kodnMW
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Host, Producer, Editor, Animator
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Eliza Lehner
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Rachel Aviles
Special thanks to Dr. Suzanne Simard.
GROSS FOOTAGE AND STILLS
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2017
Forest waterfall
Pond5/ownway
POV Looking up through the trees
Pond5/Beachfrontprod
In forest
Pond5/Rozum
Blueberry Bush
Pond5/capecodvideos
fern, forest flower
Pond5/leont
Time-lapse of growing fly agaric
mushroom, RGB + ALPHA matte (720p)
Pond5/zygistudio
GROSS SFX
Jelly Mangling On Plate
Freesound/lolamadeus
Jelly Wobbling On Plate 1
Freesound/lolamadeus
Leaves
Freesound/dsoadigital
Ice Styrofoam Crackling Foley
Freesound/td6d
Machine Sucking and Expelling Air
Freesound/rob3rt
Basket Creak
Freesound/sheepfilms
SFX Gross Guts Slime Goo
Freesound/perel
Leather2
Freesound/everheat
Tape Pulling Off Surface
Freesound/baryy
Poof of Smoke
Freesound/planman
Gross Science is produced by WGBH for PBS Digital Studios
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(Primary Literature) The anus as a second mouth: anal suspension feeding by an oral deposit-feeding sea cucumber: http://bit.ly/2ibnzXa
(Primary Literature) Mechanisms involved in pearlfish resistance to holothuroid toxins: http://bit.ly/2ibg4z8
(Primary Literature) When a repellent becomes an attractant: harmful saponins are kairomones attracting the symbiotic Harlequin crab: http://go.nature.com/2ibltGv
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Host, Writer, Editor, Animator
Anna Rothschild
Camera, Sound
Zachary Hoffman
Welcome to the Circus a
Music Provided by APM
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2017
GROSS FOOTAGE AND IMAGES
Images of Sea Cucumber Butts
By Klaus M. Stiefel
Graceful pearlfish (Encheliophis gracilis) living inside sea cucumber (Bohadschia argus) on reef, West Papua, Indonesia
Getty Images/BBC Natural History
A common, large sea cucumber (Bohadschia argus) is easy to identify due to its distinctive pattern. This species can extrude sticky defensive threads called cuverian tubules.
Shutterstock/Ethan Daniels
Cloaque Femelle
Wikimedia Commons/Au Domaine des 3 Coqs
Swimming Crab - Lissocarcinus Orbicularis on Sea Cucumber
Wikimedia Commons/Prilfish
Lissocarcinus orbicularis LandaaGiraavaru
Wikimedia Commons/MDC Seamarc
Pseudocolochirus axiologus
Wikimedia Commons/Marrabbio2
Pearsonothuria graeffei bouche
Wikimedia Commons/Frédéric Ducarme
GROSS SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Gross Science is produced by WGBH for PBS Digital Studios
Host, Writer, Editor, Animator
Anna Rothschild
Camera
Jeffrey Wood
Special Thanks to all my subscribers!
Watch the World Go By
Music Provided by APM
SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Party Noise Maker Soundstack
Freesound/Soundstack
Flying Mosquito
Freesound/zywx
Fly
Freesound/dobroide
Produced by WGBH for PBS Digital Studios
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Paper on reindeer seeing UV light: http://bit.ly/2i1EfOx
Mother Jones on reindeer size and climate change: http://bit.ly/2i1KBNL
Info on people who herd reindeer around the world: http://reindeerherding.org
Reindeer’s IUCN Status: iucn.org/content/reindeer-not-just-christmas-0
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Host, Writer, Animator, Editor
Anna Rothschild
Camera
Jeffrey Wood
Snowflake Waltz a
Tinker Belles b
Sugar Plums b
Music Provided by APM
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2106
GROSS FOOTAGE AND IMAGES
Male Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) shedding the velvet from its antlers, Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway, September
Roy Mangersnes/Nature Picture Library
Santa Claus rides in a reindeer sleigh. He hastens to give gifts before Christmas. This is fast team of eight deer.
Shutterstock/Vladimir Melnikov
reindeer in velvet roaming in lush green arctic svalbard meadow
Shutterstock/FloridaStock
full grown shaggy Reindeer with peeling shedding velvet on antlers
Shutterstock/paolo airenti
Caribou group on pastures in the mountains of Kamchatka in Russia
Shutterstock/Sergey Krasnoshchokov
20070818-0001-strolling reindeer
Wikimedia Commons/Alexandre Buisse
OSHA radiation spectrum
Wikimedia Commons/OSHA Safety and Health Topics
Norway on the globe (Svalbard special) (Europe centered)
Wikimedia Commons/TUBS
White Baby Reindeer
Flickr/Heather Sunderland
Sami people north of Arctic Circle, Norway
Wikimedia Commons/Preus museum
Sami village in Kanadaskogen (4502615016)
Wikimedia Commons/Bergen Public Library Norway
Sørsame (8220918846)
Wikimedia Commons/Kommunikasjonsavdelingen NTFK
Sami People with a reindeer
Wikimedia Commons/(WT-en) JensANDMarian
GROSS SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Pencil
Freesound/fastson
Jelly Mangling on Plate
Freesound/lolamadeus
Jawharp Boing
Freesound/plingativator
Projector Screen Pull In Out
Freesound/yoh
Candy wrapper crinkle b
volivieri
Dog Howl 01
Freesound/cgeffex
Basket creak
Freesound/sheepfilms
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(Primary Literature) Contribution of Arctic seabird-colony ammonia to atmospheric particles and cloud-albedo radiative effect: http://go.nature.com/2ftUAOs
Science News article on bird poop and clouds: http://bit.ly/2ftQ0jb
NASA on bright and dark clouds: http://go.nasa.gov/2ftUbLK
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Host, Writer, Animator, Editor
Anna Rothschild
Camera, Sound
Janet DeFilippo
Plucky Little Thing
Music Provided by APM
Many thanks to Dr. Greg Wentworth
GROSS FOOTAGE AND IMAGES
Bird Photography Outtakes
Flickr/Ingrid Taylor
Monterey a rock with bird+their crap
Wikimedia Commons/Mrmariokartguy
Bagged Quano & Trolly
Wikimedia Commons/J.R. Mann
Grímsey puffins
Flickr/Jennifer Boyer
Guillemots on Bear Island Svalbard Arctic
Flickr/Gary Bembridge
Dreierprofil
Wikimedia Commons/Henning Allmers, halmers@uos.de
GROSS SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Slide Whistle Down 01
Freesound/joedeshon
Slide Whistle Up 01
Freesound/joedeshon
Wink
Freesound/bennychico11
Gross Science is produced by WGBH for PBS Digital Studios
NOTE: An earlier version of this video showed an *electromagnetic speaker* in a novelty card, NOT a piezoelectric speaker. Many thanks to viewer Dx Ka for pointing that out.
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(Original article) High-performance bio-piezoelectric nanogenerator made with fish scales:
http://bit.ly/2gdOVvU
Inside a piezoelectric novelty card: http://bit.ly/2eYaQ5j
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Host, Producer
Anna Rothschild
Writer, Researcher, Videographer, Editor
Mark Gartsbeyn
Good Time Charlie b
Music Provided by APM
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2016
GROSS FOOTAGE AND STILLS
Images of collagen and scientists with generator
Courtesy Dr. Dipankar Mandal
X-ray real heart beating in action
Shutterstock/SVTeam
Dead Fish
Wikimedia Commons/Jbellegaribay
Cook Fish on White Ceramic Plate
Pexels
Sashimi
Pixabay/PublicDomainPictures
Tuna fish sandwiches for the National School Lunch Program (1)
Wikimedia Commons/U.S. Department of Agriculture
Fish Sticks (11833724893)
Wikimedia Commons/EHRENBERG Kommunikation
Fish and Chips
PublicDomainPictures.net/George Hodan
Salade nicoise
Wikimedia Commons/Canterel
Image from page 442 of “Encylopédie d’historie naturelle” (Fish illustration)
Flickr/Internet Archive Book Images
Genga 05
Wikimedia Commons/Fuelbottle~commonswiki
The horse, its treatment in health and disease with a complete guide to breeding, training and management (1906) (14749262516)
Wikimedia Commons/J. Wortley Axe/Internet Archive Book Images
Wax(?) model of a dissected foot, showing tendons. Pencil an Wellcome V0008281
Wikimedia Commons/Wellcome Images
Catla catla
Wikimedia Commons/Khalid Mahmood
Dead Carp J1
Wikimedia Commons/Jamain
GROSS SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
ELECTRIC_ZAP_001
Freesound/JoelAudio
Wink
Freesound/bennychico11
DrumRoll
Wikimedia Commons/HolyGhostParty
Whip Cracks/Whip Crack 01
Freesound/CGEffex
Squeaky Dog Toy
Freesound/DANMITCH3LL
Household/Extractor Fan 02
Freesound/JarredGibb
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Paper on Eurasian (European) roller defensive vomiting: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0068862
Bizarre paper from the 1970s showing the effects of fulmar vomit on different birds: http://bit.ly/2eGLwUk
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Host, Producer, Editor
Anna Rothschild
Writer, Researcher
Elizabeth Preston
Quirky Idea
Music Provided by APM
GROSS FOOTAGE AND IMAGES
Eurasian roller vomiting
Parejo et al. 2012
Courtesy Dr. Deseada Parejo
MS ZI ZO Baby northern Fulmar seabird vomits defending itself in rocky corner/Iceland
Getty/Discovery FootageSource
European Roller - coracias garrulus, Hungary
Shutterstock/David Havel
European roller (coracias garrulus) on the nest
Shutterstock/Porojnicu Stelian
Eurasian Roller-5357
Wikimedia Commons/Rudraksha Chodankar
Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) flying, side-on
Wikimedia Commons/Avenue
Defensive Regurgitation
Wikimedia Commons/Siman Wagen
Oiled bird 3
Wikimedia Commons/Brocken Inaglory
Adventure World, Shirahama, Japan
Flickr/Pelican
Camel Spit
Flickr/Jason Borneman
GROSS SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Gross Science is produced by WGBH for PBS Digital Studios
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Press Release from the University of Nottingham: http://bit.ly/2fEP239
Info on distribution of Cornu aspersum: http://bit.ly/2fERtmx
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Host, Writer, Editor, Animator
Anna Rothschild
Production Help
Jeffrey Wood
Editorial and Moral Support
Joe Hanson
Many thanks to Dr. Angus Davison.
Catch Me If You Can
Music Provided by APM
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation
FOOTAGE AND IMAGES
Images of Jeremy
University of Nottingham
Snail couple. Snail lovers. Snail
couple make love.
Pond5/Jio
Helix aspersa Sinistra MHNT.CON.2002.767.768.jpg
Wikimedia Commons/Didier Descouens
Sobo 1906 323
Wikimedia Commons/Dr. Johannes Sobotta
Land Gastropod leaving mucus-conserving trail IMG 1674
Wikimedia Commons/JonRichfield
DNA replication split
Wikimedia Commons/Madprime
Snail eggs
Wikimedia Commons/חי
Land Gastropod leaving mucus-conserving trail IMG 1670s
Wikimedia Commons/JonRichfield
SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Wink
Freesound/Bennychico11
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Paper on Beetles Mimicking Ant Sounds:
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0130541
Di Giulio A, Maurizi E, Barbero F, Sala M, Fattorini S, Balletto E, et al. (2015) The Pied Piper: A Parasitic Beetle’s Melodies Modulate Ant Behaviours. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0130541. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130541
Paper on Paussus favieri Behavior:
hindawi.com/journals/psyche/2012/940315
Emanuela Maurizi, Simone Fattorini, Wendy Moore, and Andrea Di Giulio, “Behavior of Paussus favieri(Coleoptera, Carabidae, Paussini): A Myrmecophilous Beetle Associated with Pheidole pallidula (Hymenoptera, Formicidae),” Psyche, vol. 2012, Article ID 940315, 9 pages, 2012. doi:10.1155/2012/940315
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Host, Producer, Editor
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Elizabeth Preston
Animator, Illustrator
Mark Gartsbeyn, Anna Rothschild
Additional Help
Janet DiFilippo
Camera, Sound
Gil Kaplan
Easy Life B
Music Provided by APM
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2016
FOOTAGE AND STILLS
Ant Licking Video & Beetle with Queen
© 2012 Emanuela Maurizi et al.
Additional Images of Ants
Courtesy Dr. Andrea Di Giulio
Ant-Man Gif
Ant-Man (2015) Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures
SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Ant Sounds
© 2015 Di Giulio et al.
Wink
Freesound/Bennychico11
Cough Cough Sniff Sniff
Freesound/Harrypeeks
Sipping A Juice Box
Freesound/Trundlefly
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Recipe for De-Skunking Spray:
http://users.humboldt.edu/wfwood/deodorize.shtml
Chemicals in Striped Skunk Spray:
http://users.humboldt.edu/wfwood/skunkspray.shtml
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Host, Producer, Editor
Anna Rothschild
Researcher, Writer
Eliza Lehner
Camera, Sound
Gil Kaplan
Many thanks to Drs. William F. Wood and Stanley D. Gehrt
Comme Un Pigeon
Music Provided by APM
FOOTAGE AND IMAGES
Footage of Skunk Spraying
Courtesy WNET
NATURE “Is That Skunk?”
Stinktier, Skunks, Mephitis mephitis, Striped Skunks, Minnesota, USA, cub
Shutterstock/Bildagentur Zoonar GmbH
Blue Merle Australian Shepherd puppy, 10 weeks old, looking at Striped Skunk, Mephitis Mephitis, 5 years old, sitting in front of white background
Shutterstock/Eric Isselee
Pepe Le Pew Gif
Giphy/Warner Brothers
Baby skunk
Wikimedia Commons/AnimalPhotos
Juvenile Spotted Skunk
Flickr/vladeb
American hog-nosed skunk (Conepatus leauconotus)
Flickr/Saguaro National Park
Striped Skunk
Flickr/Land Between the Lakes …
Striped Skunk (cropped)
Wikimedia Commons/ http://www.birdphotos.com
Striped Skunk
Wikimedia Commons/ http://www.birdphotos.com
Washing a dog in a bath tub
Wikimedia Commons/Andrew Vargas
Mephitis
Flickr/Jon Nelson
Spotted Skunk and Cocomistle
Flickr/Ryan Somma
Tomato juice 316744
Wikimedia Commons/PublicDomainPictures-14
Skunk being cuddled
Wikimedia Commons/Gary J. Wood
PET SKUNK
Wikimedia Commons/Paul M. Walsh
Lapskunk
Wikimedia Commons/octobop
Baby Striped Skunk
Flickr/Land Between the Lakes …
SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Wink
Freesound/Wink
Swishes
Freesound/Pogotron
Pencil
Freesound/faston
Sniff
Freesound/jrssandoval
Bad Beep Incorrect
Freesound/richerlandtv
Poof of Smoke
Freesound/planman
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Behavioural defences in animals against pathogens and parasites: parallels with the pillars of medicine in humans
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3189355
Coprophagia: Food for thought
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1680886
American Kennel Club: Why Dogs Eat Poop and How to Stop It
http://www.akc.org/content/health/articles/why-dogs-eat-poop
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Host, Writer, Editor
Anna Rothschild
Camera and Moral Support
Vanessa Hill—Thank you!
Feel Like Home Again
Music Provided by APM
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2016
IMAGES
McKeown, D., Luescher, A., & Machum, M. (1988). Coprophagia: Food for thought. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 29(10), 849–850.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1680886
File:My dogs 2
Wikimedia Commons/Atchoo420
Ancylostoma caninum attached to the intestinal mucosa
CDC
File:Smiling dog
Wikimedia Commons/Brandon Weeks
Hookworm filariform larva
CDC
Maltese puppy, 3 days old
Wikimedia Commons/yasmapaz & ace_heart from Germany
File:Canine hookworm egg 1
Wikimedia Commons/Joel Mills
File:Цвергшнауцер белый Питомник "Ассон Ари" 12
Wikimedia Commons/Zorik07
File:Malta - Mellieha -Triq Selmun - Pharaoh Hound 02 ies
Wikimediea Commons/Frank Vincentz
File:Killer Chihuahua
Wikimedia Commons/David Shankbone
File:Kiara
Wikimedia Commons/LuKaS Cuba
File:Aaluna
Wikimedia Commons/Zoidy
File:Dog nose macro close up
Wikimedia Commons/Stockimagery
File:Caesaria f3
Wikimedia Commons/Caesaria
File:Wilde huendin am stillen
Wikimedia Commons/Stephan Gillmeier
File:Sharpei ogon 867
Wikimedia Commons/Pleple2000
Fermented hot sauce
Wikimedia Commons/Veganbaking.net
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Heredity: Outbreeding and possibly inbreeding depression in a pollinating fig wasp with a mixed mating system: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19223924
PloS ONE: The Role of Inbreeding in the Extinction of a European Royal Dynasty: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0005174
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Host, Writer, Editor, Animator
Anna Rothschild
Production Help
Mark Gartsbeyn
Jeffrey Wood
Nice Spring
Music Provided by APM
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2016
FOOTAGE AND IMAGES
File:Carlos segundo80
Wikimedia Commons/Lec CRP1
King Charles II of Spain
Wikimedia Commons/Luca Giordano
Life, uh, finds a way Gif
Jurassic Park, Universal Studios (1993)
SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Wink
Freesound/Bennychico11
Bad Beep Incorrect
Freesound/richerlandtv
Produced by WGBH for PBS Digital Studios
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The CDC on Listeria
cdc.gov/listeria
Why Food Labels Don’t Mean What You Think
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/body/food-expiration-dates
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Host
Anna Rothschild
Writer, Illustrator, Animator
Eben E. B. Bein
Spying
Music Provided by APM
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2016
IMAGES AND FOOTAGE
Movie S3 from Rickettsia Actin-Based Motility Occurs in Distinct Phases Mediated by Different Actin Nucleators
Courtesy Dr. Thomas Burke
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24361066
Listeria monocytogenes moving in PtK2 cells
Many thanks to Dr. Julie Theriot and her lab members
http://cmgm.stanford.edu/theriot/
Chicken meat Processed At Food Processing Factory. Poultry Production line
Pond5/mrs_veronik
Electron microcraph of a Listeria bacterium in tissue
CDC/Dr. Balasubr Swaminathan; Peggy Harris
Menschenhaar 200 fach
Wikimedia Commons/Jan Homann
Female shadow with organs
Wikimedia Commons/Mikael Häggström
SFX
SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Male drinking slurping aaaaaaaaaaah small belch
Freesound/anton
Running water bubbles 02
Feesound/kijjaz
Wink
Freesound/bennychico11
Slide whistle up 01
Freesound/joedeshon
Slide whistle down 01
Freesound/joedeshon
MouthPop
Freesound/HerbertBoland
Bubbles Popping
Freesound/ch0cchi
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Gastrointestinal symptoms of marathon runners (study from the 80s on marathon runners): http://bit.ly/2buWD3V
Gastrointestinal symptoms in long-distance runners, cyclists, and triathletes: Prevalence, medication, and etiology: http://bit.ly/2buVR7f
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Host, Writer, Editor
Anna Rothschild
Camera and Production Help
Eliza Lehner
Global Headlines OL (n)
Grand Opening Fanfare 1
Music Provided by APM
Many thanks to Dr. Stephen Simons
FOOTAGE AND IMAGES
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2016
HD Virtual News Studio 28/Shot1
Pond5/Movietools
*** (legs from thumbnail image)
Flickr/Artur Potosi
SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Produced by WGBH for PBS Digital Studios
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Great 1977 paper by J. Galil on Fig Biology: http://bit.ly/2bxzKwa
More on the type of pollination that happens in common figs: http://bit.ly/2bxBaqc
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Host, Writer, Animator, Editor
Anna Rothschild
Camera, Production Help
Julia Davis
Illustration of Fig Cross-Section
Eliza Lehner
Chasing Tails
Music Provided by APM
Special thanks to Dr. Allen Herre
GROSS FOOTAGE AND IMAGES
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2016
Fig Wasps
Gregory Dimijian/Science Photo Library
Ceratosolen capensis op Ficus sur, Jan Celliers Park, a
Wikimedia Commons/JMK
2004-03-27-Chimpanzee-eatin
Wikimedia Commons/Drrobert
Great hornbill eating fig
Wikimedia Commons/Lip kee
Lineated Barbet- Eating Goolar fig (Ficus racemosa)-Kolkata IMG 5810
Wikimedia Commons/J.M.Garg
Vervet Monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) eaeting figs (17277655481)
Wikimedia Commons/Bernard DUPONT
LA FRUTERA (SNYDERS)
Wikimedia Commons/Frans Snyders
Common fig - Ficus carica - Incir 2
Wikimedia Commons/Zeynel Cebeci
Mercury fig leaf
Wikimedia Commons/Sputnikcccp
Jerusalem Machne Yehuda Market (8118463247)
Wikimedia Commons/StateofIsrael
Ficus carica 1.1R
Wikimedia Commons/Rob Hille
GROSS SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Flying Mosquito
Freesound/zywx
Bubbles Popping
Freesound/ch0cchi
Squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Jelly Mangling On Plate
Freesound/lolamadeus
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The Journal of Infectious Diseases: A Novel Microbiome Therapeutic Increases Gut Microbial Diversity and Prevents Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection: http://bit.ly/2bvCrdL
The New England Journal of Medicine: Burden of Clostridium difficile Infection in the United States: http://bit.ly/2b0Umc3
Seres Therapeutics Press Release: http://bit.ly/2b0Ty6S
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Nature: Sunlight Damages DNA in the Dark
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v518/n7540/full/518459b.html
The Protective Role of Melanin Against UV Damage in Human Skin
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2671032
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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (2011) Ultra-fast underwater suction traps.
http://bit.ly/2a3fVLN
Current Biology (2016) The Venus Flytrap Dionaea muscipula Counts Prey-Induced Action Potentials to Induce Sodium Uptake
http://bit.ly/2a3gy8h
Scienceline: How Does a Venus Flytrap Work?
http://bit.ly/2a3guVU
International Carnivorous Plant Society
http://bit.ly/2a3gV2H
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Bladderwort Footage
Courtesy Philippe Marmottant
Venus flytrap catching a fly
Sinclair Stammers/Science Photo Library
Cape sundew engulfing an insect
Francis Chee/Science Photo Library
Bladderwort Traps Prey Light Microscope
Thierry Berrod/Science Photo Library
Spider Trapped in Pitcher Plant
James H. Robinson/Science Photo Library
Sundew Fly Trap Plant
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N. andamana
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Ile de Mahe - Plantes carnivores (3)
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Common Bladderwort (3629436369)
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Common Bladderwort
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Drosera Capensis eating a fruit fly
Wikimedia Commons/Scott Schiller
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Flickr/Aaron Carlson
Sarracenia ‘Boob Tube’ x open-pollinated
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Flickr/Aaron Carlson
Pitcher Plants..lots of them!
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Graeme Scott
Terrestrial shrew remains examined in
Nepenthes attenboroughii by Dr Alastair S Robinson
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Venus Fly Trap Eating Compilation Scott's Revenge On The Caterpillars
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Dionea in action
Wikimedia Commons/Stefano Zucchinali
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New Scientist Article by Alice Klein—Turtle herpes outbreak hints at Great Barrier Reef contamination:
http://bit.ly/29LYFuC
Van Houtan KS, Hargrove SK, Balazs GH (2010) Land Use, Macroalgae, and a Tumor-Forming Disease in Marine Turtles. PLoS ONE 5(9): e12900. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012900
http://bit.ly/29LVN0u
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Turtlewithfptumors0149026
Wikimedia Commons/Peter Bennett & Ursula Keuper-Bennett
Green Sea Turtle Biscayne
Wikimedia Commons/Photo by National Park Service South Florida / Caribbean Network
Green turtle with fibropapillomatosis
Wikimedia Commons/Andrew Danielson
Herpesviruses
CDC/ Dr. Fred Murphy; Sylvia Whitfield
Cold sore
Wikimedia Commons/Ben Tillman
Chickenpox Adult back
Wikimedia Commons/F malan
Various viruses from the Herpesviridae family seen using an electron microscope
CDC/ Dr. Erskine Palmer
Figure 1. Hawaiian green turtle (Chelonia mydas) with fibropapillomatosis (FP) on the seafloor in Pupukea Marine Life Conservation District, North Shore, Oahu.
Van Houtan KS, Hargrove SK, Balazs GH (2010) Land Use, Macroalgae, and a Tumor-Forming Disease in Marine Turtles. PLoS ONE 5(9): e12900. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012900
Green sea turtle at Panaluu beach, Hawaii
Wikimedia Commons/Frank Schulenburg
Runoff of soil & fertilizer
Wikimedia Commons/ U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Lynn Betts, photographer
Green Sea Turtle grazing seagrass
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Hypnea musciformis (herbarium item)
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NOVA Next article by Eben Bein: Medical Research Has a Sex Problem: http://to.pbs.org/29vPrlQ
2016 study using female genitalia to identify mantis species: http://bit.ly/29ullza
2011 study surveying the use of male and female animals in research papers published in 2009: http://bit.ly/1rsqCv5
2014 study debunking the myth that femal mice are more variable than male mice: http://bit.ly/299gCRm
2016 Washington Post piece about Ilomantis ginsburgae: http://wapo.st/22yfiLf
2015 Nature Neuroscience article on how female mice process pain differently from male mice: http://bit.ly/24UbwM1
2015 report on the number of women in clinical trials: http://1.usa.gov/1GDMLxo
Public Law 103-43—Law requiring that woman and people of color be included in clinical trials: http://bit.ly/29wOciD
NIH policy on the consideration of sex as a biological variable: http://bit.ly/29wOeac
2007 review article on how drugs affect sexes differently: http://bit.ly/24UbwM1
2014 news stories on sex bias from NPR, the Boston Globe, and Nature: http://n.pr/1PDzVya,
http://bit.ly/1S7dtgR, http://go.nature.com/1XrQi90
A 2006 commentary on how sex bias negatively impacts women’s health: http://bit.ly/1YuWrjN
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Images of Ilomantis ginsburgae and mantis genitalia
Courtesy Sydney Brannoch
U.S. Supreme Court Justices Pose for Group Photo/Ruth Bader Ginsburg
© Getty Images/Mark Wilson
Praying Mantis, Insect, Green
Pixabay/fill
Adult female Deroplatys desiccata photographed at Bristol Zoo in 2007
Wikimedia Commons/Adrian Pingstone
Choeradodis sp. Hooded Mantis - Cayo District, Belize
Flickr/Thomas Shahan
Camouflage: Flower Mantis Hymenopus coronatus on Phalenopsis orchid
Wikimedia Commons/Philipp Psurek
Praying Mantis by clearlyambiguous
Wikimedia Commons/Scott Robinson
Sphodromantis viridis
Wikimedia Commons/Mintz_I
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NPR—Caterpillar Fungus: The Viagra of the Himalayas:
http://www.npr.org/2011/10/09/141164173/caterpillar-fungus-the-viagra-of-the-himalayas
National Geographic—Caterpillar Fungus Has Anti-Inflammatory Properties:
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/121128-caterpillar-fungus-swelling-animals-science
Cochrane—Cordyceps sinensis (a Chinese medicinal herb) for treating chronic kidney disease:
http://www.cochrane.org/CD008353/RENAL_cordyceps-sinensis-a-chinese-medicinal-herb-for-treating-chronic-kidney-disease
Science Alert—The parasitic fungus is worth more than its weight in gold:
http://www.sciencealert.com/this-parasitic-fungus-is-worth-more-than-its-weight-in-gold
Nature—Asian medicine: A Fungus in decline:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v482/n7383/full/482035b.html
7th International Medicinal Mushroom Conference—Steps towards Sustainable Harvest of Yartsa Gunbu (Caterpillar Fungus, Ophiocordyceps sinensis):
http://mushroaming.com/sites/default/files/blog_images/Winkler%20Caterpillar%20fungus%20sustainability%20IMMC7%202013.pdf
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Caterpillar Fungus 2
Filmographer:
Rdo rje don 'grub རྡོ་རྗེ་དོན་འགྲུབ།
(Duojieduanzhi)
Flickr/Koknor Koknor
Cordyceps sinensis in ground
Exposed 2008 and Bu Finding BarLa288
©Daniel Winkler
http://mushroaming.com
Weighing Caterpillar Fungus
Wikimedia Commons/Mario Biondi
Soup of Silkie Seahorse and Cordyceps
Wikimedia Commons/Kent Wang
Mountain yak penis, fungus as Chinese medicines
Wikimedia Commons/Angela Schmeidel Randall
Cordyceps Sinensis
Wikimedia Commons/Rafti Institute
Caterpillar Fungus Store, Central Lhasa
Flickr/Erik Törner
Duck Tales, Alice in Wonderland, Mario Gifs
Giphy
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Rachel Nuwer’s NOVA Next Article—How a Worm Gave The South a Bad Name: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/nature/how-a-worm-gave-the-south-a-bad-name
The CDC on Hookworm: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm
Health Affairs—How Four Once Common Disease Were Eliminated From The American South: http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/28/6/1734.short
Sabin Vaccine Institute on the Human Hookworm Vaccine: http://www.sabin.org/programs/vaccine-development/human-hookworm-vaccine
The New Yorker—The War of the Worms:
http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/war-of-the-worms
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Footage and Images
The following videos and images were use courtesy of the Rockefeller Archive Center. Thank you!
Pot Belly: http://rockefeller100.org/items/show/1677
School Children with Hookworm Disease: http://rockefeller100.org/items/show/1736
County Dispensary: http://www.rockefeller100.org/items/show/1676
Unhooking the Hookworm: youtube.com/watch?v=aqBoT_DyOsI
Hookworm - Necator americanus (New World hookworm)
©David Scharf/Corbis
Hookworm filariform larva. Nematode, worm, parasite.
CDC/Dr. Mae Melvin
Hookworm egg undergoing the process of cellular division
CDC
Newspaper Article
Herald Democrat. October 29, 1909
Historic diagram showing unsanitary placement of a farm house privy
CDC/Minnesota Department of Health, R. N. Barr Library; Librarians Melissa Rethlefsen and Marie Jones
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Photos of me as a kid
Courtesy of lots of people who raised me. Thank you!
File: Pelotes réjection Asio Otus
Wikimedia Commons/BastienM
File:AMNHrearentrance
Wikimedia Commons/Fordmadoxfraud
PLos ONE Caviar Paper: http://bit.ly/1S5Ncmo
Conservation Genetics Humpback Whale Paper: http://stanford.io/1S5NlGr
File:A skeleton in a classical landscape. Drawing by A. Joron. Wellcome L0027182
Wikimedia Commons/Wellcome Trust
File:An écorché figure, lying supin on a slab. WEllcome W0008841
Wikimedia Commons/Wellcome Trust
File:Anatomical sketches, Valverde; blood-vessels, early 17th c. Wellcome L0011865
Wikimedia Commons/Wellcome Trust
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Follow me to Reactions! youtu.be/9fzQBNH5Cp4
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Paper on the pathogenesis of contact lens-associated microbial keratitis: http://1.usa.gov/1oqzsZ1
Paper on one contact lens defense (which offers therapeutic promise):
http://bit.ly/1oqAqoa
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Danya Gordin
Up To No Good c
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IMAGES
Bacterial keratitis, a condition in which the eye’s cornea becomes inflamed due to bacterial infection
Getty/BIOPHOTO ASSOCIATES
Female Eye Doctor In Examination Room
Pond5/GinosPhotos
All stock photos from Reactions segments from Shutterstock
File:Clare-314
Wikimedia Commons/Eddie314
File:Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture
Wikimedia Commons/Sun14916
Fusarium sp.
CDC/Dr. Hardin
Herpes Viruses
CDC/Dr. Fred Murphy; Sylvia Whitfield
Acanthamoeba polyphaga
CDC/Catherine Armbruster; Margaret Williams
Photo Credit: Janice Haney Carr
Shirley McClinton making notations on a Petri place of Fusarium fungal colonies
CDC/Mark Lindsley, Sc.D. D(ABMM), Lynette Benjamin, Shirley McClinton
Photo Credit: James Gathany
Clean, open contact lens case
CDC/Amanda Mills
Photo Credit: Amanda Mills
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What should you do if you have your period in the field? Check out Emily’s video on The Brain Scoop! youtu.be/jjFZ1nzijrI
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Paper on proteins in periods:
http://1.usa.gov/1QrzJ4L
LiveScience on why menstruation remains a medical mystery:
http://bit.ly/1PD17x0
Francie Diep writing for PopSci on why you poop more when you have your period:
http://bit.ly/20oMYIC
Regarding the section on how menstruation evolved, as I indicated in the video, this is one hypothesis. Here’s more info on it, along with other ideas:
Paper on the hypothesis I discuss about why menstruation evolved:
http://bit.ly/1msFqaw
Pharyngula on the mother-fetus conflict hypothesis of how menstruation evolved:
http://bit.ly/1PNJvC2
Paper on energy economy in the evolution of menstruation:
http://bit.ly/1QVOXlb
BBC article that addresses multiple hypotheses for the evolution of menstruation:
http://bbc.in/1KFFE9B
Also, a note: In this piece, when I say menstruation, I’m referring to “overt menstruation,” where the lining is shed and then expelled from the body. Some people use the term “covert menstruation” to talk about animals that have “estrous cycles” and reabsorb their endometrium.
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Karishma Desai
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Footage and Images
Lady Parts Cross Stitches
Courtesy WhittyB
To purchase the patterns, visit her Etsy shop: http://etsy.me/1K81Klb
Female Scientist Examining Erlenmeyer Flask With Red Liquid Hd
Pond5/motion_poland
Color SEM of uterus endometrium (secretory phase)
Professor P.M. Motta & E. Vizza / Science Photo Library
Phylogeny
Courtesy Dr. Deena Emera
File:Schimpanse Zoo Leipsig
Wikimedia Commons/Thomas Lersch
File:Pallas’s long-tongued bat
Atsme (Betty Wills)
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Wikimedia Commons/Marktittley
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Wikimedia Commons/Emily Killian Molina from austin, United States
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The CDC on Zika:
http://www.cdc.gov/zika
Vox explains Zika virus in 6 charts:
http://bit.ly/1POrNjA
Scientific American on what it would take to establish a causal relationship between Zika and microcephaly:
http://bit.ly/1Q4LPAt
The New York Times on a possible link between Zika and Guillain-Barré:
http://nyti.ms/1POs4Dd
NPR on releasing GM mosquitoes to fight Zika:
http://n.pr/1nxV5WX
NOVA Next piece on the CRISPR gene drive:
http://to.pbs.org/1PK4D7I
MIT Tech Review piece on using CRISPR to create a mosquito that can’t spread malaria:
http://bit.ly/1WVJkWI
Paper explaining the potential applications of gene drives, and also the ethical issues, written by scientists:
http://elifesciences.org/content/3/e0...
Wired on the ethics of CRISPR:
http://bit.ly/23CkEaf
NOVA Next on using CRISPR to edit human embryos:
http://to.pbs.org/1PtVMvl
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Anna Rothschild
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Resume Play
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Footage and Images
The Mosquito Killing with Human Blood
Pond5/azuri
Zika virus in blood, illustration
Kateryna Kon/Science Photo Library
Countries and territories with active Zika virus transmission—Map
CDC
File:Zika.Virus.Rash.Arm.2014
Wikimedia Commons/FRED
Baby belly
Wikimedia Commons/David Roseborough from Los Angeles, United States
Baby with Microcephaly
CDC
Distribution of Aedes mosquitoes in the US—Map
CDC
d2623-8 (Aedes aegypti)
Flickr/USDA
Dead Mosquito (Note: This is actually a dance fly--many thanks to Morgan Jackson for pointing it out.)
Flickr/b o w n o s e
Pinky
Pinky and the Brain
File:Anopheles stephensi
Wikimedia Commons/CDC
File: Plasmodium falciparum 02
Wikimedia Commons/Lukas.S
Chikungunya (Chikungunya mosquito)
Flickr/CDC Global
List of mosquito genera
Wikipedia
Malaria Geography—Map
CDC
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Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
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Ding Ding Small Bell
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More Microbe Week videos! (Click "show more" for links)
BrainCraft: Good Sleep = Good Gut? youtu.be/jkjqQXX47KE
Gross Science: What Really Causes Cavities? youtu.be/WU05zZJKSdE
AMNH: Microbes of New York youtube.com/watch?v=mTdeZU_8cLI
Science Friday: Your Very Special Bacterial Cloud youtu.be/2_ib7Z4bmrg
Inspired by the Secret World Inside You exhibition http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/the-secret-world-inside-you
↓Want more info?↓
Welcome to the Microbiome, by Susan Perkins and Rob DeSalle : http://amzn.to/1PtAi3u
Kissing and the microbiome: http://bit.ly/1PNCkFH
More on thrush from the CDC: http://1.usa.gov/1KyxNp2
PDF: Role of the Oral Microflora in Health: http://bit.ly/1nueqsB
The Role of Bacteria in the Caries Process: http://bit.ly/1PNDPDQ
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Host, Writer, Animator, Editor
Anna Rothschild
Camera, Sound
Katherine Hashimoto
Many thanks to Drs. Susan Perkins, Rob DeSalle, and Anne Tanner
Toy Box
Music Provided by APM
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation
Footage and Images
Dental Plaque, SEM
Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library
Dental Plaque Bacteria in Phase Microscope 600X Blue Filter
Pond5/jamesbenet
Lovers Kissing Romantic Romantic Beautiful Kissing Teens Couple in Hd
Pond5/TH_Producties
Elderly Couple
Pond5/Fotoluminate
Dental Plaque From Human Sample 800Z Microscope
Pond5/jamesbenet
Devan
Flickr/Seth Lemmons
Candida albicans 2
Wikimedia Commons/GrahamColm
Decayed wisdom tooth
Wikimedia Commons/ProjectManhattan
Dental cavity1
Wikimedia Commons/Digantatalukdar
Digital cavity2
Wikimedia Commons/Digantatalukdar
Double big gulp
Wikimedia Commons/Russell Bernice from New York City, USA
Plaque Disclosing Tablets
Wikimedia Commons/Themolarbear
File: Sugar Cubes (7164573186)
Wikimedia Commons/david pacey from LEEDS, West yorkshire
File: The Dental cosmos (1912) (14769050452)
Wikimedia Commons/White, J.D. McQuillen, J.H. (John Hugh), 1826-1879. Ziegler, George Jacob, 1821-1895. White, James William, 1826-1891. Kirk, Edward C. (Edward Cameron), 1856-1933. Anthony, L. Pierce (Lovick Pierce), b. 1877.
File: Phagocytose Entamoeba gingivalis-PMN
Wikimedia Commons/Mark Bonner dmd, Institut International de Parodontie, www. parodontite.com
Oral thrush. Aphthae. Candida albicans.
CDC
SFX
Dun dun dun
Freesound/Simon_Lacelle
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Jelly/Jelly Mangling on Plate
Freesound/lolamadeus
Bubbles Popping
Freesound/ch0cchi
Produced by WGBH for PBS Digital Studios
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How far does light travel in the ocean? (NOAA): http://1.usa.gov/1N3rz04
In Defense of the Blobfish (Smithsonian): http://bit.ly/1N3rN7u
More on sight in the deep sea (The Royal Society): http://1.usa.gov/1N3rUzW
More on anglerfish (Copeia--behind paywall): http://bit.ly/1N3sbTq
CORRECTION: There was a factual error relating deep sea gigantism to temperature in this video. It was in part drawn from a paper that is widely shared, but not largely accepted in today's marine biology community. Many thanks to Dr. Craig McClain for pointing it out. There is a lot we don't know about deep sea gigantism, but according to Dr. McClain, it may occur because of the lack of food in the deep sea. Larger creatures are more metabolically efficient and better at resisting starvation than smaller creatures. Accuracy is extremely important to me, and I will do my best to try to prevent an error like this from slipping in again. I have removed the relevant section at 2:11.
Host, Editor, Animator
Anna Rothschild
Writer, Researcher, Camera
Ceri Riley
Chic Surreal b
Music Provided by APM
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation
Images and Footage
File: Messina Straits Chauliodus sloani
Wikimedia Commons/Professor Francesco Costa
Kelp Forest and Sunlight
Pond5/EthanD
Marine Snow Video (What Is Marine Snow?)
NOAA
Melanocetus anglerfish swims and turns in black
Getty/BBC Natural History
Anglerfish with full stomach
© Trustees of the NHM, London
File: Psychrolutes phrictus
Wikimedia Commons/NOAA
File: Psychrolutes phrictus 1
Wikimedia Commons/NOAA/MBARI
Messina Straits Argyropelecus hemigymnus
Wikimedia Commons/Professor Francesco Costa
Atolla wyvillei (Operation Deep Scope 2004)
Wikimedia Commons/NOAA Ocean Explorer
Humpback Anglerfish (Melanocetus Johnsonii)
Wikimedia Commons/Javontaevious
Tripod Fish at a depth of 1440mtr in Brazil
Internet Archive/Filmcollective Worldwide
Giant Isopod (18443864634)
Wikimedia Commons/Eric Kilby from Somerville, MA, USA
Japanese spider crab
Wikimedia Commons/Popular Science Magazine, jun. 1920.
N20090116 120650--pan
Wikimedia Commons/Y23
Representatives of ceratioid families
Wikimedia Commons/Masaki Miya et al.
SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Scream/Woman Screams
Freesound/SironBoy/MaderaDelEste Films
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Produced by WGBH for PBS Digital Studios
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Here are some other great DIY Microscope tutorials!
Build a microscope stand for your laser pointer lens scope: http://bit.ly/1cluVgD
Create a 1000x smartphone microscope with a glass bead: http://bit.ly/1Soy8Bx
Don’t have a smartphone? Try this water drop microscope from Mr. Wizard: http://bit.ly/1mlTcg5
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Host, Writer, Editor
Anna Rothschild
Special Thanks
Greg Kestin, Jeffrey Wood, Janet Sonenberg
Good Times a
Music Provided by APM
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation
SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Produced by WGBH for PBS Digital Studios
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Study on the effects of sleep on health:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2629403
Study on the effects of stress on medical students:
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.322.7375&rep=rep1&type=pdf
PopSci article on how sneezes travel through airplanes:
http://www.popsci.com/article/science/how-sneeze-particles-travel-inside-airplane
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Host, Writer, Editor
Anna Rothschild
DPs
Brooke Havlik and Marshall Johnson
Additional Help
Janet Sonenberg and Sam Christensen
I Love You This Much B
Music Provided by APM
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2015
Additional Footage
How Sneeze Particles Travel Inside An Airplane by ANSYS
Courtesy ANSYS
http://bit.ly/1OiZGIK
File:Natural-Killer-Cell-Lytic-Granule-Secretion-Occurs-through-a-Pervasive-Actin-Network-at-the-Immune-pbio.1001151.2014.org
(Via Wikimedia Commons) Video S1 from Rak G, Mace E, Banerjee P, Svitkina T, Orange J (2011). "Natural Killer Cell Lytic Granule Secretion Occurs through a Pervasive Actin Network at the Immune
Synapse". PLOS Biology. DOI:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001151. PMID 21931536. PMC: 3172191.
http://1.usa.gov/1Jpawp7
SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Wink
Freesound/Bennychico11
Produced by WGBH for PBS Digital Studios
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Want to make a different type of slime? Try oobleck--it's a great way to learn more about non-Newtonian fluids: http://imaginationstationtoledo.org/content/2010/12/oobleck-a-non-newtonian-substance
Want to learn more about polymers? Here's a good explanation for kids: http://pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/basics.htm
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Host, Writer, Editor
Anna Rothschild
Camera and Moral Support
Jeffrey Wood
Special Thanks to Dr. Greg Kestin
Best Buds Forever (stripped Vers.)
Music Provided by APM
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2015
SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Wink
Freesound/Bennychico11
Produced by WGBH for PBS Digital Studios
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More on Paul Rozin and disgust (from UPenn): http://www.sas.upenn.edu/sasalum/newsltr/fall97/rozin.html
Mucus and smell: http://www.jneurosci.org/content/30/48/16391
Boogers: Myths and Facts (from io9): http://io9.com/boogers-myths-and-facts-1456033776
Fear of Holes May Stem From Evolutionary Survival Response (from the Association for Psychological Science): http://bit.ly/1N4EWxu
Trypophobia paper in Psychological Science: http://pss.sagepub.com/content/24/10/1980
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Host, Writer, Editor
Anna Rothschild
DP
Jeffrey Wood
Happy Harry
Music Provided by APM
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2015
Images and Footage
Girl and Healthy Broccoli Diet on White
Pond5/Haywiremedia
Cutest Koala
Wikimedia Commons/Erik Veland
Bugs on plate
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2012
Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S33882, Adolf Hitler retouched
Wikimedia Commons/German Federal Archives
Hagfish Slime
©WGBH Educational Foundation/Anna Rothschild
Myxine NOAA
Wikimedia Commons/NOAA
Gray907
Wikimedia Commons/Henry Vandyke Carter from Henry Gray’s “Anatomy of the Human Body” 1918
Lotus pod (3896235055)
Wikimedia Commons/Julie Lyn
Yellow-banded.poison.dart.frog
Wikimedia Commons/Arpingstone
Blue-Ringed Octopus (14280614299)
Wikimedia Commons/Elias Levy
SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Poof of Smoke
Freesound/Planman
Produced by WGBH for PBS Digital Studios
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Additional info about the koala life cycle: http://bit.ly/1HPTmW4
Info on the koala reproductive system: http://bit.ly/1HPPVi8
Primary literature on the koala’s unique vocal organ (article behind paywall): http://bit.ly/1HPTQLW
Nature article on the koala’s bellow: http://bit.ly/1HPTZ1P
NOVA/PRI’s The World report on koala chlamydia: http://to.pbs.org/1HPUdWP
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Host, Producer, Editor, Animator, Additional Research
Anna Rothschild
Researcher, Writer
Elizabeth Preston
DP, Sound, Additional Research
Ceri Riley
Perfectly B
Music Provided by APM
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2015
Images and Footage
Audio and video of Koala Velar Vocal Fold Vibrations
Courtesy Dr. Benjamin Charlton
A video recording of a bellowing male koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) (called Andy) at Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary.
Movie S1 from: Charlton, B. D., Ellis, W. A. H., McKinnon, A. J., Brumm, J., Nilsson, K., & Fitch, W. T. (2011). Perception of Male Caller Identity in Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus): Acoustic Analysis and Playback Experiments. PLoS ONE, 6(5), e20329. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020329
Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) newborn in pouch, Australia
Getty Images/Roland Seitre
young joey in pouch eating pap
Shutterstock/WF
Portrait of male Koala bear, Phascolarctos cinereus, 3 years old, in front of white background, studio shot
Pond5/lifeonwhite_photos
Koala chases girl riding an ATV and attacks
Ebony Churchill/ViralHog.com
http://bit.ly/1HPYrO5
Brushfire
Pond5/EcoMedia
Cutest Koala
Wikimedia Commons/Erik Veland
Phascolarctos cinereus -ZooParc de Beauval, France -upper body- 8a
Wikimedia Commons/frank wouters
Baby Koala
Wikimedia Commons/
حسان هواري
Koala with young
Wikimedia Commons/Brian Dell Bdell555
Koala Eating
Wikimedia Commons/(--Pumpmeup)
Friendly Male Koala
Wikimedia Commons/Quartl
Koala
Wikimedia Commons/Summi
A cranky-looking koala, sitting beside the road on the way to Apollo Bay
Flickr/Shiny Things
(used with permission from author)
Koala02
Wikimedia Commons/Mike R
The World Factbook - Australia - Flickr - The Central Intelligence Agency (19)
Wikimedia Commons/The Central Intelligence Agency
Koala being treated for chlamydia
Ari Daniel/WGBH Educational Foundation
Koala and joey
Wikimedia Commons/Benjamint444
Koala Eating (3337014192)
Wikimedia Commons/Rennett Stowe from USA
Australia satellite plane
Wikimedia Commons/Reto Stöckl / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Macropus rufus in ZOO Plock
Wikimedia Commons/Bardrock
Vegemiteontoast large
Wikimedia Commons/Tristanb
SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Swishes
Freesound/Pogotron
Produced by WGBH for PBS Digital Studios
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William Firth Well’s sneeze powder experiments:
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=273913
Bourouiba, L., Dehandschoewercker, E., Bush, J.W.M (2014). Violent expiratory events: on coughing and sneezing. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 745, 537-563. doi:10.1017/jfm.2014.88
https://lbourouiba.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/14BourouibaBush-sneezecloudJFM_corrected.pdf
For additional information about the study of respiratory disease transmission via sneezes and its fluid dynamics please visit the MIT Fluid Dynamics of Disease Transmission Laboratory of Prof. Lydia Bourouiba
http://lbourouiba.mit.edu/
Vomiting Larry - A demonstration and explanation from his creator:
youtube.com/watch?v=sLDSNvQjXe8
Makison Booth, C. (2014). Vomiting Larry: a simulated vomiting system for assessing environmental contamination from projectile vomiting related to norovirus infection. Journal of Infection Prevention, 15(5), 176–180. http://doi.org/10.1177/1757177414545390:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4230971
To learn more about Vomiting Larry—and lots of other cool projects—visit the UK’s Health and Safety Laboratory site:
http://www.hsl.gov.uk
Tung-Thompson, G., Libera, D.A., Koch, K.L., de los Reyes, F.L. III, Jaykus, L-A. (2015) Aerosolization of a Human Norovirus Surrogate, Bacteriophage MS2, during Simulated Vomiting. PLoS ONE 10(8): e0134277. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134277:
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0134277
The Vomiting Machine
youtube.com/watch?v=jGvqb87DXSI
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Host, Producer, Editor, Animator, Additional Research
Anna Rothschild
Researcher, Writer
Elizabeth Preston
DP, Sound, Additional Research
Ceri Riley
Ragtime Piano
Music Provided by APM
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2015
IMAGES AND FOOTAGE
Fred Ott Sneeze (Edison Kinetoscopic Record of a Sneeze)
William K.L. Dickson
Coughs and Sneezes
Public Information Films, National Health Service UK
High Speed Footage of Sneezing
Courtesy Prof. Lydia Bourouiba
http://bit.ly/1QeeVCl
Welcome Back To School
Pond5/spidey888777
Fan Turbine Behind A Dark Surface
Pond5/maddrat
Vomiting Larry - A demonstration and explanation for his creator
Courtesy Health and Safety Laboratory and Dr. Catherine Makison-Booth
http://bit.ly/1HhAEXc
Norovirus EM PHIL 2172 lores
Wikimedia Commons/CDC
Vomiting Machine Face
Grace Tung-Thompson
Fig 2. Photo of a Simulated Vomiting Episode.
Tung-Thompson et al. 2015
Vomiting Machine Whole Thing
Grace Tung-Thompson
Norovirus 4
Wikimedia Commons/Graham Beards
SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Produced by WGBH for PBS Digital Studios
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Vulture microbiome paper:
http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141125/ncomms6498/full/ncomms6498.html
Hawk Mountain Sanctuary Association:
http://www.hawkmountain.org
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Host, Animator, Editor
Anna Rothschild
Writers
Elizabeth Gillis and Anna Rothschild
DP, Sound
Elizabeth Gillis
Bye Bye Buddy
Music Provided by APM
IMAGES AND VIDEO
Original Footage
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2015
Vultures Eating Zebra
Courtesy Dan Fagin
Gyps fulvus 02
Wikimedia Commons/H. Zell
SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Jelly Mangling on a Plate
Freesound/lolamadeus
Projector Screen Pull In Out
Freesound/yoh
Wink
Freesound/bennychico11
Produced by WGBH for PBS Digital Studios
Wanna know more about the science of death? Follow me to It's Okay To Be Smart and BrainCraft!
Do Animals Mourn?: youtu.be/rHJDmMSKlHM The Surprising Ways Death Shapes Our Lives: youtu.be/Joalg73L_gw
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Study on estimating time of death with microbes: http://elifesciences.org/content/2/e0...
The Ecology of Carrion Decomposition:
http://bit.ly/1jLKsP4
BBC Future on using bacteria to solve crimes:
http://bbc.in/1jLKMxf
NOTE: The term "necrobiome" was first used to describe any organism associated with the decomposition of a carcass: http://bit.ly/1ZJrnfp
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Host, Writer, Animator, Editor
Anna Rothschild
DP, Sound, Research, Fact-Checking
Ceri Riley
Sugar Plums a
Music Provided by APM
©WGBH Educational Foundation 2015
IMAGES AND FOOTAGE
Flying Vultures
Pond5/mateosclips
Maggots Maggots in Rotten Meat
Pond5/More_beans
Sarcophaga nodosa
Wikimedia Commons/Muhammad Mahdi Karim
Police Line Crime Scene 2498847226
Wikimedia Commons/Tony Webster
Proteus, SEM
David Gregory&Debbie Marshall, Wellcome Images
Single-leaf pine (Pinus monophylla); Pine City Trail
Wikimedia Commons/Robb Hannawacker, while working for Joshua Tree National Park
Occluded mesocyclone tornado5 - NOAA
OAR/ERL/National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL)
SFX
Cockroaches
Freesound/StateAardvark
(used with permission from author)
Squeak Pack/squeak_10
Freesound/Corsica_S
Swishes
Freesound/pogotron
Gagging-1
Freesound/turroe22
Short Fart 1
Freesound/dsisstudios
Cough Couch Sniff Sniff
Freesound/harrypeeks
Laughing gas/nitrousoxide/nos balloon inflation audio sample #08
Freesound/blinkyspoogle
Produced by WGBH for PBS Digital Studios