Junos Perijove-18 Jupiter Flyby, Reconstructed in 125-Fold Time-Lapse @geraldeichstaedt

Gerald Eichstädt On February 12, 2019, NASA's Juno probe successfully performed her Perijove-18 Jupiter flyby.

The movie is a reconstruction of the 2 hours and 15 minutes between 2019-02-12T16:45:00.000 and 2019-02-12T19:00:00.000 in 125-fold time-lapse.
It is based on 29 of the JunoCam images taken, and on spacecraft trajectory data provided via SPICE kernel files.

In steps of five real-time seconds, one still images of the movie has been rendered from at least one suitable raw image. This resulted in short scenes, usually of a few seconds.
Playing with 25 images per second results in 125-fold time-lapse.
Resulting overlapping scenes have been blended using the ffmpeg tool.

In natural colors, Jupiter looks pretty pale. Therefore, the still images are approximately illumination-adusted, i.e. almost flattened, and consecutively gamma-stretched to the 4th power of radiometric values, in order to enhance contrast and color.

The movie starts with a reconstructed in-bound sequence approaching Jupiter from north on its night side. The northern folded filamentary regions (FFR) have been visible from pretty close-up. Then, the orbit approaches Jupiter down to an altitude of about 3,500 km near 18.9 degrees north (planetocentric), according to long-term planning of November 2017.
JunoCam looked towards Jupiter's limb during close flyby, with Jupiter almost leaving JunoCam's field of view.
Thereafter, the Great Red Spot comes into the field of view.
This is followed by a transition into the outbound orbit, with images of Jupiter's south polar region.

JunoCam was built and is operated by Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego / California / USA.
Many people at NASA, JPL, SwRI, and elsewhere have been, are, and will be required to plan and operate the Juno mission.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

updated 5 years ago

Junos Perijove-18 Jupiter Flyby, Reconstructed in 125-Fold Time-Lapse

Gerald Eichstädt 2019-03-03 | On February 12, 2019, NASA's Juno probe successfully performed her Perijove-18 Jupiter flyby.

The movie is a reconstruction of the 2 hours and 15 minutes between 2019-02-12T16:45:00.000 and 2019-02-12T19:00:00.000 in 125-fold time-lapse.
It is based on 29 of the JunoCam images taken, and on spacecraft trajectory data provided via SPICE kernel files.

In steps of five real-time seconds, one still images of the movie has been rendered from at least one suitable raw image. This resulted in short scenes, usually of a few seconds.
Playing with 25 images per second results in 125-fold time-lapse.
Resulting overlapping scenes have been blended using the ffmpeg tool.

In natural colors, Jupiter looks pretty pale. Therefore, the still images are approximately illumination-adusted, i.e. almost flattened, and consecutively gamma-stretched to the 4th power of radiometric values, in order to enhance contrast and color.

The movie starts with a reconstructed in-bound sequence approaching Jupiter from north on its night side. The northern folded filamentary regions (FFR) have been visible from pretty close-up. Then, the orbit approaches Jupiter down to an altitude of about 3,500 km near 18.9 degrees north (planetocentric), according to long-term planning of November 2017.
JunoCam looked towards Jupiter's limb during close flyby, with Jupiter almost leaving JunoCam's field of view.
Thereafter, the Great Red Spot comes into the field of view.
This is followed by a transition into the outbound orbit, with images of Jupiter's south polar region.

JunoCam was built and is operated by Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego / California / USA.
Many people at NASA, JPL, SwRI, and elsewhere have been, are, and will be required to plan and operate the Juno mission.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

PJ55 Jupiter approach reconstructed from JunoCam data with parts in 450-fold and 30-fold time-lapse

Gerald Eichstädt 2023-11-13 | This video covers the Jupiter approach portion of Juno's Perijove 55 flyby, when NASA's Juno spacecraft approached Jupiter's northern circumpolar region after the Io flyby.
The first part displays 132.5 real-time minutes starting at 2023-10-15T07:45 (including fade-in) in 450-fold time-lapse and with a field of view of 80°x45°.
After a fast zoom-in over about 15 rendered still images to a field of view of 32°x18°, the video continues with a 30-fold time-lapse. The video ends near 2023-10-15T10:40, just before the spacecraft crossed Jupiter's terminator to its night side.

The video is based on 15 Perijove 55 JunoCam RGB images (product ids JNCE_2023288_55C00041_V01 to JNCE_2023288_55C00062_V01, skipping a few). The stills of the first portion of the video are rendered in time-steps of 15 real-time seconds. The stills of the second portion of the video are rendered in time-steps of one real-time second.
Both parts are converted into a video file with a rate of 30 frames per second.

For calibration purposes, after decompanding, assembling and patching the raws from several camera artefacts, linear radiometric factors (0.734; 1.0; 3.023) were applied to the (R;G;B) channels. Those weights were derived from the PJ54 RGB sequence.
The Jupiter images have mostly been illumination adjusted and gamma-stretched to the 4th power of square-root encoding in order to enhance colors and contrast.

For each of the included raw images, the stills used for their respective video scene were rendered based on Juno's SPICE trajectory data. Those scenes were blended into a continuous sequence of stills, and finally converted into an MP4 video file using the ffmpeg utility.
The stills were processed from the raws using home-made proprietary software.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

Perijove 55 Io Flyby in Full HD and 30-Fold Time-Lapse, Reconstructed From JunoCam Data

Gerald Eichstädt 2023-10-30 | On 2023 OCT 15, 10:52:50 UT, NASA's Juno spacecraft successfully made its Perijove 55 Jupiter flyby.

This video uses 19 of the raw Perijove 55 JunoCam images together with SPICE trajectory data to reconstruct the 105 minutes from 2023-10-15T06:00:00.000 to 2023-10-15T07:45:00.000 when Juno flew by Jupiter's volcanic moon Io just a few hours before closest approach to Jupiter.
The video is blended from scenes, each scene rendered from one of the raw JunoCam images. For each scene, the respective undelying raw JunoCam image was rendered to a sequence of stills, with each still reprojected to a camera position along Juno's trajectory according to SPICE kernels. Assumed camera positions correspond to spacecraft trajectory positions in time steps of 1 second.
The sequence of blended stills was finally converted to an MP4 file using the ffmpeg tool. The stills themselves were rendered from the raw data using a home-made and proprietary software.

The camera appears to change it's overall spectral quantum efficiency over time and presumably mostly due to Jupiter's harsh radiation environment, generally resulting in a gradually increasing reddish cast in the images if keeping color calibration constant. Therefore, it's relevant to provide the adjusted and applied linear radiometric factors used for balancing colors. This video used a constant set of relative radiometric factors derived from the PJ 54 flyby. The applied factors are (0.734; 1.0; 3.023) for (red;green;blue) respectively.
After linearizing the raw data with subsequent radiometric adjustment, the stills were gamma-stretched to the square-root of linear radiometric data. Overall, the resulting colors should be not identical but fairly close to the colors the majority of unaided human eyes would see.
Unlike for most Jupiter images and videos, Io is sufficiently rich in contrast that acceptable images can be achieved without color and brightness stretching.

Rememeber that the Juno mission can only be successful with a team effort, involving a very skilled professional staff acting in the background.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

Junos Perijove-45 Jupiter Flyby, Reconstructed in 150-Fold Time-Lapse

Gerald Eichstädt 2022-10-15 | NASA's Juno spacecraft successfully performed her Perijove-45 Jupiter flyby on September 29, 2022.

Closest approach to Europa was about 2022-09-29T09:38, closest approach to Jupiter was about 2022-09-29T17:10.

The movie reconstructs the 2 hours and 38.5 minutes between 2022-09-29T16:00:00.000 and 2022-09-29T18:38:30.000 of the Jupiter flyby in 150-fold time-lapse.
It is based on 36 PJ 45 JunoCam images, and on spacecraft trajectory data provided via SPICE kernel files.

In steps of five real-time seconds, one intermediate still image has been rendered from at least one suitable raw image.
Most of the still images of the final video are either simply blended between two intermediate still images, or additionally a composite of two such intermediate images, if a single intermediate image didn't cover the full rendered field of view.
Playing the stills with 30 frames per second results in a 150-fold time-lapse video.

In natural colors, Jupiter looks pretty pale. Therefore, the still images are approximately illumination-adusted before further post-processing, i.e. almost flattened, and consecutively gamma-stretched to the 4th power of square-root-encoded radiometric values, in order to enhance contrast and color.
Since the overall camera optics appeares to suffer from progressive radiation damage, which results in an overall reddening of the raw image data, this video uses overall white-balancing radiometric factors derived from the PJ44 TDI 1 RGB images.

Like for all its previous flybys, Juno approached Jupiter roughly from north, and left Jupiter looking towards the southern hemisphere.
Closest approach is moving northward with each orbit.

Many people at NASA, JPL, SwRI, and elsewhere have been, are, and will be required to plan and operate the Juno mission.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

Juno PJ 45 Europa real-time flyby at a resolution of 24 pixels per degree fov

Gerald Eichstädt 2022-10-06 | This is the second of two video versions of Juno's Perijove 45 Europa flyby in close to real-time I've prepared for now.

Video credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / Gerald Eichstädt

Juno PJ 45 Europa real-time flyby at a resolution of 40 pixels per degree fov

Gerald Eichstädt 2022-10-06 | This is the first of two video versions of Juno's Perijove 45 Europa flyby in close to real-time I've prepared for now.
The video is derived from four JunoCam images. It starts at Europa's night side, where the underlying image is showing mostly noise, camera and processing artefacts and only subtle structure in Jupiter-shine.
I could have cut that portion, but I try to show this also, since you may presumably be curious whether we can see anything on Europa's night side with the JunoCam.
While the scene is changing fairly fast during closest approach, things slow appearently down when we get further away from Europa. In reality, Juno's velocity doesn't change too much during the Europa swing-by.

Video credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / Gerald Eichstädt

Junos Perijove 45 Europa flyby seen by JunoCam, 30-fold time-lapsed, preliminary

Gerald Eichstädt 2022-10-02 | This video does not show a coconut. It shows Jupiter's moon Europa.
The video is derived from four PJ45 JunoCam images taken during the Europa flyby.
Consider this video preliminary.
Due to the presumed high interest in most up-to-date footage, I'm releasing this intermediate version.
A real-time flyby movie based on the same four JunoCam images is work in progress.

Video credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / Gerald Eichstädt

Junos Perijove-35 Ganymede and Jupiter Flyby, Reconstructed in 150-Fold Time-Lapse, White-Balanced

Gerald Eichstädt 2021-09-14 | On July 20, 2021, NASA's Juno probe flew by Ganymede, before she successfully performed her Perijove-35 Jupiter flyby about 15 hours later on July 21, 2021.

The movie consists of two sequences, a Ganymede flyby sequence, and a Jupiter flyby sequence.

The Ganymede sequence covers about 40 real time minutes.
Jupiter flyby portion of the movie is a reconstruction of the 4 hours between 2021-07-21T06:30:00.000 and 2021-07-21T10:30:00.000 in 150-fold time-lapse.
The movie is based on 52 of the JunoCam images taken, and on spacecraft trajectory data provided via SPICE kernel files.
Two of the PJ35 Ganymede images and 50 of the PJ35 Jupiter images have been used.

In steps of five real-time seconds, one still images of the movie has been rendered from at least one suitable raw image. This resulted in short scenes, usually of a few seconds.
Playing with 30 images per second results in 150-fold time-lapse.
Resulting overlapping scenes have been blended and white-balanced using a home-made software tool.
The final still images were converted to MP4 using ffmpeg.

In natural colors, Jupiter looks pretty pale. Therefore, the still images were approximately illumination-adusted before further post-processing, i.e. almost flattened, and consecutively gamma-stretched to the 4th power of radiometric values, in order to enhance contrast and color.

Like for all its previous flybys, Juno approached Jupiter roughly from north, and left Jupiter looking towards the soutern hemisphere.

JunoCam was built and is operated by Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego / California / USA.
Many people at NASA, JPL, SwRI, and elsewhere have been, are, and will be required to plan and operate the Juno mission.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

Junos Perijove-35 Ganymede and Jupiter Flyby, Reconstructed in 150-Fold Time-Lapse

Gerald Eichstädt 2021-09-14 | On July 20, 2021, NASA's Juno probe flew by Ganymede, before she successfully performed her Perijove-35 Jupiter flyby about 15 hours later on July 21, 2021.

The movie consists of two sequences, a Ganymede flyby sequence, and a Jupiter flyby sequence.

The Ganymede sequence covers about 40 real time minutes.
Jupiter flyby portion of the movie is a reconstruction of the 4 hours between 2021-07-21T06:30:00.000 and 2021-07-21T10:30:00.000 in 150-fold time-lapse.
The movie is based on 52 of the JunoCam images taken, and on spacecraft trajectory data provided via SPICE kernel files.
Two of the PJ35 Ganymede images and 50 of the PJ35 Jupiter images have been used.

In steps of five real-time seconds, one still images of the movie has been rendered from at least one suitable raw image. This resulted in short scenes, usually of a few seconds.
Playing with 30 images per second results in 150-fold time-lapse.
Resulting overlapping scenes have been blended using a home-made software tool.
The final still images were converted to MP4 using ffmpeg.

In natural colors, Jupiter looks pretty pale. Therefore, the still images are approximately illumination-adusted before further post-processing, i.e. almost flattened, and consecutively gamma-stretched to the 4th power of radiometric values, in order to enhance contrast and color.

Like for all its previous flybys, Juno approached Jupiter roughly from north, and left Jupiter looking towards the soutern hemisphere.

JunoCam was built and is operated by Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego / California / USA.
Many people at NASA, JPL, SwRI, and elsewhere have been, are, and will be required to plan and operate the Juno mission.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

PJ33 South Hemispherical Fly Over Jupiter with Experimental Soundtrack

Gerald Eichstädt 2021-05-01 | The video is derived from three of JunoCam's raw Perijove 33 images.
The simulated trajectory is artificial. The soundtrack is artificial. The texture of the images is derived from the three real Jupiter images JNCE_2021105_33C00043_V01, JNCE_2021106_33C00048_V01, and JNCE_2021106_33C00050_V01. Those were taken by JunoCam between 2021-04-15T23:55 and 2021-04-16T00:29.
JunoCam is Juno's wide angle visible light camera.
The video shows, among other features, Oval BA and the remnants of Clyde's Spot.

Junos Perijove-28 Jupiter Flyby, Reconstructed in 125-Fold Time-Lapse

Gerald Eichstädt 2020-08-12 | On July 25, 2020, NASA's Juno probe successfully performed her Perijove-28 Jupiter flyby.

The movie is a reconstruction of the 2 hours and 45 minutes between 2020-07-25T05:30:00.000 and 2020-07-25T08:15:00.000 in 125-fold time-lapse.
It is based on 38 of the JunoCam images taken, and on spacecraft trajectory data provided via SPICE kernel files.

In steps of five real-time seconds, one still images of the movie has been rendered from at least one suitable raw image. This resulted in short scenes, usually of a few seconds.
Playing with 25 images per second results in 125-fold time-lapse.
Resulting overlapping scenes have been blended using the ffmpeg tool.

In natural colors, Jupiter looks pretty pale. Therefore, the still images are approximately illumination-adusted, i.e. almost flattened, and consecutively gamma-stretched to the 4th power of radiometric values, in order to enhance contrast and color.

Like for all its previous flybys, Juno approached Jupiter roughly from north, and left Jupiter looking towards the soutern hemisphere. Closest approach to Jupiter was 3,500 km above the nominal IAU 1-bar level, and near 25.3 degrees north (planetocentric), according to long-term planning of November 2017.

JunoCam was built and is operated by Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego / California / USA.
Many people at NASA, JPL, SwRI, and elsewhere have been, are, and will be required to plan and operate the Juno mission.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

Junos Perijove-06 Jupiter Flyby, Reconstructed in 125-Fold Time-Lapse (Revision in Full HD)

Gerald Eichstädt 2019-11-30 | On May 19, 2017, NASA's Juno probe successfully performed her Perijove-06 Jupiter flyby. The movie is a reconstruction of the 5.5 hours between 2017-05-19T03:30:00.000 and 2017-05-19T09:00:00.000 in 125-fold time-lapse. It is based on 39 of the JunoCam images taken, and on spacecraft trajectory data provided via SPICE kernel files. In steps of five real-time seconds, one still images of the movie has been rendered from at least one suitable raw image. This resulted in short scenes, usually of a few seconds. Playing with 25 images per second results in 125-fold time-lapse. Resulting overlapping scenes have been blended using the ffmpeg tool.
In natural colors, Jupiter looks pretty pale. Therefore, the still images are approximately illumination-adusted, i.e. almost flattened, and consecutively gamma-stretched to the 4th power of radiometric values, in order to enhance contrast and color.
Juno approached Jupiter from the northern hemisphere, then flew almost exactly over its north pole, came rapidly closer to Jupiter until a few thousand kilometers north of Jupiter's equator, then, after closest approach, started to recede again, and left Jupiter looking towards the southern hemisphere. Closest approach to Jupiter was 3,496 km above the nominal IAU 1-bar level, and near 5.6 degrees north (planetocentric).

JunoCam was built and is operated by Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego / California / USA.
Many people at NASA, JPL, SwRI, and elsewhere have been, are, and will be required to plan and operate the Juno mission.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

Junos Perijove-23 Jupiter Flyby, Reconstructed in 125-Fold Time-Lapse

Gerald Eichstädt 2019-11-21 | On November 03, 2019, NASA's Juno probe successfully performed her Perijove-23 Jupiter flyby.

The movie is a reconstruction of the 2 hours between 2019-11-03T21:35:00.000 and 2019-11-03T23:35:00.000 in 125-fold time-lapse.
It is based on 31 of the JunoCam images taken, and on spacecraft trajectory data provided via SPICE kernel files.

In steps of five real-time seconds, one still images of the movie has been rendered from at least one suitable raw image. This resulted in short scenes, usually of a few seconds.
Playing with 25 images per second results in 125-fold time-lapse.
Resulting overlapping scenes have been blended using the ffmpeg tool.

In natural colors, Jupiter looks pretty pale. Therefore, the still images are approximately illumination-adusted, i.e. almost flattened, and consecutively gamma-stretched to the 4th power of radiometric values, in order to enhance contrast and color.

Like for previous flybys, Juno approached Jupiter roughly from north, and left Jupiter looking towards the southern hemisphere. Closest approach to Jupiter was 3,501 km above the nominal IAU 1-bar level, and near 22.4 degrees north (planetocentric), according to long-term planning of November 2017.

JunoCam was built and is operated by Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego / California / USA.
Many people at NASA, JPL, SwRI, and elsewhere have been, are, and will be required to plan and operate the Juno mission.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

Junos Perijove-22 Jupiter Flyby, Reconstructed in 125-Fold Time-Lapse

Gerald Eichstädt 2019-09-27 | On September 12, 2019, NASA's Juno probe successfully performed her Perijove-22 Jupiter flyby.

The movie is a reconstruction of the 2 hours and 30 minutes between 2019-09-12T03:00:00.000 and 2019-09-12T05:00:00.000 in 125-fold time-lapse.
It is based on 36 of the JunoCam images taken, and on spacecraft trajectory data provided via SPICE kernel files.

In steps of five real-time seconds, one still images of the movie has been rendered from at least one suitable raw image. This resulted in short scenes, usually of a few seconds.
Playing with 25 images per second results in 125-fold time-lapse.
Resulting overlapping scenes have been blended using the ffmpeg tool.

In natural colors, Jupiter looks pretty pale. Therefore, the still images are approximately illumination-adusted, i.e. almost flattened, and consecutively gamma-stretched to the 4th power of radiometric values, in order to enhance contrast and color.

Like for previous flybys, Juno approached Jupiter from north, and left Jupiter looking towards the soutern hemisphere. Closest approach to Jupiter was 7,975 km above the nominal IAU 1-bar level, and near 21.6 degrees north (planetocentric), according to long-term planning of November 2017.

During this flyby, Juno happened to fly over Io's shadow. Five of the PJ22 images show the shadow. They are part of the image sequence used for the flyby movie.

JunoCam was built and is operated by Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego / California / USA.
Many people at NASA, JPL, SwRI, and elsewhere have been, are, and will be required to plan and operate the Juno mission.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

Junos Perijove-20 Jupiter Flyby, Reconstructed in 125-Fold Time-Lapse

Gerald Eichstädt 2019-06-20 | On May 29, 2019, NASA's Juno probe successfully performed her Perijove-20 Jupiter flyby.

The movie is a reconstruction of the 2 hours and 30 minutes between 2019-05-29T07:20:00.000 and 2019-05-29T09:50:00.000 in 125-fold time-lapse.
It is based on 32 of the JunoCam images taken, and on spacecraft trajectory data provided via SPICE kernel files.

In steps of five real-time seconds, one still images of the movie has been rendered from at least one suitable raw image. This resulted in short scenes, usually of a few seconds.
Playing with 25 images per second results in 125-fold time-lapse.
Resulting overlapping scenes have been blended using the ffmpeg tool.

In natural colors, Jupiter looks pretty pale. Therefore, the still images are approximately illumination-adusted, i.e. almost flattened, and consecutively gamma-stretched to the 4th power of radiometric values, in order to enhance contrast and color.

Like for previous flybys, Juno approached Jupiter from north, and left Jupiter looking towards the soutern hemisphere. Closest approach to Jupiter was 7,244 km above the nominal IAU 1-bar level, and near 20.3 degrees north (planetocentric), according to long-term planning of November 2017.
Above the equatorial zone, JunoCam took RGB images as frequently as technically possible, each about 90 seconds, in other words, each 3rd spacecraft revolution.
This strategy returned well-resolved images of fairly small wave and cloud features. They are visible in the movie near time 00:26.
Also noteworthy are the vortices in the north, possibly spreading left-overs of some of the very turbulent nearby folded filametary region (FFR). They are best visible between 00:11 and 00:17. Some of the vortices are very dark, and may show us deeper layers of Jupiter's atmosphere, remotely similar to the cloudless eye of a hurricane on Earth.

JunoCam was built and is operated by Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego / California / USA.
Many people at NASA, JPL, SwRI, and elsewhere have been, are, and will be required to plan and operate the Juno mission.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

Junos Perijove-17 Jupiter Flyby, Reconstructed in 125-Fold Time-Lapse

Gerald Eichstädt 2019-02-10 | On December 21, 2018, NASA's Juno probe successfully performed her Perijove-17 Jupiter flyby.

The movie is a reconstruction of the 2 hours and 15 minutes between 2018-12-21T16:15:00.000 and 2018-12-21T18:30:00.000 in 125-fold time-lapse.
It is based on 30 of the JunoCam images taken, and on spacecraft trajectory data provided via SPICE kernel files.

In steps of five real-time seconds, one still images of the movie has been rendered from at least one suitable raw image. This resulted in short scenes, usually of a few seconds.
Playing with 25 images per second results in 125-fold time-lapse.
Resulting overlapping scenes have been blended using the ffmpeg tool.

In natural colors, Jupiter looks pretty pale. Therefore, the still images are approximately illumination-adusted, i.e. almost flattened, and consecutively gamma-stretched to the 4th power of radiometric values, in order to enhance contrast and color.

The movie starts with a reconstructed in-bound sequence approaching Jupiter from north on its night side. Then the orbit approaches Jupiter down to an altitude of about 5,000 km near 18.1 degrees north (planetocentric), according to long-term planning of November 2017.
JunoCam looked towards Jupiter's limb during close flyby.
Then, the Great Red Spot, and the anticyclone Oval BA come into the field of view.
This is followed by a transition into the outbound orbit, with images of Jupiter's south polar region.

JunoCam was built and is operated by Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego / California / USA.
Many people at NASA, JPL, SwRI, and elsewhere have been, are, and will be required to plan and operate the Juno mission.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

Junos Perijove-16 Jupiter Flyby, Reconstructed in 125-Fold Time-Lapse

Gerald Eichstädt 2018-11-15 | On October 29, 2018, NASA's Juno probe successfully performed her Perijove-16 Jupiter flyby.
This time, Juno's spin axis was pointed away from Earth, in order to obtain a better view to Jupiter for Juno's instruments. At the same time, solar conjunction was appraoching. So, the amount of data was more restricted for this perijove pass than usual.
JunoCam's priority was on high-quality close-up images. Images of the north polar region were dedicated for long-exposure observations close to the terminator. These images aren't included into this flyby movie.

The movie is a reconstruction of the 114 minutes between 2018-10-29T20:35:00.000 and 2018-10-29T22:29:00.000 in 125-fold time-lapse.
It is based on 21 of the JunoCam images taken, and on spacecraft trajectory data provided via SPICE kernel files.

In steps of five real-time seconds, one still images of the movie has been rendered from at least one suitable raw image. This resulted in short scenes, usually of a few seconds.
Playing with 25 images per second results in 125-fold time-lapse.
Resulting overlapping scenes have been blended using the ffmpeg tool.

In natural colors, Jupiter looks pretty pale. Therefore, the still images are approximately illumination-adusted, i.e. almost flattened, and consecutively gamma-stretched to the 4th power of radiometric values, in order to enhance contrast and color.

The movie starts with a reconstructed late in-bound sequence after having approached Jupiter from north on its night side. Then the orbit approaches Jupiter further down to an altitude of about 3,500 km near 17.4 degrees northern latitude.
JunoCam looked towards Jupiter's limb during close flyby.
This is followed by a transition into the outbound orbit, during which Jupiter's south polar region comes into the field of view.

JunoCam was built and is operated by Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego / California / USA.
Many people at NASA, JPL, SwRI, and elsewhere have been, are, and will be required to plan and operate the Juno mission.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

Junos Perijove-15 Jupiter Flyby, Reconstructed in 125-Fold Time-Lapse

Gerald Eichstädt 2018-09-28 | Early on September 07, 2018, UTC, NASA's Juno probe successfully performed her Perijove-15 Jupiter flyby.
Like during most of the recent Jupiter flybys, good contact to Earth and incremented storage allowed taking close-up images of good quality.

The movie is a reconstruction of the 112 minutes between 2018-09-07T00:30:00.000 and 2018-09-07T02:22:00.000 in 125-fold time-lapse.
It is based on 25 of the JunoCam images taken, and on spacecraft trajectory data provided via SPICE kernel files.

In steps of five real-time seconds, one still images of the movie has been rendered from at least one suitable raw image. This resulted in short scenes, usually of a few seconds.
Playing with 25 images per second results in 125-fold time-lapse.
Resulting overlapping scenes have been blended using the ffmpeg tool.

In natural colors, Jupiter looks pretty pale. Therefore, the still images are approximately illumination-adusted, i.e. almost flattened, and consecutively gamma-stretched to the 4th power of radiometric values, in order to enhance contrast and color.

The movie starts with a reconstructed in-bound sequence approaching Jupiter from north on its night side. Then the orbit approaches Jupiter down to an altitude of about 3,500 km near 16.6 degrees northern latitude.
JunoCam looked towards Jupiter's limb during close flyby.
This is followed by a transition into the outbound orbit, during which Jupiter's south polar region comes into the field of view.

JunoCam was built and is operated by Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego / California / USA.
Many people at NASA, JPL, SwRI, and elsewhere have been, are, and will be required to plan and operate the Juno mission.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

Junos Perijove-07 Jupiter Flyby Fragments, Reconstructed in 125-Fold Time-Lapse

Gerald Eichstädt 2018-08-09 | On July 11, 2017 (UTC), NASA's Juno probe successfully performed her Perijove-07 Jupiter flyby.
The movie covers 3 hours of this flyby in 125-fold time lapse, the time from 2017-07-11T00:45:00.000 to 2017-07-11T03:45:00.000.
It is based on 13 of the JunoCam images taken during the flyby, and on spacecraft trajectory data provided via SPICE kernel files.

For each of those 13 raw images, a short flyby scene has been rendered. Blending the scenes appropriately using the ffmpeg tool resulted in the movie.

During Perijove-07, the amount of storage available for JunoCam was restricted. Priority has been imaging of the Great Red Spot. Therefore, some large gaps in latitude coverage of good quality have been left open.

Most bright blips caused by energetic particle hits have been detected and filtered out by the rendering software.
This applies in a similar way to most of the more or less constant camera artifacts, too.

The still images are approximately illumination-adusted, i.e. almost flattened, and consecutively gamma-stretched to the 4th power of radiometric values, in order to enhance contrast and color.
Residual changes of brightness are due to imperfections of image processing.

Similar to previous perijove passes, the movie starts with views of Jupiter's northeren hemisphere, then approaches Jupiter's cloud tops up to about 3,500 km, before departure from Jupiter's southern hemisphere.
Closest approach was near 9.5 Jupiter-centric degrees northern latitude.

JunoCam was built and is operated by Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego / California / USA.
Many people at NASA, JPL, SwRI, and elsewhere have been, are, and will be required to plan and operate the Juno mission.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

Junos Perijove-14 Jupiter Flyby, Reconstructed in 125-Fold Time-Lapse

Gerald Eichstädt 2018-07-30 | On July 16, 2018 (UTC), NASA's Juno probe successfully performed her Perijove-14 Jupiter flyby.
The movie covers 107 minutes of this flyby in 125-fold time lapse, the time from 2018-07-16T04:38:00.000 to 2018-07-16T06:25:00.000.
It is based on 23 of the JunoCam images taken during the flyby, and on spacecraft trajectory data provided via SPICE kernel files.

For each of those 23 images, a short flyby scene has been rendered. Blending the scenes appropriately using the ffmpeg tool resulted in the movie.

Some of the raw Perijove-14 images show an incremented level of energetic particle hits. Most of the resulting bright blips have been detected and filtered out by the rendering software.
This applies in a similar way to most of the more or less constant camera artifacts, too.

The still images are approximately illumination-adusted, i.e. almost flattened, and consecutively gamma-stretched to the 4th power of radiometric values, in order to enhance contrast and color.
Residual changes of brightness, or flickering are due to imperfections of image processing.

Similar to previous perijove passes, the movie starts with views of Jupiter's northeren hemisphere, then approaches Jupiter's cloud tops up to about 3,500 km, before going to depart from Jupiter's southern hemisphere.
Closest approach was near 15.7 Jupiter-centric degrees north.

JunoCam was built and is operated by Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego / California / USA.
Many people at NASA, JPL, SwRI, and elsewhere have been, are, and will be required to plan and operate the Juno mission.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

Junos Perijove-13 Jupiter Flyby, Reconstructed in 125-Fold Time-Lapse

Gerald Eichstädt 2018-06-06 | On May 24, 2018, NASA's Juno probe successfully performed her Perijove-13 Jupiter flyby.
The movie covers two hours of this flyby in 125-fold time lapse, the time from 2018-05-24T04:41:00.000 to 2018-05-24T06:41:00.000.
It is based on 27 of the JunoCam images taken during the flyby, and on spacecraft trajectory data provided via SPICE kernel files.

For each of those 27 images, a short flyby scene has been rendered. Blending the scenes appropriately using the ffmpeg tool resulted in the movie.

Some of the raw Perijove-13 images show an incremented level of energetic particle hits. Most of the resulting bright blips have been detected and filtered out by the rendering software.
This applies in a similar way to most of the more or less constant camera artifacts, too.

The still images are approximately illumination-adusted, i.e. almost flattened, and consecutively gamma-stretched to the 4th power of radiometric values, in order to enhance contrast and color.

Similar to previous perijove passes, the movie starts with views of Jupiter's northeren hemisphere, then approaches Jupiter's cloud tops up to about 3,500 km, before departure from Jupiter's southern hemisphere.

JunoCam was built and is operated by Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego / California / USA.
Many people at NASA, JPL, SwRI, and elsewhere have been, are, and will be required to plan and operate the Juno mission.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

Can a Cloud Displacement Field be Derived from a Pair of JunoCam Images?

Gerald Eichstädt 2018-05-17 | Visuals of a europlanet #RASJuno talk about JunoCam image processing, London, 2018-05-10.

The talk essentially investigated the feasibility of 1st order short-term weather forecast derived from a pair of JunoCam images taken within a few minutes.
It starts with a Perijove-12 flyby movie to provide some context. Juno's Perijove-12 flyby has taken place on 2018-04-01.

It then compares cropped pairs of locally contrast-normalized JunoCam images reprojected to the same vantage point, and visualizes according band-pass filtered displacement fields. Morphs extrapolate the motion between the two images of the JunoCam image pair by a factor of 100 into the past, and also into the future, assuming a stable velocity field. The differential equation given by the displacement field was forward and backward integrated using the probably most simple and 1st order numerical method, called Euler method. Numerical integration is the basis of the morphs. Changing velocity fields, like moving storm systems haven't modeled in this feasibility test.
The second image pair is investigated in more detail. After various versions of visualizing the displacement field itself, first and second order derivatives, such as curl, divergence, laplacian, are visualized.
Then statistical errors induced by the specific choice of sets of tiles for stereo correlation are visualized.
This raises the question, whether a larger sample of correlation tiles can smooth the noise. This effect is visualized, too.
Another question is the feasibility of a higher-resolved velocity map by working with smaller tiles, and changing the upper frequency bound of the band-pass filter applied to the raw displacement data. This effect is visualized.
A few morphs are added towards the end of the movie.

The design, implementation, debugging, an test runs of the analysis software, including movie and talk preparation took about two weeks. So, the result might not yet be quite free of remaining glitches.
This investigation was primarily about feasibility. Exploring the limitations of those methods, and applying more sophisticated techniques, as well as the reduction to physical entities like velocity or vorticity is ongoing.

Credit for raw images: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS
Navigation data: NAIF/SPICE
Image processing and data reduction: Gerald Eichstädt
Movie compilation made extensive use of ffmpeg.

MP4 version, about 630 MB:
http://junocam.pictures/gerald/talks/europlanet_london_20180510/versions/London2018_Eichstaedt_PJ12_v10.mp4

Junos Perijove-12 Jupiter Flyby, Reconstructed in 125-Fold Time-Lapse

Gerald Eichstädt 2018-04-16 | On April 01, 2018, NASA's Juno probe successfully performed her Perijove-12 Jupiter flyby.
Before Perijove-12, Juno's spin axis was changed in a way that Jupiter was well within JunoCam's field of view.

JunoCam was assigned sufficient storage to store images of a good quality, despite Juno's high gain antenna pointing away from Earth during flyby.

The movie reconstructs of the period of time between 2018-04-01T08:30:00.000 and 2018-04-01T11:00:00.000 in 125-fold time-lapse.
It is based on 20 of the JunoCam images taken, and on spacecraft trajectory data provided via SPICE kernel files.

In steps of five real-time seconds, one still images of the movie has been rendered from at least one suitable raw image. This resulted in short scenes, usually of a few seconds.
Playing with 25 images per second results in 125-fold time-lapse.
Resulting overlapping scenes have been blended using the ffmpeg tool.

You might notice a pretty large jump near 00:17 in the movie. During this time, JunoCam took a few images dedicated to an observation of Jupiter's north polar region in the twilight.
This movie skips these specific images, since these observations required overexposing portions of the images.

In natural colors, Jupiter looks pretty pale. Therefore, the still images are approximately illumination-adusted, i.e. almost flattened, and consecutively gamma-stretched to the 4th power of radiometric values, in order to enhance contrast and color.

The movie starts with a reconstructed in-bound sequence approaching Jupiter from north. Then the orbit approaches Jupiter down to an altitude of about 3,500 km near a northern latitide of 15.535 degrees for image JNCE_2018091_12C00088_V01 at ISO time 2018-04-01T09:45:54.991.
This is followed by a transition into the outbound orbit, during which Jupiter's south polar region comes into the field of view.

JunoCam was built and is operated by Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego / California / USA.
Many people at NASA, JPL, SwRI, and elsewhere have been, are, and will be required to plan and operate the Juno mission.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

JunoCam, Perijove 10, Animated Cloud Motion

Gerald Eichstädt 2018-03-08 | JunoCam, Perijove 10, Animated Cloud Motion

Caution: This movie might not be suitable for people with epilepsy.

This movie shows the short-term dynamics Jupiter's southern storms derived from raw JunoCam images of Juno's Perijove-10 flyby on Dec 16, 2017.
You might also notice the effect of changing solar illumination on the appearence of the haze bands.

JunoCam usually takes a time-lapse sequence of images during each perijove showing Jupiter's polar regions.
These images are taken from different perspectives along Juno's trajectory.
But it's possible to reproject the JunoCam images to a common perspective. Displaying such a sequence rapidly reveals cloud motion in Jupiter's storm systems.
This movie applies this technique. At the same time, it is changing the simulated perspective along Juno's trajectory.
The same short sequence of images is displayed in a loop, but due to the changing way of reprojecting the raw images, the shown surface area is changing more or less continuously.
Jupiter is rotating. The animation follows Jupiter's rotation. Therefore, the line between day and night appears rotating.

The still imaages of the movie are partially illumination-adjusted, zoomed-in, and enhanced to the 4th power of radiometric values.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

Junos Perijove-05 Jupiter Flyby, Reconstructed in 125-Fold Time-Lapse, Revised

Gerald Eichstädt 2018-02-26 | On March 27, 2017, NASA's Juno probe performed her Perijove-05 Jupiter flyby.
For this flyby, data volume was limited, and primarily dedicated to observations of Jupiter's polar regions.
Therefore only part of Jupiter's latitudes were covered well with close-up images.

This movie is an attempt to reconstruct the flyby on the basis of the JunoCam images taken.
Due to the gaps in good latitudinal coverage, the resolution of the movie is varying.
You may notice some surface areas of Jupiter with a clear turquoise or greensih cast.
Those aren't a Jupiter surface features, but effects of some overexposure, especially of the red channel.
On the other hand, the longer exposure improved the image quality near the terminator, including the poles the observation campaign was designed for.

The movie is a reconstruction of the period of time between 2017-03-27T07:30:00.000 and 2017-03-27T09:47:00.000 in 125-fold time-lapse.
It is based on 13 of the raw JunoCam images taken during Perijove-05, and on spacecraft trajectory data provided via SPICE kernel files.

In steps of five real-time seconds, one still images of the movie has been rendered from at least one suitable raw image. This resulted in short scenes, usually of a few seconds.
Playing with 25 images per second results in 125-fold time-lapse.
Resulting overlapping scenes have been blended using the ffmpeg tool.

In natural colors, Jupiter looks pretty pale. Therefore, the still images are approximately illumination-adusted, i.e. almost flattened, and consecutively gamma-stretched to the 4th power of radiometric values, in order to enhance contrast and color.

The movie starts with a reconstructed in-bound sequence approaching Jupiter from its north. Then the orbit approaches Jupiter down to an altitude of about 4,000 km near the equator.
This is followed by a transition into the outbound orbit, during which Jupiter's south polar region comes into sight.

JunoCam was built and is operated by Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego / California / USA.
Many people at NASA, JPL, SwRI, MSSS, and elsewhere have been, are, and will be required to plan and operate the Juno mission.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

Junos Perijove-11 Jupiter Flyby, Reconstructed in 125-Fold Time-Lapse, Preliminary

Gerald Eichstädt 2018-02-16 | On February 07, 2018, NASA's Juno probe successfully performed her Perijove-11 Jupiter flyby.
Good contact to Earth and incremented storage allowed taking very close-up images of good quality.
The focus has been on the departure images showing Jupiter's south polar region.

The movie is a reconstruction of the period of time between 2018-02-07T12:45:00.000 and 2018-02-07T16:37:00.000 in 125-fold time-lapse.
It is based on 36 of the JunoCam images taken, and on spacecraft trajectory data provided via SPICE kernel files.

In steps of five real-time seconds, one still images of the movie has been rendered from at least one suitable raw image. This resulted in short scenes, usually of a few seconds.
Playing with 25 images per second results in 125-fold time-lapse.
Resulting overlapping scenes have been blended using the ffmpeg tool.

In natural colors, Jupiter looks pretty pale. Therefore, the still images are approximately illumination-adusted, i.e. almost flattened, and consecutively gamma-stretched to the 4th power of radiometric values, in order to enhance contrast and color.

The movie starts with a reconstructed in-bound sequence approaching Jupiter from north on its night side. Then the orbit approaches Jupiter down to an altitude of about 3,500 km a bit north of the equator.
JunoCam looked towards Jupiter's limb during close flyby.
This is followed by a transition into the outbound orbit, during which Jupiter's south polar region comes into the field of view.

The rendition is preliminary. A revised version might be provided later in 2018.

JunoCam was built and is operated by Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego / California / USA.
Many people at NASA, JPL, SwRI, MSSS, and elsewhere have been, are, and will be required to plan and operate the Juno mission, including JunoCam.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

Junos Perijove-10 Jupiter Flyby, Reconstructed in 125-Fold Time-Lapse, Preliminary

Gerald Eichstädt 2017-12-25 | On December 16, 2017, NASA's Juno probe successfully performed her Perijove-10 Jupiter flyby.
Good contact to Earth and incremented storage allowed taking very close-up images of good quality.

The movie is a reconstruction of the period of time between 2017-12-16T16:35:00.000 and 2017-12-16T19:25:00.000 in 125-fold time-lapse.
It is based on 20 of the JunoCam images taken, and on spacecraft trajectory data provided via SPICE kernel files.

In steps of five real-time seconds, one still images of the movie has been rendered from at least one suitable raw image. This resulted in short scenes, usually of a few seconds.
Playing with 25 images per second results in 125-fold time-lapse.
Resulting overlapping scenes have been blended using the ffmpeg tool.

In natural colors, Jupiter looks pretty pale. Therefore, the still images are approximately illumination-adusted, i.e. almost flattened, and consecutively gamma-stretched to the 4th power of radiometric values, in order to enhance contrast and color.

The movie starts with a reconstructed in-bound sequence approaching Jupiter from north on its night side. Then the orbit approaches Jupiter down to an altitude between 3,000 and 4,000 km near the equator.
JunoCam looked towards Jupiter's limb during close flyby.
This is followed by a transition into the outbound orbit, during which Jupiter's south polar region comes into the field of view.

The rendition is preliminary. A revised version might be provided in the first quarter of 2018.

JunoCam was built and is operated by Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego / California / USA.
Many people at NASA, JPL, SwRI, and elsewhere have been, are, and will be required to plan and operate the Juno mission.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

Junos Perijove-04 Jupiter Flyby, Revised Reconstruction from JunoCam Images

Gerald Eichstädt 2017-12-14 | On February 02, 2017, NASA's Juno probe successfully performed her Perijove-04 Jupiter flyby.
From JunoCam's raw image data, and SPICE navigation data, the movie reconstructs the two hours and 15 minutes from ISO time 2017-02-02T12:00:00.000 to 2017-02-02T14:15:00.000 along Juno's trajectory in 125-fold time-lapse.

JunoCam is the Education and Public Outreach camera of NASA's Juno spacecraft. Juno's major science objective is looking beneath Jupiter's impressive cloud tops. In addition, JunoCam gives us a first close look at Jupiter's polar regions at wavelengths of visible light.

The reconstruction makes use of the 13 raw JunoCam Perijove-04 RGB images #97, #99 to #109, and #111.
In steps of five real-time seconds, one still images of the movie has been rendered from at least one suitable raw image. This resulted in short scenes from one to about 13 seconds.
Playing with 25 images per second results in 125-fold time-lapse.
Resulting overlapping scenes have been blended using the ffmpeg tool.

In natural colors, Jupiter looks pretty pale. Therefore, the still images are approximately illumination-adusted, i.e. almost flattened, and consecutively gamma-stretched to the 4th power of radiometric values, in order to enhance contrast and color.
There are some considerable time gaps between consecutive raw images. This required reprojections of portions of raw images close to Jupiter's limb to a perspective as if the camera would have been above this surface area of Jupiter. This resulted in a degraded quality of some portions of the movie.

The movie starts with a resonstructed in-bound sequence approaching Jupiter from north. Then the orbit approaches Jupiter down to an altitude of about 4,000 km near the equator.
This is followed by a transition into the outbound orbit, during which Jupiter's south polar region comes into view.

Rendering the still images of the movie took about four days on one up to three virtual CPU cores running in parallel.
The rendering software for the stills is proprietary. Trajectory data were retrived from SPICE kernels with the SPICE/NAIF tool spy.exe. from For combining stills to movie files, the tool ffmpeg has been used.

Blending may result in feature-doubling in overlapping scenes due to reprojection inaccuracies, and to some fast shifts of quality and/or color.
Most repetitive bright and dark camera artifacts are patched. Due to the intense radiation near Jupiter, some additional bright pixels occured, visible in the stills the movie is rendered from, at least. Those aren't patched in this animation.
In rarer cases, lightnings on Jupiter might also show up as bright pixels.

Sometimes, the edges of the raw images show up as black triangular areas in some corners of the movie rendition.
During blending, features may be doubled due to alignment inaccuracies of the blended scenes.
Some of the very close-ups show block artifacts as a result of lossy compression within the camera, which has been necessary due to limited storage.

Cloud motions are probably too tiny to be perceptible from this distance, and within the short time.

Any residual issues in the movie are due to imperfect image processing.
The movie may nevertheless provide you an idea of Juno's Perijove-04 flyby.

JunoCam was built and is operated by Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego / California / USA.
Many people at NASA, JPL, SwRI, and elsewhere have been, are, and will be required to plan and operate the Juno mission.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

Junos Perijove-03 Jupiter Flyby, Reconstructed in 125-Fold Time-Lapse

Gerald Eichstädt 2017-12-07 | On December 11, 2016, NASA's Juno probe successfully performed her Perijove-03 Jupiter flyby.
From JunoCam's raw image data, and SPICE navigation data, the movie reconstructs the two hours from ISO time 2016-12-11T16:00:00.000 to 2016-12-11T18:00:00.000 along Juno's trajectory in 125-fold time-lapse.

JunoCam is the Education and Outreach camera of NASA's Juno spacecraft. Juno's major science objective is looking beneath Jupiter's impressive cloud tops. In addition, JunoCam gives us a first close look at Jupiter's polar regions at wavelengths of visible light.

The reconstruction makes use of the 19 raw JunoCam Perijove-03 RGB images #94, #99, #101, #103, #104, #105, #107, #109, #110, #111, #113, #114, #116, #117, #118, #120, and #122.
In steps of five real-time seconds, one still images of the movie has been rendered from at least one suitable raw image. This resulted in short scenes, usually of a few seconds.
Playing with 25 images per second results in 125-fold time-lapse.
Resulting overlapping scenes have been blended using the ffmpeg tool.

In natural colors, Jupiter looks pretty pale. Therefore, the still images are approximately illumination-adusted, i.e. almost flattened, and consecutively gamma-stretched to the 4th power of radiometric values, in order to enhance contrast and color.
Blending between some of the close-ups nevertheless shows considerable changes of brightness, since those images have been taken close Jupiter's terminator.

The movie starts with a resonstructed in-bound sequence approaching Jupiter from north. Then the orbit approaches Jupiter down to an altitude of about 4,000 km near the equator.
This is followed by a transition into the outbound orbit, during which Jupiter's south polar region comes into view.

Rendering the still images of the movie took about four days on one up to three virtual CPU cores running in parallel.
The rendering software for the stills is proprietary. Trajectory data were retrived from SPICE kernels with the SPICE/NAIF tool spy.exe. from For combining stills to movie files, the tool ffmpeg has been used.

Blending may result in feature-doubling in overlapping scenes due to reprojection inaccuracies.
Most repetitive bright and dark camera artifacts are patched. Due to the intense radiation near Jupiter, several additional bright pixels occured. Those aren't patched in this animation.
In rarer cases, lightnings on Jupiter might also show up as bright pixels.

Sometimes, the edges of the raw images show up as black triangular areas in some corners of the movie rendition.
During blending, features may be doubled due to alignment inaccuracies of the blended scenes.
Some of the outbound images show subtle color banding. This might be a result of decompanding inaccuracies, which means undoing the way the camera encodes data numbers into raw data.

Some cloud motions are just perceptible, but very small from this distance, and within the short time. So, you may or may not notice them at a small number of locations during scene blendings.

Any residual issues in the movie are due to imperfect image processing.
The movie may nevertheless provide you an idea of Juno's Perijove-03 flyby.

JunoCam was built and is operated by Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego / California / USA.
Many people at NASA, JPL, SwRI, and elsewhere have been, are, and will be required to plan and operate the Juno mission.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

Junos Reconstructed Perijove-09 Jupiter Flyby (flip-corrected)

Gerald Eichstädt 2017-11-27 | On October 24, 2017, NASA's Juno probe successfully performed her Perijove-09 Jupiter flyby. At that time, Jupiter was close to solar conjunction with respect to Earth. This means, that the sun was between Jupiter and Earth, and blocked reliabale communication.
Jupiter was also hidden for Earth-based observations. So JunoCam, Juno's Education and Outreach camera, took images without detailed knowledge of which features to expect within its field of view during Jupiter flyby.
Fortunately, JunoCam's assigned memory has been incremented, such that JunoCam was able to cover all latitudes with close-up images.
The movie is a reconstruction of the flyby in 125-fold time-lapse, based on the JunoCam images taken, and based on spacecraft trajectory data provided via SPICE kernel files.
In more detail, the 20 Perijove-09 RGB images #75, #76, #78 to #85, #88 to #95, #97, and #98 went into this animation.
In steps of five real-time seconds, one still images of the movie has been rendered from at least one suitable raw image. This resulted in short scenes, usually of a few seconds.
Playing with 25 images per second results in 125-fold time-lapse.
Resulting overlapping scenes have been blended using the ffmpeg tool.

In natural colors, Jupiter looks pretty pale. Therefore, the still images are approximately illumination-adusted, i.e. almost flattened, and consecutively gamma-stretched to the 4th power of radiometric values, in order to enhance contrast and color.

The movie starts with a resonstructed in-bound sequence approaching Jupiter from north. Then the orbit approaches Jupiter down to an altitude of between 3,000 and 4,000 km near the equator.
This is followed by a transition into the outbound orbit, during which Jupiter's south polar region comes into the view.
The movie covers two real-time hours.

Rendering the still images of the movie took about three days on three virtual CPU cores running in parallel.
The rendering software for the stills is proprietary. Trajectory data were retrieved from SPICE kernels with the SPICE/NAIF tool spy.exe. For combining stills to movie files, the tool ffmpeg has been used.

Blending may result in feature-doubling in overlapping scenes due to reprojection inaccuracies.
Most repetitive bright and dark camera artifacts are patched. Due to the intense radiation near Jupiter, several additional bright pixels occured. Those aren't patched in this animation.
In rarer cases, lightnings on Jupiter may also show up as bright pixels.
Some of the close-ups show perceptable macro blocks. Those are effects of lossy data compression, which is necessary in order to store a reasonable number of images in the limited on-bord memory of the spacecraft, especially during solar conjunction when no data can be transmitted to Earth before, and during the perijove pass.
Sometimes, the edges of the raw images show up as black triangular areas in some corners of the movie rendition.
During blending, features may be doubled due to alignment inaccuracies of the blended scenes.
The sometimes very bright limb is an effect of inaccuraties of the applied illumination adjustemt, combined with the high degree of image enhancement.

Some cloud motions are just perceptible, but very small from this distance, and within the short time. So, you may or may not notice them at a small number of locations during scene blendings.

Any residual issues in the movie are due to imperfect image processing.
The movie may nevertheless provide you an idea of Juno's Perijove-09 flyby.

The raw images used for this movie rendition are available via the missionjuno website.

JunoCam was built and is operated by Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego / California / USA.
Many people at NASA, JPL, SwRI, and elsewhere have been, are, and will be required to plan and operate the Juno mission.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

Junos Perijove-09 Jupiter Flyby, Reconstructed in 125-Fold Time-Lapse

Gerald Eichstädt 2017-11-25 | On October 24, 2017, NASA's Juno probe successfully performed her Perijove-09 Jupiter flyby. At that time, Jupiter was close to solar conjunction with respect to Earth. This means, that the sun was between Jupiter and Earth, and blocked reliabale communication.
Jupiter was also hidden for Earth-based observations. So JunoCam, Juno's Education and Outreach camera, took images without detailed knowledge of which features to expect within its field of view during Jupiter flyby.
Fortunately, JunoCam's assigned memory has been incremented, such that JunoCam was able to cover all latitudes with close-up images.
The movie is a reconstruction of the flyby in 125-fold time-lapse, based on the JunoCam images taken, and based on spacecraft trajectory data provided via SPICE kernel files.
In more detail, the 20 Perijove-09 RGB images #75, #76, #78 to #85, #88 to #95, #97, and #98 went into this animation.
In steps of five real-time seconds, one still images of the movie has been rendered from at least one suitable raw image. This resulted in short scenes, usually of a few seconds.
Playing with 25 images per second results in 125-fold time-lapse.
Resulting overlapping scenes have been blended using the ffmpeg tool.

In natural colors, Jupiter looks pretty pale. Therefore, the still images are approximately illumination-adusted, i.e. almost flattened, and consecutively gamma-stretched to the 4th power of radiometric values, in order to enhance contrast and color.

The movie starts with a resonstructed in-bound sequence approaching Jupiter from north. Then the orbit approaches Jupiter down to an altitude of between 3,000 and 4,000 km near the equator.
This is followed by a transition into the outbound orbit, during which Jupiter's south polar region comes into the view.
The movie covers two real-time hours.

Rendering the still images of the movie took about three days on three virtual CPU cores running in parallel.
The rendering software for the stills is proprietary. Trajectory data were retrieved from SPICE kernels with the SPICE/NAIF tool spy.exe. For combining stills to movie files, the tool ffmpeg has been used.

Blending may result in feature-doubling in overlapping scenes due to reprojection inaccuracies.
Most repetitive bright and dark camera artifacts are patched. Due to the intense radiation near Jupiter, several additional bright pixels occured. Those aren't patched in this animation.
In rarer cases, lightnings on Jupiter may also show up as bright pixels.
Some of the close-ups show perceptable macro blocks. Those are effects of lossy data compression, which is necessary in order to store a reasonable number of images in the limited on-bord memory of the spacecraft, especially during solar conjunction when no data can be transmitted to Earth before, and during the perijove pass.
Sometimes, the edges of the raw images show up as black triangular areas in some corners of the movie rendition.
During blending, features may be doubled due to alignment inaccuracies of the blended scenes.
The sometimes very bright limb is an effect of inaccuraties of the applied illumination adjustemt, combined with the high degree of image enhancement.

Some cloud motions are just perceptible, but very small from this distance, and within the short time. So, you may or may not notice them at a small number of locations during scene blendings.

Any residual issues in the movie are due to imperfect image processing.
The movie may nevertheless provide you an idea of Juno's Perijove-09 flyby.

The raw images used for this movie rendition are available via the missionjuno website.

JunoCam was built and is operated by Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego / California / USA.
Many people at NASA, JPL, SwRI, and elsewhere have been, are, and will be required to plan and operate the Juno mission.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

Jupiter Perijove-08 Animation Derived from JunoCam Images

Gerald Eichstädt 2017-09-11 | On September 1, 2017, Juno successfully accomplished its Perijove-08 flyby at Jupiter.
This animation reconstructs the two and a half hours from 2017-09-01T20:45:00 to 2017-09-01T23:15:00 in 125-fold time-lapse with 25 frames per second, using 20 raw JunoCam images. JunoCam is Juno's optical and near infrared Education and Public Outreach camera.
Trajectory data are retrieved from SPICE kernels via the NAIF spy.exe tool. The NAIF/SPICE environment is the way NASA provides spacecraft navigation data.
The movie shows Jupiter in a heavily enhanced way, in order to reveal detail.
Some of the raw images cover only part of the area required to render a still of the movie. In this cases, you'll see the border of the raw image.
Each image is rendered into a short scene. The scences overlap and are blended.
Rendering the movie took about five days. Any shortcomings of the movie are a result of imperfect image processing.

NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / Gerald Eichstädt

Jupiters Great Red Spot Fly-Over Reconstructed From JunoCam Images

Gerald Eichstädt 2017-07-15 | The movie shows a 25-fold time-lapsed flight of NASA's Juno spacecraft over Jupiter's Great Red Spot on 11 July 2017. It is reconstruced from the four raw Perijove-07 JunoCam images #059, #060, #061, and #062, together with spacecraft navigation data.
The movie covers 18 real-time minutes.

The movie is composed of scenes. The stills of a single scene are rendered directly from one raw JunoCam image. The scenes are overlapping in simulated real-time. This overlap has been used to blend between scenes in a smooth way.
Besides a raw JunoCam image, a scene uses trajectory data derived from SPICE kernels, the way NASA provides spacecraft navigation data.

A raw JunoCam image essentially provides a texture. This texture can be wrapped around a model of Jupiter's rotating 1-bar MacLaurin spheroid. This kind of oblated sphere approximates Jupiter's real shape.
Together with the spacecraft trajectory and correct times, a realistic fly-over can be reconstructed.

Since Jupiter's natural colors look pretty pale, the raw colors have been strongly enhanced for this movie. This brings out detail, which would be hard to perceive without enhancement.
Rendering the video took 34 hours, running on about three CPU cores in parallel, i.e. about 100 CPU core hours.

Repetitive camera artifacts have been patched using color of nearby pixels. There are still some bright pixels left over. Some of them might be new hot CCD pixels, but most of them are more likely to be hits of energetic particles colliding with camera hardware. Rare lightning events on Jupiter are possible, too.

Most of the rendition has been performed with a proprietary software developed over the past four years. For file format conversion, including converting a series of stills into a movie, and for scence blending, the batch utility ffmpeg has been used.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / Gerald Eichstädt

Junos Perijove 06 Flyby in 125-Fold Time-Lapse, Reconstructed from JunoCam Images and SPICE Data

Gerald Eichstädt 2017-05-25 | On May 19, 2017, NASA's Juno spacecraft performed her "Perijove 06" flyby at Jupiter. Due to good contact with Earth during this phase of the mission, several JunoCam images of good quality could be taken and sent back to Earth, despite JunoCam's memory limitations.
These images provided an excellent basis to create textures for a flyby animation. SPICE trajectory data allowed to reconstruct approximately Jupiter's appearance for each point along Juno's trajectory during the flyby.
The movie shows a strongly contrast-enhanced view of Jupiter in very detail.

Each still frame of the movie has been calculated directly from the respective raw image.
JunoCam's raw Perijove-06 RGB images #099 to #137 went into this computer animation.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / Gerald Eichstädt

Junos Perijove-05 Jupiter Flyby on 2017-03-27, Reconstructed from JunoCam Images and SPICE Data

Gerald Eichstädt 2017-05-20 | On March 27, 2017, Juno performed her Perijove 05 flyby (PJ-05) with all instruments on, including JunoCam.
JunoCam images covered all Jupiter latitudes, but some parts only with very acute angles.
This computer animation uses the JunoCam images of PJ-05 as textures, and SPICE trajectory data in order to reconstruct the flyby as seen from Juno's perspective.
For each still image, the according raw JunoCam image has been used directly to reconstruct Jupiter's appearence from the respective trajectory point.
The pointing is specific to this animation. In reality, Juno is rotatating once each 30 seconds.
The movie is 125-fold time-lapsed relative to real time.
The movie consists of 2703 still frames, reconstructed from the 16 Perijove-05 images #99, #100, #101, #102, #104, #1ß5, #106, #107, #108, #109, #110, #111, #112, #113, #115, and #116.
Brightness flickering, and other brightness changes in the movie are processing artifacts.
The movie is almost completely illumination corrected with a heuristic method, and stongly enhanced, with gamma=8 relative to square-root encoding.
But some of the illumination was added again, after enhancement, in order to obtain a better three dimensional appearance.
Brightness is adjusted for each still frame individually by using the 99% percentile as a reference value for brightness correction.
The simulated field of view is 80x45 degrees. The projection of the still images is cylindrical/spherical.

The stills have been calculated from the raw JunoCam images and SPICE data using a proprietary software developed for JunoCam image processing.
The stills have been assembled to a movie with ffmpeg.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / Gerald Eichstädt

125-Fold Time-Lapsed Perijove-04 Fly-Over Animation Derived from Raw JunoCam Images, 2017-02-02

Gerald Eichstädt 2017-03-28 | On February 2, 2017, NASA's Juno spacecraft performed her 4th perijove pass (PJ-04), a close flyby over Jupiter. Juno orbits around Jupiter take about 53.5 days. They are elliptical and very eccentrical. The JunoCam instrument, Juno's public outreach and education camera, was operational during PJ04, and took several images.
The images covered all of Jupiter latitudes. This allows rendering seamless animations from above Jupiter's north pole till above its south pole along Juno's trajectory.
The animation shown here is time-lapsed by a factor of 125. Each frame of the animaton is rendered immediately from a respective raw JunoCam image. These raw JunoCam images consist of color strips ("framelets") the camera takes while the Juno spacecraft rotates with a spin rate of about two revolutions per minute. For each frame of the animation, the raw JunoCam framelets are merged to a color image showing Jupiter from a perspective as it has been for the respective simulated trajectory position.
The raw JunoCam colors underwent "decompanding" and weighting in order to reconstruct approximately "natural" colors.
Since the contrast of Jupiter's cloud top is mostly pretty low, for this animation, I've decided to apply two enhancement steps. First dividing by a Lambert shading model, in order to get the colors relative to a white mate solid spheroid illuminated by the Sun.
In contrast to a white mate solid, Jupiter has an atmosphere. This results in a twilight zone beyond the terminator. Therefore, the previously described method of de-Lambertianing results in a brightening effect of the twilight zone. No correction has been applied to this effect.
In order to further enhance constrast, I've squared the resulting radiometric quotients. In other words, I've applied a gamma-stetch of 4.0 (applying 4th power) relative to square-root encoded colors. (Raw JunoCam data are roughly square-root encoded.)
As a side-effect, this additional gamma-stretch further brightens the terminator region. Future versions might adjust for the over-enhancement of the twilight.
The animation is derived from JunoCam's perijove-04 images #099 to #109. The JunoCam images have been taken from different perspective along Juno's trajectory. The same surface point of Jupiter changes appearence with perspective and time. This effect is not adjusted for in the animation. Therefore the changes from one raw JunoCam image to the next is accompanied by a change of Jupiter's appearence.
The simulated real time covers 2017-02-02T12:25:00.000 to 2017-02-02T14:10:00.000.
For most of the sequence, north is to the left.
The projection is spherical with a vertical (latitudinal) field of view (FOV) of 45 degrees, and a horizontal (longitudinal) FOV of 115 degrees.
The simulated pointing is constant except three 45 degree-jumps to the left, in order too keep Jupiter in the field of view.
In parts of the animation, the respective raw JunoCam image doesn't cover the whole simulated field of view. This results e.g. in a curved upper or lower truncation of Jupiter, or in an unsharp or truncated limb zone.
Rendering the stills for the animation took about two days of CPU time.

Besides the raw JunoCam images (credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS), the processing uses ffmpeg for graphics and video file conversions, SPICE trajectories dumped with the SPICE/NAIF utility spy.exe, a decompanding table provided by MSSS and accessible via NASA's PDS, preliminary radiometric calibration weights determined by MSSS, and C++ compilers to compile home-made C++ source code into proprietary image processing software.

Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / Gerald Eichstädt

junocam pj03 marble l2 pj03 004 01 slowdown

Gerald Eichstädt 2017-01-06 | This is one of four preliminary Perijove-3 animations, derived from according JunoCam images. The four versions of the animation vary in whether the close Jupiter flyby on 2016-12-11 is slowed down into distinguishable snapshots, and whether moons are enhanced.
All four sequences cover Perijove-03 Approach, close-ups, Departure, and Marble Movie. Only RGB images have been selected for these four movie versions.
This version slows down, and enhances moons (and some image noise).
Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / Gerald Eichstädt

junocam pj03 marble jupiter pj03 004 01 slowdown

Gerald Eichstädt 2017-01-06 | This is one of four preliminary Perijove-3 animations, derived from according JunoCam images. The four versions of the animation vary in whether the close Jupiter flyby on 2016-12-11 is slowed down into distinguishable snapshots, and whether moons are enhanced.
All four sequences cover Perijove-03 Approach, close-ups, Departure, and Marble Movie. Only RGB images have been selected for these four movie versions.
This version slows down, but doesn't enhance moons.
Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / Gerald Eichstädt

junocam pj03 marble l2 pj03 004 01

Gerald Eichstädt 2017-01-06 | This is one of four preliminary Perijove-3 animations, derived from according JunoCam images. The four versions of the animation vary in whether the close Jupiter flyby on 2016-12-11 is slowed down into distinguishable snapshots, and whether moons are enhanced.
All four sequences cover Perijove-03 Approach, close-ups, Departure, and Marble Movie. Only RGB images have been selected for these four movie versions.
This version doesn't slow down, but enhances moons (and some image noise).
Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / Gerald Eichstädt

junocam pj03 marble jupiter pj03 004 01

Gerald Eichstädt 2017-01-06 | This is one of four preliminary Perijove-3 animations, derived from according JunoCam images. The four versions of the animation vary in whether the close Jupiter flyby on 2016-12-11 is slowed down into distinguishable snapshots, and whether moons are enhanced.
All four sequences cover Perijove-03 Approach, close-ups, Departure, and Marble Movie. Only RGB images have been selected for these four movie versions.
This version neither slows down nor enhances moons.
Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / Gerald Eichstädt

jnc approach pj1 slow sqrt

Gerald Eichstädt 2016-10-30 | This animation is reconstructed from 21 JunoCam images taken before Juno's perijove 1. It covers the timespan from 2016-08-27T01:15:00.000 to 2016-08-27T12:00:00.000 in one-minute steps per frame. With a frame rate of 25 images per second, this corresponds to a 1500-fold time lapse.
Each of the still images of the animation is a weighted mean of two consecutive reprojected JunoCam RGB images. The stills are square-root encoded, like the raw data, but weighted with a linear weight for each color channel to get closer to the "real" colors.
The animation uses a trajectory as provided by NAIF/SPICE, in order to get good reprojections, and to animate close to Juno's actual trajectory. The animation ends close to above Jupiter's north pole. The first 20 images belong to the Marble Movie sequence, part 7. The last image used for the animation is one of the first images taken during the perijove 1 mission phase. Closest approach has been about 50 real-time minutes after the end of this animation. This would correspond to two seconds in the animation.
Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt

MarbleMovie parts 1 to 14 level2

Gerald Eichstädt 2016-10-30 | This movie is assembled from processed JunoCam images. It covers the whole, initially scheduled Marble Movie Phase from after perijove 0 (PJ0) to before perijove 2 (PJ2). There are several gaps, when JunoCam didn't take images, and the perijove 1 (PJ1) flyby itself. PJ1 requires specific processing, which is ongoing.
Credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / Gerald Eichstädt

JunoCam Marble Movie parts 7 to 9 level2

Gerald Eichstädt 2016-09-14 | This time-lapse animation is assembled of processed JunoCam images taken before and after close approach near perijove 1 on August 27, 2016.
credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / SwRI / MSSS / Gerald Eichstädt

JunoCam MarbleMovie parts 1 to 7 level2

Gerald Eichstädt 2016-09-02 | JunoCam, Marble Movie covering the mission phase between perijoves PJ0 and PJ1. Rapid Jupiter approach at the end of the video.
credit: NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / Gerald Eichstädt