How to Add Vectors - From Zero to Geo 1.3sudgylacmoe2024-10-19 | How to Add Vectors - From Zero to Geo 1.3Inverse of a 3D PGA Bivectorsudgylacmoe2024-10-13 | How do you invert a 3D PGA bivector, as required by some of my last shorts? It's actually more involved than you might think.
Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud Richard Penner trbDecomposing a 3D PGA Rotorsudgylacmoe2024-10-06 | A couple weeks ago I talked about how to calculate the invariant decomposition of a 3D PGA bivector into simple commuting parts. But what about decomposing a 3D PGA rotor into simple commuting factors? Once again, these ideas came from Roelf and De Keninck's paper "Graded Symmetry Groups: Plane and Simple".
Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud Richard Penner trbAn Alternative Way to Find Rotorssudgylacmoe2024-09-29 | As a sort of generalization of Euler's formula, we can think of simple rotors as being the sum of a generalized cosine and a generalized sine, which are the scalar and bivector parts respectively. This also leads to the generalized tangent, which leads to a new way to find rotors.
Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud Richard Penner trbCalculating the Invariant Decomposition in 3D PGAsudgylacmoe2024-09-22 | Last week I talked about how bivectors in 3D PGA can be written as the sum of a line in space and the line at infinity around that line. But how do you actually calculate these two lines given an arbitrary bivector? A general algorithm for doing this was found recently in Roelf and De Keninck's paper "Graded Symmetry Groups: Plane and Simple", and while the general algorithm is too complicated for a short, I present the special case of the algorithm for 3D PGA.
Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud Richard Penner trbDecomposition of a 3D PGA Bivectorsudgylacmoe2024-09-15 | I've talked before about how non-simple bivectors can be written as the sum of simple commuting bivectors, making calculating exponentials much easier. But what does this mean geometrically? In this short, I show what this looks like in 3D PGA, which is one of the simplest cases where this is important.
Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud Richard Penner trbThe Logarithm of a Rotorsudgylacmoe2024-09-08 | Last week, I talked about how to interpolate rotors. But to do that, you need to know how to exponentiate bivectors and find the logarithm of rotors! I covered the exponentiation part a while ago: youtube.com/shorts/YnzQBC5zx9U. In this short, I show how to calculate logarithms of rotors.
The idea in this short is based on a paper by Roelfs and De Keninck, and a preprint for the paper, including algorithms for finding these simple commuting decompositions, can be found here: arxiv.org/abs/2107.03771
Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud Richard Penner trbInterpolating Rotorssudgylacmoe2024-09-01 | How do you interpolate rotors? The most straightforward idea doesn't work. This short is the first in a series about some of the math behind how my new animation library, ganim, works.
Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud Richard Penner trbSolving a Particular Vector Equationsudgylacmoe2024-08-25 | There's a problem in David Hestenes' book New Foundations for Classical Mechanics that many people have a hard time with. In this short, I show the solution.
You might notice that something looks just a bit different in this short. That's because it was made with my new animation software, ganim! It's just barely at the point that if I pick the right topics, I can barely make it work, after running into several bugs and missing features. Since it's still very early on in development I'm not going to be helping anybody use it yet (and the code for this video is terrible since I want to add several features that would make it much better), but if you want to look at the library you can find it here: github.com/sudgy/ganim
Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud Richard Penner trbAre Geometric and Exterior Algebra Isomorphic?sudgylacmoe2024-08-18 | Geometric Algebra and Exterior Algebra both use multivectors, but given that they are different non-isomorphic algebras, how exactly can we formalize this idea?
Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud Richard Penner trbZorns Lemma Demystifiedsudgylacmoe2024-08-16 | Zorn's lemma states that in a partially ordered set, if every chain has an upper bound, then the set contains a maximal element. But what in the world does that mean? Many people have been confused by Zorn's lemma, and the fact that it's mainly mentioned just in the context of the axiom of choice only makes the problem worse. In this video, I dispel the confusion around Zorn's lemma by showing what it's actually saying and when it's used. This video is my #SoMEπ submission, and just in time too.
Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud p11 Richard Penner trb
Sections: 00:00 Introduction 01:24 Basis Introduction 01:48 Basis Argument 03:14 Well Order Introduction 06:23 Well Order Argument 07:47 Real Number Introduction 09:27 Real Number Argument 10:48 Stating Zorn's Lemma 14:13 Using Zorn's Lemma 16:37 Basis Proof 18:26 Well Order Proof 21:30 Real Number Proof 25:30 Proof of Zorn's Lemma 32:44 ConclusionAn Interesting Construction of Polynomials (Part 3)sudgylacmoe2024-08-11 | Last week, I showed how polynomials of an infinite number of arguments can be seen as the free vector space on the positive natural numbers, with multiplication being multiplication of natural numbers extended by linearity. But what about zero? What happens if we include it?
Patreon Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud p11 Richard Penner trbAn Interesting Construction of Polynomials (Part 2)sudgylacmoe2024-08-04 | Last week, I showed how polynomials of a single argument can be seen as the free vector space on the natural numbers, with multiplication being addition of natural numbers extended by linearity. But what happens if we define multiplication to be multiplication of natural numbers extended by linearity?
Patreon Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud p11 Richard Penner trbAn Interesting Construction of Polynomials (Part 1)sudgylacmoe2024-07-28 | In this short, I show an interesting construction of polynomials as the free module on the natural numbers. This is the construction that I ended up using in my Coq project developing math from the ground up. While I used the real numbers as my scalars in this video, this construction works for any commutative ring.
Patreon Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud p11 Richard Penner trbThe Reverse in the Sandwich Productsudgylacmoe2024-07-21 | Most people, when talking about the sandwich product in geometric algebra, write it like RAR†, where the reverse is on the right. However, in my videos, I've written it like R†AR, where the reverse is on the left. In this short, I explain why I use this convention.
Patreon Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud p11 Richard Penner trbThe Limits of the Cartan-Dieudonné Theorem (Part 2)sudgylacmoe2024-07-14 | The Cartan-Dieudonné theorem is a fundamental result in geometry connecting orthogonal transformations to reflections. How far can we push it? In this short, I discuss another counterexample that appears when you try to apply the theorem to degenerate spaces, even if you try to modify the theorem to remove the previous counterexample. If you want to see the proof that you can't write this orthogonal transformation as the product of at most three vectors, it's near the bottom of my document on counterexamples in geometric algebra: drive.google.com/file/d/1BMnv9aZlDcsh4AnivVt7ZIGqmdTcp8tn/view
Patreon Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud p11 Richard Penner trbThe Limits of the Cartan-Dieudonné Theorem (Part 1)sudgylacmoe2024-07-07 | The Cartan-Dieudonné theorem is a fundamental result in geometry connecting orthogonal transformations to reflections. How far can we push it? In this short, I discuss what one of the limits of the theorem is, and one of the counterexamples that appears when we push past that limit.
Patreon Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud p11 Richard Penner trbNull Vectors vs. Degenerate Vectorssudgylacmoe2024-06-30 | Symmetric bilinear forms are generalizations of inner products that allow for vectors to square to any scalar value, not just positive numbers. This leads to some new kinds of vectors: null vectors and degenerate vectors. While many people think they are the same, it is possible for a null vector to not be degenerate.
Patreon Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud p11 Richard Penner trbHyperplane Reflections in Geometric Algebrasudgylacmoe2024-06-23 | The Cartan-Dieudonné theorem shows how important hyperplane reflections are in geometry. With a minor adjustment, we can convert the line reflection formula from geometric algebra into a hyperplane reflection formula, allowing us to utilize geometric algebra when applying the Cartan-Dieudonné theorem.
Patreon Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud p11 Richard Penner trbThe Cartan-Dieudonné Theoremsudgylacmoe2024-06-16 | The Cartan-Dieudonné theorem is an important result in geometry relating orthogonal transformations and reflections. In this short, I provide a quick sketch of a proof of the theorem.
Patreon Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud p11 Richard Penner trbLine Reflections in Geometric Algebrasudgylacmoe2024-06-09 | From the 2D rotation formula in VGA, we can derive the fundamental GA reflection formula. It reflects one vector across another, creating a line reflection. Because this formula only involves two vectors, it applies in any number of dimensions, even though the derivation was limited to two dimensions!
Patreon Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud p11 Richard Penner trbWhat Is a Reflection?sudgylacmoe2024-06-02 | The idea of reflections is well-known. But what actually is a reflection? This short gives several examples of different kinds of reflections, and the common point between them all.
Patreon Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud p11 Richard Penner trb2D Rotations in Geometric Algebrasudgylacmoe2024-05-26 | In two-dimensional vanilla geometric algebra, multiplying a vector by the product of two other vectors rotates the vector by the angle between them. But why is that? That's the question I answer in this short.
Patreon Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud Richard Penner trbWhy Multiplying by i Causes Rotationsudgylacmoe2024-05-19 | The geometric picture of multiplying by the imaginary number i is one of rotating by a right angle. But why is that? In this short, I show one possible answer to that question using geometric algebra, where i is considered to be the unit pseudoscalar of 2D VGA.
Patreon Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud Richard Penner trbProducts of Vectors in Two Dimensionssudgylacmoe2024-05-12 | As a sort of continuation of last week's short, we apply last week's identity to show that in two dimensions, the product of three vectors is the same forwards and backwards. This has applications to the way that geometric algebra describes rotations.
Patreon Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud Richard Penner trbThe Antisymmetric Part of the Product of Three Vectorssudgylacmoe2024-05-05 | As a sort of continuation of last week's short, we apply last week's identity to derive a new identity for the "symmetric" and "antisymmetric" part of the geometric product of three vectors. While the symmetric part is a little too complicated to be useful, we will be seeing an application of the antisymmetric part next week.
Patreon Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud p11 Richard Penner trbThe Product of Three Vectorssudgylacmoe2024-04-28 | As a sort of continuation of last week's short, we apply last week's identity to derive a new identity for the geometric product of three vectors. While this identity isn't as useful as some of the other recent ones, we'll see an application of it next week.
Patreon Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud p11 Richard Penner trbThe Inner Product of a Vector and a Simple Bivectorsudgylacmoe2024-04-21 | As a sort of continuation of last week's short, we apply last week's identity to derive a new identity for the inner product of a vector with the outer product of two other vectors. This little formula is surprisingly useful, and while I don't cover it here, there are some interesting geometric facts you can get from it. Next week we'll look at an application of this identity!
Patreon Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud p11 Richard Penner trbThe Symmetric/Antisymmetric Parts of the Geometric Productsudgylacmoe2024-04-14 | As a sort of continuation of last week's short, we apply last week's identities to derive some new ones, this time about the symmetric and antisymmetric parts of the geometric product. Next week we'll look at an application of this!
Patreon Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud p11 Richard Penner trbWhen the Inner/Outer Products are Commutativesudgylacmoe2024-04-07 | While the equations u · v = v · u and u ∧ v = -v ∧ u aren't true in general, there are some special cases where something similar is true. What about the inner or outer product of a vector with a multivector?
Patreon Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud p11 Richard Penner trbThe Grade Involutionsudgylacmoe2024-03-31 | This short is about the grade involution, a neat little operation used in geometric algebra. It can make many expressions and equations much simpler. While I've mentioned it in a video before, it was deep in a particularly dry video, so I thought I would make a short that talks just about it.
Patreon Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud p11 Richard Penner Rosario trbThe Geometric Product Is Not Continuous (In Infinite Dimensions)sudgylacmoe2024-03-24 | Here's a surprising fact that I discovered a little while ago: in an infinite-dimensional space, the geometric product is not continuous! While infinite-dimensional geometric algebra is perfectly fine and usable, this suggests that infinite-dimensional geometric calculus is practically useless. Interestingly, I came across this fact back when I was trying to prove that the geometric product IS continuous. I kept running into roadblocks, and eventually started wondering if it actually isn't continuous. After running a bit of code, I found that the numerical evidence suggested that it's not, and soon afterwards I found a comment online about something similar (math.stackexchange.com/questions/816092/infinite-dimensional-clifford-algebras#comment6841432_818115), and I adapted that argument into the one shown in the short.
Patreon Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud p11 Richard Penner Rosario trbRejectionssudgylacmoe2024-03-17 | Last week, I talked about projections, and how geometric provides a very general formula for them. However, that's only one side of the story! There are also rejections, which are the counterpart to projections. Geometric algebra provides a simple and general formula for rejections as well. Honestly, I made last week's short as a lead-up to this one.
Patreon Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud p11 Richard Penner Rosario trbProjections in Geometric algebrasudgylacmoe2024-03-10 | While the projection formula for vectors is well-known, in geometric algebra, this formula works for any geometric object!
Patreon Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian jerrud p11 Richard Penner Rosario trbEmpty Sums and Productssudgylacmoe2024-03-03 | How can you add or multiply no numbers? As nonsensical as this may sound, it actually is well-defined and makes sense! It even extends to other monoids as well.
Patreon Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian p11 Richard Penner Rosario trbPutting Labels on the Outside of a Trianglesudgylacmoe2024-02-26 | In making my series on geometric algebra, I ran into a problem that I solved using...geometric algebra! Here's how I did it.
Sorry that this is a day late. To be honest, I completely forgot to upload/schedule this one. It was already made like a week ago :|
Patreon Supporters: David Johnston Jason Killian p11 Richard Penner Rosario trbThe Commutative and Anticommutative Parts of the Geometric Productsudgylacmoe2024-02-18 | Many people (including myself sadly) have described the inner and outer products as the commutative and anticommutative parts of the geometric product, but this is not true in general. In this short, I provide several counterexamples to this idea, showing that "commutative part" and "anticommutative part" are just not useful ideas in general.
Patreon Supporters: Christoph Kovacs David Johnston Jason Killian p11 Richard Penner Rosario trbYou can add scalars and vectors! From Zero to Geo 1.11sudgylacmoe2024-02-12 | In this video, I show that contrary to popular belief, you can add scalars and vectors! While this particular idea isn't terribly useful, with a bit of generalization it can lead the way to many useful things, such as multivectors.
Sorry for how long this video took to make! While the final product isn't that long, I rewrote parts of it so many times. I even removed a significant section at the last moment because it was too confusing. I hope that in the end, it was worth it and that this video is informative.
Patreon Supporters: Christoph Kovacs David Johnston Jason Killian p11 Richard Penner Rosario trb
Sections: 00:00 Introduction 00:39 Questions 01:14 Analogy with basis vectors 02:16 Exercise 02:48 Paravectors as a linear space 03:12 Zeros 03:58 General direct sums 05:10 Properties of direct sums 06:11 Conclusion 06:40 Rigorous ConstructionWhen Isomorphism Is Not Equalitysudgylacmoe2024-02-11 | While most people consider two isomorphic objects to be the same thing, there are situations where an isomorphism is not "strong" enough and it doesn't preserve important structure. I recently heard someone call this an "isoblurism", and I liked the term enough that I made this short presenting the idea. I didn't present a formal definition here, but I think a good definition is two objects that are isomorphic in one category (after applying a forgetful functor) but not in another.
The interesting thing is, there are cases where isoblurisms are useful, as long as you don't use them to think of the structures as identical. For example, there is an isoblurism between geometric algebra and exterior algebra. This allows you to think of the elements of both algebras as being the same, but the products are still different.
Patreon Supporters: Christoph Kovacs David Johnston Jason Killian p11 Richard Penner Rosario trbGeometric Algebra and Gradingsudgylacmoe2024-02-04 | One of the most important aspects of geometric algebra is the grading. However, for many people, this is the first time they encounter the concept of grading, so they don't know the relevant definitions. In this short, I show these definitions, and how they imply that while geometric algebra is both an algebra and a graded space, it is not a graded algebra.
Also, I know that under the Z/2Z grading, GA is a graded algebra. However, we don't use that grading too much, and the N-grading is much more useful.
Patreon Supporters: Christoph Kovacs David Johnston Jason Killian p11 Richard Penner Rosario trbPascals Triangle in Geometric Algebrasudgylacmoe2024-01-28 | In this short, I show a pattern that many people have noticed connecting geometric algebra with Pascal's triangle. As a bonus, this also provides a proof that the algebraic dimension of an n-D geometric algebra is 2^n.
Patreon Supporters: Christoph Kovacs David Johnston Jason Killian p11 Richard Penner Rosario trbSimple Inverses in Geometric Algebrasudgylacmoe2024-01-21 | In this short, I describe how to find the inverse of some of the simpler types of objects in geometric algebra. While not all multivectors are invertible, a good number of the ones we care about are, and this short shows how to calculate a lot of those.
Patreon Supporters: Christoph Kovacs David Johnston Jason Killian p11 Richard Penner Rosario trbCross Product Correspondences in Geometric Algebrasudgylacmoe2024-01-14 | In this short, I describe how the cross product can be represented in geometric algebra, and how it's a little more confusing than it initially seems.
Patreon Supporters: Christoph Kovacs David Johnston Jason Killian p11 Richard Penner Rosario trbThe Inner Product and Lengthsudgylacmoe2024-01-07 | In this short, I give a geometric explanation for a formula relating the inner product to the length of vectors. This formula can be useful theoretically, but it reveals some interesting geometric ideas as well.
Patreon Supporters: Christoph Kovacs David Johnston Jason Killian p11 Richard Penner Rosario trbA Random Number Paradox (Part 2)sudgylacmoe2023-12-31 | In this short, I provide another version of the random number paradox from last week that removes one of the most common objections. Please see the comments for a few more notes on this paradox.
Patreon Supporters: Christoph Kovacs David Johnston Jason Killian p11 Richard Penner Rosario trbA Random Number Paradox (Part 1)sudgylacmoe2023-12-24 | In this short, I talk about an interesting number paradox about random numbers that I've heard before. Stay tuned next week for part 2, which will make things even more confusing!
Patreon Supporters: Christoph Kovacs David Johnston Jason Killian p11 Richard Penner Rosario trbUniversal Properties of Number Systemssudgylacmoe2023-12-17 | In this short, I talk about the universal properties of various number systems. The most interesting one to me is the complex numbers, which is not that well-known.
Patreon Supporters: Christoph Kovacs David Johnston Jason Killian p11 Richard Penner Rosario trbIs the Scalar Product Commutative?sudgylacmoe2023-12-10 | While the scalar product in geometric algebra is commutative, that doesn't necessarily imply that you can arbitrarily reorder products when taking the scalar part.
Patreon Supporters: Christoph Kovacs David Johnston Jason Killian p11 Richard Penner Rosario trbThere Is No Odd Subalgebrasudgylacmoe2023-12-03 | A common term I hear beginners in geometric algebra say is "odd subalgebra", but this is actually incorrect! Odd multivectors are not closed under multiplication, so they don't form a subalgebra.
Patreon Supporters: Christoph Kovacs David Johnston Jason Killian p11 Richard Penner Rosario trbWhen is the outer product of a multivector with itself zero?sudgylacmoe2023-11-26 | When is the outer product of a multivector with itself zero? In this short I show that there are many examples where this is not true, and that (as far as I know) there is no easy characterization of the multivectors for which this is true.
Patreon Supporters: Christoph Kovacs David Johnston Jason Killian p11 Richard Penner Rosario trbHow to Change Your Perspectivesudgylacmoe2023-11-19 | In my most recent video, I showed an animation involving changing between different perspectives of 3D and 4D cubes. I thought that the way I made this animation was interesting, so I thought I would share it here.