Uploaded October 2013 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago
Tishitu explains
Buy components used from here
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
amzn.to/2ROiCEE
SODIUM HYDROXIDE FLAKES (also called drain cleaner)
amzn.to/3mHPHAk
Aluminium Foil (50 g; 33 and 17 g)
amzn.to/33Q2nfB
Pidilite M-Seal GP, 250gm to glue in any plastic or cement container
amzn.to/33Miqvc
anabond 666 rtv silicone sealent, clear, 100 gms (for adhesive you can use this too)
amzn.to/2FPa0Ll
Original 1.5 Meters Steel Wire Reinforced LPG Hose (Orange) with ISI Certified
amzn.to/3mFzKKT (Highly recommended to avoid flash back)
HHO Oxyhydrogen Gas Torch Welding Gun with 5Pcs Copper Nozzles 0.3/0.4/0.5/0.6mm
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Strong bases attack aluminium. Sodium hydroxide reacts with aluminium and water to release hydrogen gas. The aluminium takes the oxygen atom from sodium hydroxide, which in turn takes the oxygen atom from the water, and releases the two hydrogen atoms, The reaction thus produces hydrogen gas and sodium aluminate. In this reaction, sodium hydroxide acts as an agent to make the solution alkaline, which aluminium can dissolve in. This reaction can be useful in etching, removing anodizing, or converting a polished surface to a satin-like finish, but without further passivation such as anodizing or alodining the surface may become degraded, either under normal use or in severe atmospheric conditions.
In the Bayer process, sodium hydroxide is used in the refining of alumina containing ores (bauxite) to produce alumina (aluminum oxide) which is the raw material used to produce aluminium metal via the electrolytic Hall-Héroult process. Since the alumina is amphoteric, it dissolves in the sodium hydroxide, leaving impurities less soluble at high pH such as iron oxides behind in the form of a highly alkaline red mud.
Reaction of aluminum with bases
Aluminum dissolves in sodium hydroxide with the evolution of hydrogen gas, H2, and the formation of aluminates of the type [Al(OH)4]-.
2Al(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 6H2O → 2Na+(aq) + 2[Al(OH)4]- + 3H2(g)
Like other corrosive acids and alkalis, drops of sodium hydroxide solutions can decompose proteins and lipids in skin, eyes or other living tissues via amide hydrolysis and ester hydrolysis, which consequently causes chemical burns and may induce permanent blindness if it contacts eyes.[2][3] Solid alkali may also express its corrosive nature if there is water so protective equipment such as rubber gloves, safety clothing and eye protection should always be used when handling the material or its solutions.
Moreover, the dissolution of sodium hydroxide is highly exothermic, and the resulting heat may cause heat burns or ignite flammables. It also produces heat when reacted with acids.
The standard first aid measures for alkali spills on the skin is, as for other corrosives, irrigation with large quantities of water. Washing is continued for at least ten to fifteen minutes.
Sodium hydroxide is corrosive to several metals, like aluminum which reacts with the alkali to produce flammable hydrogen gas on contact:
TISHITU
ISO: 9001-2008
RESEARCH AND CONSULTANCY CELL OF INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
A Joint Accreditation System of Australia and New Zealand
Copyright © All Rights Reserved tishitu.org Reg No.08122629691/SSI
Accreditation No. M3111204IN contact :- tishitu@gmail.com
-~-~~-~~~-~~-~-
Please watch: "Lifi Communication by Arduino UNO Download Project"
youtube.com/watch?v=c4gC8dbaiZg
-~-~~-~~~-~~-~-
Tishitu explains
Buy components used from here
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
amzn.to/2ROiCEE
SODIUM HYDROXIDE FLAKES (also called drain cleaner)
amzn.to/3mHPHAk
Aluminium Foil (50 g; 33 and 17 g)
amzn.to/33Q2nfB
Pidilite M-Seal GP, 250gm to glue in any plastic or cement container
amzn.to/33Miqvc
anabond 666 rtv silicone sealent, clear, 100 gms (for adhesive you can use this too)
amzn.to/2FPa0Ll
Original 1.5 Meters Steel Wire Reinforced LPG Hose (Orange) with ISI Certified
amzn.to/3mFzKKT (Highly recommended to avoid flash back)
HHO Oxyhydrogen Gas Torch Welding Gun with 5Pcs Copper Nozzles 0.3/0.4/0.5/0.6mm
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Strong bases attack aluminium. Sodium hydroxide reacts with aluminium and water to release hydrogen gas. The aluminium takes the oxygen atom from sodium hydroxide, which in turn takes the oxygen atom from the water, and releases the two hydrogen atoms, The reaction thus produces hydrogen gas and sodium aluminate. In this reaction, sodium hydroxide acts as an agent to make the solution alkaline, which aluminium can dissolve in. This reaction can be useful in etching, removing anodizing, or converting a polished surface to a satin-like finish, but without further passivation such as anodizing or alodining the surface may become degraded, either under normal use or in severe atmospheric conditions.
In the Bayer process, sodium hydroxide is used in the refining of alumina containing ores (bauxite) to produce alumina (aluminum oxide) which is the raw material used to produce aluminium metal via the electrolytic Hall-Héroult process. Since the alumina is amphoteric, it dissolves in the sodium hydroxide, leaving impurities less soluble at high pH such as iron oxides behind in the form of a highly alkaline red mud.
Reaction of aluminum with bases
Aluminum dissolves in sodium hydroxide with the evolution of hydrogen gas, H2, and the formation of aluminates of the type [Al(OH)4]-.
2Al(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 6H2O → 2Na+(aq) + 2[Al(OH)4]- + 3H2(g)
Like other corrosive acids and alkalis, drops of sodium hydroxide solutions can decompose proteins and lipids in skin, eyes or other living tissues via amide hydrolysis and ester hydrolysis, which consequently causes chemical burns and may induce permanent blindness if it contacts eyes.[2][3] Solid alkali may also express its corrosive nature if there is water so protective equipment such as rubber gloves, safety clothing and eye protection should always be used when handling the material or its solutions.
Moreover, the dissolution of sodium hydroxide is highly exothermic, and the resulting heat may cause heat burns or ignite flammables. It also produces heat when reacted with acids.
The standard first aid measures for alkali spills on the skin is, as for other corrosives, irrigation with large quantities of water. Washing is continued for at least ten to fifteen minutes.
Sodium hydroxide is corrosive to several metals, like aluminum which reacts with the alkali to produce flammable hydrogen gas on contact:
TISHITU
ISO: 9001-2008
RESEARCH AND CONSULTANCY CELL OF INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
A Joint Accreditation System of Australia and New Zealand
Copyright © All Rights Reserved tishitu.org Reg No.08122629691/SSI
Accreditation No. M3111204IN contact :- tishitu@gmail.com
-~-~~-~~~-~~-~-
Please watch: "Lifi Communication by Arduino UNO Download Project"
youtube.com/watch?v=c4gC8dbaiZg
-~-~~-~~~-~~-~-




![Pre-Prototype Pilot model AR Microsoft Surface table for Restaurant Management
Microsoft Surface History
The earliest ideas that led to Surface originated at Microsoft back in 2001. At that time, researchers envisioned an interactive table that could sense the presence and movement of any objects on its surface. Microsoft founder Bill Gates encouraged the project in early 2003. After 85 prototypes, the project team came up with a design that would eventually become Surface 1.0.
Microsoft first demonstrated Surface at the 2007 All Things Digital (D) conference in Carlsbad, California. During that D conference, known as D5, Surface was far from the first platform making use of touch-screens. Tablet PCs, for example, could already detect a finger or stylus writing directly to the screen. Microsofts vision, though, has been to expand on that touch-screen approach to change the way people interact across the table from each other. The Surface device demonstrated at D5 was a black tabletop with a 30-inch (76.2-centimeter) touch-screen mounted beneath its clear acrylic surface [sources: Mintz, Fost, Microsoft, All Things Digital].
Microsofts first commercial deployment for Surface came nearly a year after this debut. In April 2008, select AT&T retail stores in the U.S. began using Surface computers as a sales tool for showcasing information about its mobile devices. Other corporate partners were in the works throughout 2008, primarily those who could enhance their businesses by using Surface devices and, in turn, show off the wondrous things that Surface could do. At an estimated price of more than $12,000, Microsoft was not targeting the average home consumer during its first Surface release [sources: Microsoft, Microsoft, Foley].
During the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in early January 2011, Microsoft launched its marketing campaign for Surface 2.0. It also promoted its partnership with Samsung to produce the SUR40: a 4-inch (10.2-centimeter) thick tabletop computer with a 40-inch (1-meter) display running the Surface 2.0 platform. Scheduled to hit the market later in 2011, Microsoft reported that the SUR40 would cost about $7,600 in the United States. The price point, combined with the available software for Surface 2.0, seemed to indicate that Microsoft was still targeting the business owner rather than the home consumer [source: Foley].
Thats the brief history of Surface, though there will likely be many more chapters to come for this innovative new tool. Now, lets look under the hood and see what makes Surface more than just a big touch-screen display.
The Surface has implemented its NUI with a combination of hardware and software all packed inside a single device. The Surface 1.0 hardware features a series of cameras that sense a users touch or other objects placed on the tabletop. The Surface software processes the data from those cameras and then responds as appropriate for the application youre currently using. Surface shows the resulting interaction on its display, which is actually a projection of the screen from underneath the tabletop [source: Microsoft].
As part of its NUI, Surface also includes multi-touch technology. This means that Surface can detect and process several touch points simultaneously. Therefore, if you have several people browsing through pictures at one time, they can each drag, zoom and turn photos at the same time without waiting for each other. Multi-touch technology has been in existence for decades, and Apple made it famous by using it in its iPhone and iPod Touch devices. Surface computing brings that technology into a large, collaborative environment that can fully realize the multi-touch potential [source: Buxton].
40-inch (1-meter) LCD screen
4-inch (10.2-centimeter) unit depth/thickness for easier horizontal mounting
2.9 GHz 64-bit AMD Athlon X2 dual core processor
1 GB AMD Radeon HD graphics processor
4 GB DDR3 RAM
320 GB hard drive
Wired (1 GB Ethernet) and wireless (802.11 and Bluetooth) network hardware
Physical connectors include HDMI, stereo RCA, USB and SD card
Embedded 64-bit Windows 7 Professional operating system
Corning Gorilla Glass to protect the surface
Recognition for more than 50 simultaneous touch points
Weve just looked at the Surface hardware and how Microsoft is leading the way for surface computing. As Microsoft is primarily a software company, you might expect that the software part of the Surface platform is also quite innovative. Lets take a look at that on the next page.
-~-~~-~~~-~~-~-
Please watch: Lifi Communication by Arduino UNO Download Project
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4gC8dbaiZg
-~-~~-~~~-~~-~- Pre-Prototype Pilot model AR Microsoft Surface table for Restaurant Management](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/NgSmWSLdDuw/mqdefault.jpg)


![How to use Audio, Sine, Square wave by Speaker in Proteus Simulator
Audio Play in Proteus
In this video we are playing audio, for that we required speaker, audio generator and voltage probe. Connect speaker one terminal with audio generator and another with ground. Voltage probe is connected between speaker and audio generator. Oscilloscope probe A is connected with input audio. This audio input is called Audio Generator in Proteus and is found in the Generator Mode panel. When you double click it you will find the following. In the WAV audio file setting you can see the browse button which you can click and select the audio file. The audio file must be however .wav file. But you can change any audio file like mp3 to .wav file with a sound converter. And once you have selected the audio file, you should set the amplitude level.At the output of the circuit you can see a sound speaker. This is found in the proteus library. Just type speaker in the library search box. When you hit the simulation run button then you can hear the sound in real time. The Analogue analysis shows the wave simulation which given to the generator. Changes according to the input given to the generator. The speaker input voltage is 10V.
The three types of output are shows in a video i.e. Audio wave, sine wave and pulse wave. For audio wave click on the generator and edit properties like select audio then go to browser select audio wave file then edit analogue analysis properties like start time is zero to stop time 5 seconds and simulate it. For sine wave change the properties of generator such as amplitude 5v and frequency is 1khz then edit analogue analysis properties i.e. start time is zero to stop time 50 milliseconds and simulate it. For pulse wave change the properties of generator such as amplitude 5v and frequency is 1khz then edit analogue analysis properties i.e. start time is zero to stop time 50 milliseconds and simulate it. The all output we get i.e. audio wave, sine wave and pulse wave.
Audio Source :-
Distrion& Alex Skrindo - Entropy [NCS Release]
this music is provided by NCS, the link to the track is
https://youtu.be/iaKgF1Vf5bQ
Download File From Link Below
http://www.mediafire.com/file/0v15b6ayg21z0v9/Audio_proteus.zip
Download Proteus Latest Version
https://www.labcenter.com/
TISHITU
ISO: 9001-2008
RESEARCH AND CONSULTANCY CELL OF INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
A Joint Accreditation System of Australia and New Zealand
Copyright © All Rights Reserved www.tishitu.org Reg No.08122629691/SSI
Accreditation No. M3111204IN
-~-~~-~~~-~~-~-
Please watch: Lifi Communication by Arduino UNO Download Project
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4gC8dbaiZg
-~-~~-~~~-~~-~- How to use Audio, Sine, Square wave by Speaker in Proteus Simulator](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/NttWMO5eKxc/mqdefault.jpg)

![Control Area Network (CAN) Part-1
What is CAN?
Controller Area Network (CAN) is a serial network that was originally designed for the automotive industry, but has also become a popular bus in industrial automation as well as other applications. The CAN bus is primarily used in embedded systems, and as its name implies, is the network established among microcontrollers. It is a two-wire, half duplex, high-speed network system and is well suited for high speed applications using short messages. Its robustness, reliability and the large following from the semiconductor industry are some of the benefits with CAN.
FullCAN
FullCAN is used in more expensive, high performance CAN controllers and microcontrollers. The FullCAN controller has a set of buffers called mailboxes. On initialization, each mailbox is assigned an identifier and is set to transmit or receive.
When the CAN controller receives a message it checks the mailboxes in order to see is there is a receive mailbox with the same identifier as the message. If such a mailbox is found, the message is stored in it and the host controller is notified. Otherwise the message is discarded.
When transmitting a message the message length and data is written to the transmit mailbox with the correct identifier.
If a remote message is received the controller checks the remote identifier against the transmit mailboxes. If a match is found, the controller automatically sends a message with the identifier and data contained in that mailbox. This means that the microcontroller gets a lower load, and that the software does not have to handle remote messages. However, if the mailbox has not been updated in a long time, the information sent to the network will be old. This have to be considered when writing the software.
With a FullCAN controller it is possible to filter out only the exact message types that are interesting. This type of controller will therefore give a lower load on the host microcontroller. However, the number of mailboxes are limited. The largest number of mailboxes present in a CAN controller today is ???.
With some controllers it is possible to reconfigure the mailboxes dynamically. However, that does not completely solve the problem. Therefore some controllers are mixed CAN controllers, that is they have mailboxes, but also BasicCAN buffers.
FullCAN controllers have support for automatically answering remote frames. This will decrease the load on the host microcontroller or processor, but may also mean that old information is sent. It is very important to take this into consideration when writing your application.
CAN can theoretically link up to 2032 devices (assuming one node with one identifier) on a single network. However, due to the practical limitation of the hardware (transceivers), it can only link up to110 nodes (with 82C250, Philips) on a single network. It offers high-speed communication rate up to 1 Mbits/sec thus allows real-time control. In addition, the error confinement and the error detection feature make it more reliable in noise critical environment.
LInk :- http://hem.bredband.net/stafni/developer/CAN.htm
CAN bus (for controller area network) is a vehicle bus standard designed to allow microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other within a vehicle without a host computer.
CAN bus is a message-based protocol, designed specifically for automotive applications but now also used in other areas such as industrial automation and medical equipment.
Development of CAN bus started originally in 1983 at Robert Bosch GmbH.[1] The protocol was officially released in 1986 at the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) congress in Detroit, Michigan. The first CAN controller chips, produced by Intel and Philips, came on the market in 1987. Bosch published the CAN 2.0 specification in 1991.
CAN bus is one of five protocols used in the OBD-II vehicle diagnostics standard. The OBD-II standard has been mandatory for all cars and light trucks sold in the United States since 1996, and the EOBD standard has been mandatory for all petrol vehicles sold in the European Union since 2001 and all diesel vehicles since 2004.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAN_bus
-~-~~-~~~-~~-~-
Please watch: Lifi Communication by Arduino UNO Download Project
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4gC8dbaiZg
-~-~~-~~~-~~-~- Control Area Network (CAN) Part-1](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Ocpg4jg6CfY/mqdefault.jpg)
