Name: prehistoric Arctodus (short faced bear) screen time @eondude2675
Uploaded: 2026-09-29T08:17:00-05:00
Duration: 8 min 17 s
Description: prehistoric Arctodus (short faced bear) screen time

prehistoric Arctodus (short faced bear) screen time

Eon Dude 2026-09-29 | prehistoric Arctodus (short faced bear) screen time

redesigning the worst Jurassic world dinosaur toy Line Jurassic world survival dinosaur toy redesign

Eon Dude 2025-10-13 | ways to support the channel

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my thoughts on the new Jurassic world survival line and new dinosaurs revealed Gorgosaurus

Eon Dude 2025-10-13 | my thoughts on the new Jurassic world survival line and new dinosaurs revealed Gorgosaurus ceratosaurus Pteranodon afrovenator brachauchenius

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Jurassic world Chaos Theory season 4 official trailer

Eon Dude 2025-10-12 | ways to support the channel

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new Jurassic world survival gigantic Thrasher Gorgosaurus and stegosaurus

Eon Dude 2025-10-11 | new Jurassic world survival gigantic Thrasher Gorgosaurus and stegosaurus

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new Jurassic world survival danger pack figures revealed Plesiosaurus monolophosaurus Vespersaurus

Eon Dude 2025-10-11 | new Jurassic world survival danger pack figures revealed Plesiosaurus monolophosaurus Vespersaurus and dimetrodon

instagram.com/relythartonaa/p/DPp3qdCkpBn/?img_index=1

a review of the dimetrodon and Plesiosaurus was uploaded to YouTube Here's a link to that youtube.com/watch?v=ModW4eSa2iI

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I made a Estemmenosuchus

Eon Dude 2025-10-10 | etsy.com/listing/4384366438/estemmenosuchus-toy

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I made a omnidens

Eon Dude 2025-10-10 | etsy.com/listing/4384361052/omnidens-toy

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obscure prehistoric amphibian set uruyiella, phlegethontia and palaeobatrachus

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happy birthday Tyrannosaurus rex repaint !

Eon Dude 2025-10-10 | happy birthday Tyrannosaurus repaint

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happy birthday Tyrannosaurus repaint

Walking With Monsters dimetrodon repaint

Eon Dude 2025-10-10 | Walking With Monsters dimetrodon repaint

etsy.com/listing/4384349476/walking-with-monsters-dimetrodon-repaint

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the slightly concerning world of Ice Age animal animatronics Ice Age boiling point animatronics ? 🦣

Eon Dude 2025-10-09 | ways to support the channel

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Vitosaura

Eon Dude 2025-10-09 | Vitosaura

Vitosaura is an extinct genus of abelisaurid theropod dinosaurs known from the Late Cretaceous Los Llanos Formation of Argentina. The genus contains a single species, Vitosaura colozacani, known from a partial skeleton. Alongside Guemesia and the noasaurid Noasaurus, Vitosaura is one of the only Argentinian ceratosaurians found outside of Patagonia.[1]

Discovery and naming
During fieldwork in the Colozacán Valley conducted through 2009 and 2010, a partial theropod skeleton, found in association with various titanosaur sauropod remains, was collected from outcrops of the Los Llanos Formation. This site is located near Tama village in southeast La Rioja Province, Argentina. Following its excavation, the specimen was prepared at the La Rioja Regional Center for Scientific Research and Technology, where it is now permanently accessioned as CRILAR-Pv 506 in the vertebrate paleontology collections. The specimen consists of the centrum of the first dorsal (back) vertebra, a complete second dorsal vertebra, part of the sacrum, a partial left pelvis (ilium, pubis, and ischium), and other unidentified fragments.[1]

In 2025, Harold Jiménez Velandia and colleagues described Vitosaura colozacani as a new genus and species of abelisaurid theropods, establishing CRILAR-Pv 506 as the holotype and only known specimen. The generic name, Vitosaura, honors 19th-century soldier Victoria 'Doña Vito' Romero, born in the Los Llanos region near the Vitosaura type locality. This is combined with 'saura', the feminine declension of the Ancient Greek σαῦρος (sauros), meaning 'lizard'. The specific name, colozacani, references the discovery of the specimen in the Colozacán Valley.[1]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitosaura

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Ahshislesaurus

Eon Dude 2025-10-09 | Ahshislesaurus is an extinct genus of saurolophine hadrosaurid dinosaurs known from the Late Cretaceous of what is now New Mexico, United States. It is known from a partial skull and three neck vertebrae discovered in 1916 and first described in 1935. Prior to its scientific naming, researchers debated whether the specimen belonged to Kritosaurus navajovius, a related species from the same layers of rocks, or a distinct animal. The genus contains a single species, Ahshislesaurus wimani, named in 2025. A partial skeleton and isolated limb and girdle bones found in the same rock layers may also belong to Ahshislesaurus.

As a member of the hadrosaurid tribe Kritosaurini, Ahshislesaurus did not have a decorative tube-like crest as in lambeosaurines like Parasaurolophus. Instead, it had a small bump over its snout. One of the most distinctive anatomical traits that distinguishes Ahshislesaurus from all other hadrosaurids is the height of its mandible at the front; in other species, the front part of the jaw gets thinner from top to bottom, while in Ahshislesaurus, the front is notably deeper.

Ahshislesaurus is known from the lower Kirtland Formation (Hunter Wash Member), which dates to the Campanian age (around 75 Ma) of the Cretaceous period. This formation has also yielded abundant fossils of diverse dinosaurs, including tyrannosauroids, ankylosaurids, pachycephalosaurs, and ceratopsians, in addition to pterosaurs, crocodylomorphs, turtles, and fish.

Discovery
In 1935, American paleontologist Charles W. Gilmore published an article via the Smithsonian Institution, in which he reviewed and described many reptile fossils collected from outcrops of the Kirtland Formation in New Mexico, United States, dating to the end of the Cretaceous period. Among the specimens he mentioned were the posterior (back) part of a skull, the left lower jaw, and the second through fourth cervical (neck) vertebrae, accessioned as specimen USNM VP-8629 at the United States National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian). This material was discovered in 1916 by Dr. J. B. Reeside Jr. near Kimbeto Wash (outcrops in the lower Hunter Wash Member) in San Juan County. While Gilmore did not provide a detailed description for this specimen, he noted putative close similarities between it and Kritosaurus navajovius, a hadrosaurid dinosaur named and described by Barnum Brown in 1910 based on a skull and mandible also collected in the Kirtland Formation.[1][2] Gilmore further noted that this newer specimen is smaller than the type specimen of Kritosaurus, and while it shares the smooth-bordered teeth of this genus, it seemed to lack the papillae (denticles) on the teeth.[3]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahshislesaurus

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Panguraptor

Eon Dude 2025-10-09 | Panguraptor

Panguraptor ("Pangu [a Chinese god] plunderer") is a genus of coelophysid theropod dinosaur known from fossils discovered in Lower Jurassic rocks of southern China. The type and only known species is Panguraptor lufengensis. The generic name refers to the deity Pangu but also to the supercontinent Pangaea for which in a geological context the same characters are used: 盘古. Raptor means "seizer", "robber" in Latin. The specific name is a reference to the Lufeng Formation. It was described in 2014 by You Hai-Lu and colleagues.[1]

History and naming
The specimen that would be named Panguraptor was discovered by a survey team of the Bureau of Land and Resources of Lufeng County, China, on the hillside behind Xiaolishu Village, Lufeng Dinosaur Mountain Town. The team found the partially articulated skeleton exposed on the slope on 12 October 2007. Due to weathering, there was not time to slowly clean the skeleton, so it was glued and plastered on location over the course of two days before being shipped to Lufeng World Dinosaur Valley. After four years it was inventoried and discovered to be a complete theropod skeleton, at which point it was cleaned and prepared over the course of a year.[2] In 2014 the fossil, catalogued as Bureau of Land and Resources of Lufeng County LFGT-0103, was described by Chinese paleontologist Hailu You and colleagues as the type specimen of the new theropod Panguraptor lufengensis. The name is derived from the creator of all reality in Chinese mythology Pangu, the Latin word raptor for "thief" or "robber", and the Lufeng County.[1]

Sediments that Panguraptor were found in correspond to the Shawan Member of the Lufeng Formation. These beds have also been known as the Dull Purplish Beds of the Lower Lufeng Formation, and have been dated using magnetostratigraphy to the late Sinemurian to possibly Toarcian. Only the single specimen of Panguraptor has been found, which includes a partially complete articulated skeleton with the skull, neck, and back, most of the right forelimb, and both hindlimbs.[1] It can be seen from the right side, and after being on display at Lufeng World Dinosaur Valley, it was exhibited at the Hong Kong Science Museum from October 2013 to April 2014, before being returned to Lufeng World Dinosaur Valley for display in the exhibition hall.[1][2]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panguraptor

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ceratosuchus

Eon Dude 2025-10-09 | ceratosuchus

Ceratosuchus ("horned crocodile") is an extinct genus of alligatorine crocodylian from latest Paleocene rocks of Colorado's Piceance Basin and earliest Eocene rocks of Wyoming's Bighorn Basin in North America, a slice of time known as the Clarkforkian North American Land Mammal Age. Like its modern relatives, Ceratosuchus was a swamp-dwelling predator. It is named for the pair of flattened, triangular bony plates that extend from the back of its head.

The type species is C. burdoshi, a name chosen by the Field Museum after Theodore Burdosh discovered a nearly complete skull on an expedition to Western Colorado in 1937.

"Fortunately, a knob of bone projecting from an otherwise undistinguished piece of rock had caught the eye of Mr. Burdosh, and the block had been broughtto the Museum. When the rock was chipped away, the insignificant external lump proved to belong to a fairly complete skull of a fossil crocodilian allied to the alligators; and on one posterior corner it bore a triangualr horn-like knob which proved to be identical with the mysterious separate fragments." [2]

Description
Ceratosuchus was named in 1938 by K. P. Schmidt for a skull from Colorado. Further remains, including additional skulls, mandibles, and cervical armor, was recovered from Wyoming by University of Michigan paleontologists and described by William Bartels in 1984. The skull, of a moderately-size alligatorine, is most notable for its horns, formed by expansion of the bones (squamosals) that formed the rear corners of the skull roof. These horns were bulbous and pointed up. There were five teeth in both of the bones that made up the tip of the snout (premaxilla), fifteen in the paired maxillae that formed the sides of the upper jaw, and twenty in both dentaries of the lower jaw. The front of the lower jaw had a flattened shape, and the teeth located here pointed partially forward, with a spade-like form. The teeth had variable shapes; the first thirteen teeth in the lower jaw were pointed, while the last seven graded from a spatulate shape to a large globular shape. Aside from the horns, the skull and particularly the lower jaw of Ceratosuchus were very similar to that of its contemporary Allognathosuchus. The neck armor had blade-like keels that may have been aligned with the skull horns.[3]

Paleobiology
Although Ceratosuchus is the only known horned alligatorine, horns are not unknown in crocodilians; similar structures are known on two other species: Voay robustus and Crocodylus rhombifer. Bartels proposed that the horns' small size and bluntness made them unlikely weapons, and their small size also made use in a threat display unlikely. Instead, he favored their use as signals for species recognition: in this case, the horns would allow Ceratosuchus and species of Allognathosuchus to tell each other apart.[3]

Ceratosuchus is known from overbank mudstone deposits. It so far has been a rare find compared to Allognathosuchus from the same rocks. Bartels reported that only 5% of Clarkforkian crocodilians collected by the University of Michigan can be certainly assigned to Ceratosuchus (although this may be partially artificial because fragmentary specimens of Ceratosuchus could be confused with Allognathosuchus). Ceratosuchus may have been ecologically restricted in comparison to Allognathosuchus.[3]

Although the blunt posterior teeth of Allognathosuchus and Ceratosuchus have been traditionally interpreted as for feeding on mollusks or turtles, Bartels noted that these crocodilians were too small to feed on large bivalves or non-juvenile turtles, and that modern crocodilians usually swallow snails whole. Instead, he proposed that skull morphology and tooth wear better fit generalized predation on a variety of invertebrates and vertebrates.[3]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosuchus

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Plesionectes

Eon Dude 2025-10-09 | Plesionectes

Plesionectes (meaning "near swimmer") is an extinct genus of basal plesiosauroid plesiosaurs known from the Early Jurassic (Toarcian age) Posidonia Shale of Germany. The genus contains a single species, Plesionectes longicollum, known from a well-preserved, nearly complete skeleton.[1]

Discovery and naming
The Plesionectes holotype specimen, SMNS 51945, was discovered in 1978 by Gotthilf Fischer in outcrops of the Posidonia Shale (Posidonienschiefer Formation) in Holzmaden in Southwest Germany. The specimen, consisting of a very well-preserved, mostly articulated, nearly complete skeleton, was obtained by the State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart (SMNS) the following year, where it has been accessioned since. The specimen belongs to a skeletally immature individual.[1]

In 2025, Sven Sachs and Daniel Madzia described Plesionectes longicollum as a new genus and species of early plesiosauroids based on these fossil remains. The generic name, Plesionectes, combines the Greek words plēsíon, meaning "near" or "close", in reference to the clade Plesiosauria, and nēktēs (a common plesiosaur name suffix), meaning "swimmer". The specific name, longicollum, combines the Latin words longus, meaning "long" and collum, meaning "neck", referencing the greatly elongated neck of this species.[1]

Description
Plesionectes has at least 43 cervical (neck) vertebrae, 20 or 21 dorsal vertebrae, at least two sacral vertebrae, and at least 39 caudal (tail) vertebrae. As preserved, the holotype skeleton is 2.95 metres (9.7 ft) long. Including the skull, which is poorly preserved in the holotype, this individual was likely close to 3.2 metres (10 ft) long in life.[1]

The holotype specimen preserves patches of soft tissue impressions around the neck, tail, and hindlimb. These provide some insight into the potential color and integument of Plesionectes. The soft tissue impressions include dark films that may indicate regions of dark colouration (eumelanin) in life.[2]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesionectes

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asiaceratops

Eon Dude 2025-10-09 | asiaceratops

Asiaceratops (meaning "Asian horned face") is a genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaur. It lived during the Early-Late Cretaceous. The type species, A. salsopaludalis is known from Uzbekistan, while A. sulcidens is known from China and Mongolia.

Discovery and naming
The type species, Asiaceratops salsopaludalis, was formally described by Lev Nesov, L.F. Kaznyshkina and Gennadiy Olegovich Cherepanov in 1989. The generic name combines a reference to Asia with ~ceratops, "horned face". The specific name means "of the salt marsh" in Latin. In the same publication Microceratops sulcidens Bohlin 1953 was renamed into a second species of Asiaceratops: Asiaceratops sulcidens.[1]

The holotype of Asiaceratops salsopaludalis, CCMGE 9/12457, was found in Uzbekistan in a layer of the Khodzhakul Formation dating from the early Cenomanian, about ninety-nine million years old. It consists of a part of a left maxilla. Some other fragments were in 1989 referred to the species, among them teeth and a phalanx. In 1995 Nesov referred more material, from three Uzbek sites, mostly skull elements and a partial humerus, of individuals of different ages.[2]

A second species, A. sulcidens, was created to house Microceratus sulcidens.[3] It is known from remains discovered in Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian)-aged rocks located in China (Xinminpu Group) and Mongolia and the holotype of A. sulcidens, no inventory number given, consists of two teeth, centra, an incomplete tibia, tarsals and left pes.[3][1]

Asiaceratops has often been considered a nomen dubium, in view of the limited holotype material.[4] A basicranium tentatively referred to Asiaceratops may show diagnostic characters of the taxon.[5]

Classification
Asiaceratops belonged to the Ceratopsia (the name is Greek for "horned faces"), a group of herbivorous dinosaurs with parrot-like beaks which thrived in North America and Asia during the Cretaceous Period, which ended roughly 66 million years ago. All ceratopsians became extinct at the end of this era.

In 1995 Nesov assigned Asiaceratops to an Asiaceratopsinae of its own.[2] Recent cladistic analyses indicated, despite the presumed status as a nomen dubium, a basal position in the Leptoceratopsidae.[6]

More recent phylogenetic analyses consistently recover Asiaceratops as a basal neoceratopsian outside Leptoceratopsidae.[7][8][9]

Diet
Asiaceratops, like all ceratopsians, was a herbivore. During the Cretaceous, flowering plants were "geographically limited on the landscape", and so it is likely that this dinosaur fed on the predominant plants of the era: ferns, cycads, and conifers. It would have used its sharp ceratopsian beak to bite off the leaves or needles.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiaceratops

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Dandakosaurus

Eon Dude 2025-10-09 | Dandakosaurus

Dandakosaurus (meaning "Dandakaranya lizard") is a dubious genus of theropod dinosaur from the Kota Formation, Andhra Pradesh, India. It lived 185 to 175 million years ago from the latest Pliensbachian to the late Toarcian stages of the Early Jurassic. Little is known about the genus, and some paleontologists consider it to be a nomen dubium.

Discovery and naming
The holotype is partial proximal pubis, GSI 1/54Y/76, discovered in the Kota Formation of India between 1958 and 1961 and was described as an indeterminate carnosaur in 1962.[1][2] Other material referred to the genus include dorsal vertebrae, caudal vertebrae, a tooth and a partial ischium. The type species, D. indicus, was named by Ponnala Yadagiri in 1982.[3][2]

Description
The tooth was described as being recurved and heavily compressed. The distal carina possessed small denticles.[3] The carinae were positioned centrally and the tooth was subsymmetrical labial and distal profiles.[4] The dorsal vertebrae lack pleurocoels and opisthocoelous. The caudal vertebrae bore depressions on the lateral sides. It was amphicoelous and had a keel on its ventral side. It is possible that the vertebrae belong to a sauropodomorph. The obturator fenestra of the pubis is absent, instead being an obturator notch.[5] The pubis is unique in that it points ventrally, unlike the usual forward-facing condition seen in saurischians, giving it a mesopubic condition.[6]

In 2016, Molina-Pérez and Larramendi estimated Dandakosaurus at 10 m (33 ft) in length and 2.3 t (2.5 short tons) in weight.[7]

Classification
Dandakosaurus is currently classified as Averostra incertae sedis, variously suggested to be a basal ceratosaur[8] or basal tetanuran.[2][5][9]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandakosaurus

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Jeletzkya

Eon Dude 2025-10-09 | Jeletzkya

Jeletzkya douglassae is a fossil belemnoid from the early Pennsylvanian Mazon Creek lagerstätten and represents the earliest known crown-group squid.[1] Non-mineralized anatomy is preserved and comprises ten hooked tentacles and a radula. It is too poorly understood for assignment to any particular cephalopod taxon.[2] J. douglassae is 14 mm long.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeletzkya

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new Jurassic world 2026 toy leaks concavenator and plateosaurus ?

Eon Dude 2025-10-05 | new Jurassic world 2026 toy leaks concavenator and plateosaurus ?

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new Jurassic world 2026 toy leaks concavenator and plateosaurus ?

eon dude Etsy figure updates October !

Eon Dude 2025-10-05 | eon dude Etsy figure updates October !

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Jurassic world reimagined real feel triceratops and real feel velociraptors

Eon Dude 2025-10-03 | new Jurassic world reimagined real feel triceratops and real feel velociraptors

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dinosaurs from paleo media that need articulated figures a nanmu smart series concept video

Eon Dude 2025-10-02 | dinosaurs from paleo media that need articulated figures a nanmu smart series concept video

Walking with the Dinosaurs

Walking with Dinosaurs The Movie

Walking with Dinosaurs 2025

Amazing Dinoworld 2

Primeval

Jurassic World

dinosaur Revolution

Prehistoric Park

walking with monsters

walking with Beast

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New beast of the Mesozoic figures Kentrosaurus Acrocanthosaurus Terror bird Dire wolf and more

Eon Dude 2025-10-02 | New beast of the Mesozoic figures Kentrosaurus Acrocanthosaurus Terror bird Dire wolf and more

link to the original post creative-beast.com/kentrosaurus-botm-painted-and-prototype-and-big-reveals-for-2026

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new blokees #jurassicworld dinosaur T-Rex Spinosaurus Velociraptor stegosaurus stygimoloch figures

Eon Dude 2025-10-02 | new blokees jurassic world dinosaur figures T-Rex Spinosaurus Velociraptor stegosaurus stygimoloch Triceratops

the original post

bilibili.com/opus/1118712906203004969?spm_id_from=333.1387.0.0

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new blokees jurassic world dinosaur T-Rex Spinosaurus Velociraptor stegosaurus stygimoloch figures

new blokees jurassic world dinosaur T-Rex Spinosaurus Velociraptor stegosaurus Triceratops figures

Jurassic world survival 2026 Charge N Chomp Carnotaurus

Eon Dude 2025-09-30 | Jurassic world survival 2026 Charge N Chomp Carnotaurus

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new Jurassic world survival 2026 strike attack figures revealed

Eon Dude 2025-09-30 | new Jurassic world survival 2026 strike attack figures revealed

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new Jurassic world reimagined real feel triceratops and real feel velociraptors

Eon Dude 2025-09-30 | new Jurassic world reimagined real feel triceratops and real feel velociraptors

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lets talk about the new Jurassic world reimagined real feel triceratops and real feel velociraptors

Eon Dude 2025-09-29 | let's talk about the new Jurassic world reimagined real feel triceratops and real feel velociraptors

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new Jurassic world reimagined real feel triceratops and real feel velociraptors

Eon Dude 2025-09-29 | new Jurassic world reimagined real feel triceratops and real feel velociraptors

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my thoughts on the Jurassic world survival 2026 toy Line Carnotaurus and strike attack figures

Eon Dude 2025-09-29 | my thoughts on the Jurassic world survival 2026 toy Line Carnotaurus and strike attack figures

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new Jurassic world 2026 toy Line Jurassic world survival Carnotaurus and strike attack figures

Eon Dude 2025-09-29 | new Jurassic world 2026 toy Line Jurassic world survival Carnotaurus and strike attack figures revealed

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Jurassic world rebirth Wave 2 strike attack Nanotyrannus toy review

Eon Dude 2025-09-27 | ways to support the channel

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Beasts of the Mesozoic Kentrosaurus

Eon Dude 2025-09-27 | Beasts of the Mesozoic Kentrosaurus

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Beasts of the Mesozoic Kentrosaurus

Jurassic world rebirth Wave 2 wild Roar Aucasaurus toy Review

Eon Dude 2025-09-25 | Jurassic world rebirth Wave 2 wild Roar Aucasaurus toy Review

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Jurassic world rebirth Wave 2 wild Roar Spiclypeus toy review

Eon Dude 2025-09-25 | Jurassic world rebirth Wave 2 wild Roar Spiclypeus toy review

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Mattel Jurassic world Hammond collection Troodon toy review

Eon Dude 2025-09-25 | Mattel Jurassic world Hammond collection Troodon toy review

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Jurassic world rebirth toy hunt at Walmart Target and other stores plus monsterverse toys

Eon Dude 2025-09-25 | ways to support the channel

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joaquinraptor

Eon Dude 2025-09-24 | joaquinraptor

Joaquinraptor (meaning "Joaquín thief") is an extinct genus of megaraptorid theropod dinosaurs known from the Late Cretaceous Lago Colhué Huapi Formation of Argentina. The genus contains a single species, Joaquinraptor casali, representing the youngest (most recent) definitive megaraptoran. It is known from a partially articulated, incomplete skeleton including vertebrae and bones of the skull, forelimbs and hindlimbs, and pectoral girdle, making it one of the most completely known members of the Megaraptora. It was likely at least 7 metres (23 ft) long.[1]

Classification
In their phylogenetic analyses, Ibiricu and colleagues (2025) recovered Joaquinraptor as a deeply-nested member of the megaraptora clade Megaraptoridae, as the sister taxon to a clade comprising Megaraptor, Tratayenia, Maip, and Aerosteon. Their analysis recovered megaraptorans as part of the theropod clade Coelurosauria, as the sister group to the Tyrannosauroidea. These results are displayed in the cladogram below (strict consensus of most parsimonious trees, after pruning Aoniraptor):[1]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquinraptor

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newtonsaurus

Eon Dude 2025-09-24 | newtonsaurus

Newtonsaurus is an extinct genus of possibly coelophysoid theropod dinosaur from the Late Triassic (Rhaetian) Lilstock Formation of South Wales, Great Britain. The genus contains a single species, Newtonsaurus cambrensis, originally named as a species of Zanclodon, known from an external mould of the front half of a lower jaw. With an estimated total length of 5–7 metres (16–23 ft), it is suggested to have been one of the largest theropods known from the Triassic.

History and classification
Newtonsaurus is only known from the holotype specimen GSM 6532 (a cast was made with the number BMNH R2912), an external mould of a dentary, which was discovered in the Late Triassic (Rhaetian) aged beds of the Lilstock Formation near Bridgend, Wales in 1898 by a mason who gave it to John David, and described by Edwin Tulley Newton in 1899 as a species of Zanclodon: Zanclodon cambrensis,[1] the specific name referring to Cambria, the Latin name for Wales. The taxon was reassigned to ?Megalosaurus by Ralph Molnar in 1990, which was followed by Peter Galton in publications in 1998 and 2005. The species was historically considered to be a nomen dubium, as it apparently lacked diagnostic features used to distinguish it from other theropods. Oliver Rauhut & Hungerbüler in 2000 as well as Darren Naish and David Martill in 2007, considered the fossil to be of a coelophysoid grade theropod outside Averostra based on the low interdental plates and possession of only a single meckelian foramen, a view followed by Roger Benson in a 2010 publication.[2] Matthew Carrano and colleagues in 2012 suggested it was a basal theropod or possibly an indeterminate predatory archosaur outside of Dinosauria.[3]

The name "Newtonsaurus" was coined in 1999 in a privately circulated work by Stephan Pickering, containing an extract from an unpublished manuscript by the late Samuel Paul Welles, with the name in reference to Edwin Tulley Newton, the taxon's initial describer,[4][5] though some sources have erroneously claimed that the generic name is in honor of Isaac Newton.[6] Palaeontologists initially avoided using the name "Newtonsaurus" since its appearance in 1999 in Pickering's private document, although "Zanclodon" cambrensis or Megalosaurus cambrensis have both been used for this taxon.[7][8] In a paper published in September 2025, Evans et al. re-examined the specimen, using photogrammetry of the moulds to create a 3D digital reconstruction of what the dentary would have looked like, which considerably aided in understanding its morphology, which otherwise had been somewhat difficult to interpret. They formalized the genus name Newtonsaurus, and confirmed that it represented a kind of non-averostran neotheropod distinct from all others currently known, and proposed that it represented a coelophysoid, though this conclusion was admitted to be a tentative one given the limited known remains.[9]

Newtonsaurus probably originates from the Cotham Member of the Lilstock Formation, dating to approximately 202 million years ago. The Lilstock Formation was deposited in conditions varying from terrestrial to shallow marine. The lithology of the sandstone suggests that it originated from a marginal marine environment such as a lagoon or a beach, consistent with the remains of Newtonsaurus undergoing transport following its death, perhaps during a storm.[9] The Lilstock Formation records the transition between the arid desert conditions that had dominated Britain (and the European part of Pangaea more broadly) during the Triassic period, towards marine conditions across much of Britain and the rest of Europe by the end of the Triassic as a result of the Rhaetian transgression.[10]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonsaurus

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Megabalaena

Eon Dude 2025-09-24 | Megabalaena

Megabalaena (lit. '"large Balaena"') is an extinct genus of baleen whales in the family Balaenidae, known from the Toyama Formation of Japan, which dates to the late Miocene epoch (~9 million years ago). The genus contains a single species, Megabalaena sapporoensis, known from a partial skeleton including a partial skull. It likely had a full body length of 12.7 metres (42 ft).[1]

The Megabalaena holotype specimen, SMAC 2731, was discovered in October 2008 by Kazuhisa Mori in outcrops of the Toyama Formation on the bank of the Toyohira River in Sapporo of Hokkaido, Japan. The specimen was excavated and collected over the following several years. It comprises a partial skeleton, including the posterior (rear) skull and right mandible, bones of the hyoid apparatus, the sternum, 32 vertebrae, most of which were found in articulation (seven cervical (neck) vertebrae, nine thoracic vertebrae, and 16 more posterior vertebrae), many rib fragments, both scapulae, and much of the left forelimb (humerus, ulna, radius, five carpals, three metacarpals, and two phalanges).[1]

In 2025, Tanaka and colleagues described Megabalaena sapporoensis as a new genus and species of balaenid whales based on these fossil remains. The generic name, Megabalaena, combines the Ancient Greek word μέγας (mégas), meaning "large" and "great", with the genus Balaena (the bowhead whale), the type genus of the family Balaenidae. The specific name, sapporoensis, references the discovery of the holotype in the city of Sapporo.[1]

Classification
In their phylogenetic analysis using implied weighting (k=3), Tanaka et al. (2025) recovered Megabalaena as a member of the mysticete (baleen whale) family Balaenidae, as the sister taxon to a clade containing the extinct taxa Antwerpibalaena and Eubalaena ianitrix (known from Belgium)[2][3] and Charadrobalaena (known from Italy).[4] It notably helps to fill a ~9 million-year-old 'ghost lineage' between the oldest known balaenids (Morenocetus and Peripolocetus) and all other known fossil balaenids, which are known from much more recent layers. These phylogenetic results are displayed in the cladogram below:[1]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabalaena

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Zavacephale

Eon Dude 2025-09-24 | Zavacephale

Zavacephale (meaning "origin head") is an extinct genus of pachycephalosaurian dinosaurs known from the Early Cretaceous Khuren Dukh Formation of Mongolia. The genus contains a single species, Zavacephale rinpoche, known from a partial articulated skeleton including a nearly complete skull. It is both the oldest definitive pachycephalosaur known, as well as the most complete. Its skull bears a well-developed dome structure, as seen in most members of the clade.

Discovery and naming
The Zavacephale holotype specimen, MPC-D 100/1209, was discovered in 2019 outcrops of the Khuren Dukh Formation in the Eastern Gobi Basin in Dundgobi Province, Mongolia. It was subsequently accessioned at the Institute of Paleontology (Mongolian Academy of Sciences) where it was prepared over the following years. The skeleton, which was found in partial articulation, is 54% complete based on element count, making it the most complete pachycephalosaur described. The specimen includes regions of the body not scientifically described in any other pachycephalosaur, including bones of the hand, a gastrolith mass, and a complete tail covered in ossified tendons. The skeleton also includes a complete skull and mandible, a scapulocoracoid, dorsal vertebrae, the sacrum, and most of the pelvic girdle and hindlimbs.[1] The fossil material was reported in conference abstracts in 2023 before its formal description.[2][3]

In September 2025, Tsogtbaatar Chinzorig and colleagues described Zavacephale rinpoche as a new genus and species of pachycephalosaurs based on these fossil remains. The generic name, Zavacephale, combines the Tibetan word zava meaning "root" or "origin" with the Greek kephale, meaning "head", referencing the basal position of the taxon within Pachycephalosauria. The specific name, rinpoche, is a Tibetan word meaning "precious one", alluding to the fact that the domed skull was found exposed in the rock outcrop, reminiscent of a cabochon gemstone.[1]

The Zavacephale holotype belongs to an immature individual that was actively growing when it died, meaning it had not yet reached its full body size. This was determined based on the lack of fusion at the neurocentral sutures and between the scapula and coracoid, in addition to the lack of an external fundamental system and presence of limited remodelling of the tibia cortex. The skeleton is about 1 metre (3.3 ft) long, and the animal likely weighed around 5.85 kilograms (12.9 lb) in life.[1]

To test the relationships and affinities of Zavacephale, Chinzorig et al. (2025) compiled a new phylogenetic matrix derived from several past analyses. They recovered Zavacephale as a very basal member of the Pachycephalosauria, diverging after Wannanosaurus. As such, it is the sister taxon to all other pachycephalosaurs. These results are displayed in the cladogram below,[1] with node names following Madzia et al. (2021):[4

Zavacephale is known from the upper portion of the lower Khuren Dukh Formation, which dates to around the Aptian to Albian ages of the early Cretaceous period. As such, it predates all other known pachycephalosaurs, which are restricted to the Late Cretaceous.[1] Other dinosaurs named from the formation include the hadrosauroid ornithopods Altirhinus and Choyrodon and the ornithomimosaur theropod Harpymimus. Choristoderes, turtles, and fish have also been described from the formation.[5][6]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavacephale

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hadrosaurus

Eon Dude 2025-09-24 | hadrosaurus

Hadrosaurus (/ˌhædrəˈsɔːrəs/; lit. 'bulky lizard') is a genus of hadrosaurid ornithopod dinosaurs that lived in North America during the Late Cretaceous Period in what is now the Woodbury Formation in New Jersey about 83.6 to 77.9 million years ago. The holotype specimen was found in fluvial marine sedimentation, meaning that the corpse of the animal was transported by a river and washed out to sea. Some fossils are found in the Tar Heel/Coachman Formation.[1]

They were large animals ranging from 7 to 8 m (23 to 26 ft) in length and 2 to 4 t (2.2 to 4.4 short tons) in weight. Most of the preserved elements are very robust, unusual traits in hadrosaurs. Hadrosaurus were ponderously built animals equipped with keratinous beaks for cropping foliage and a specialized and complex dentition for food processing. Hadrosaurus foulkii, the only species in this genus, is known from a single specimen consisting of much of the skeleton and parts of the skull. The specimen was collected in 1858 and represents the first dinosaur species known from more than isolated teeth to be identified in North America. Using radiometric dating of bivalve shells from the Woodbury Formation, the sedimentary rocks where the Hadrosaurus fossil was found have been dated at some time during the Campanian stage. In 1868, the only known specimen became the first-ever dinosaur skeleton to be mounted. In 1991, Hadrosaurus became the official state dinosaur of New Jersey.[2][3][4][5]

Hadrosaurus were large-sized animals growing up to 7–8 metres (23–26 ft) and weighing as much as 2 to 4 t (2.2 to 4.4 short tons).[8][9] According to Prieto-Márquez, Hadrosaurus can be distinguished in having a shortened pectoral crest that is slightly over 40% of the total humeral length, a deltopectoral crest that is developed from the humeral shaft causing the laterodistal border to display a broad lateral facet, a lower greatest point of the supraacetabular crest located above lateral edge from the rear to the bottom on the posterior tuberosity of the ischial peduncle of the ilium, a shortened supraacetabular crest from the front to the rear with its breadth being half the length of the middle iliac plate.[10]

As in most hadrosaurs, the forelimbs were not as heavily built as the hindlimbs, but were long enough to be used in standing or movement.[6][9][11] The holotype specimen was a relatively large animal at the time of death with a 1.05-meter-long (105 cm) femur and 93.3-centimeter-long (933 mm) tibia. Most of the preserved elements feature a marked robust composition with the fibula being one of the most robust among hadrosaurs.[6]

In 2003, Rothschild and colleagues performed a study looking for epidemiology of tumors in dinosaurs. Evidence of tumors, including hemangiomas, desmoplastic fibroma, metastatic cancer and osteoblastoma were discovered in specimens of Hadrosaurus by analyzing dinosaur vertebrae using computerized tomography and fluoroscope screening. Several other hadrosaurids, including Brachylophosaurus, Edmontosaurus and Gilmoreosaurus, also tested positive. Although more than 10,000 fossils were examined in this manner, the tumors were limited to Hadrosaurus and other hadrosaurs. The tumors were only found on caudal vertebrae and they may have been caused by environmental factors or genetic inheritance.[14]

Paleoecology
The holotype of Hadrosaurus was found in marine sediments, which suggests the skeleton was transported by a river and then deposited in the Cretaceous sea. The Hadrosaurus remains all persist to the Woodbury Formation.[6] Through the radiometric dating of bivalve shells known from the formation, the sedimentary rocks where the holotype specimen of Hadrosaurus was found have been dated from 80.5 million to 78.5 million years ago.[15] However, a more accurate date make range from 83.6 to around 77.9 mya.[16]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrosaurus

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mixopterus

Eon Dude 2025-09-24 | mixopterus

Mixopterus is a genus of eurypterid, an extinct group of aquatic arthropods. Fossils of Mixopterus have been discovered in deposits from Late Silurian age, and have been referred to several different species. Fossils have been recovered from two continents; Europe and North America.[1]

Mixopterus was a medium-sized predatory eurypterid. The largest species, M. simonsoni, reached lengths of 75 cm (29.5 in).[2] It was characterised by a robust exoskeleton with scattered tubercles or semicircular scales. The prosoma (head) was subquadrate, protruding antemedially. The chelicerae (claws in front of the mouth) were small.[3] The two first pairs of legs of Mixopterus (appendages II and III) were highly specialized and not used for walking, instead being highly developed with long paired spines.[3] The two following pairs (appendages IV and V) were moderately sized and typically spiniferous walking legs. The last legs, (VI), form a pair of swimming legs characteristic of the Eurypterida.[4]

The preabdomen, the front portion of the body, was narrow with axial furrows, while the postabdomen was narrow. The telson was a curved spine.[5] By thrusting and pushing the tail, the telson spine would be capable of stinging prey in between the front legs. The structure of the tail of indicates that Mixopterus would be able to move on land, but such movement would likely be difficult because of its weight. Respiration would not be an issue, since moist gills would be well concealed above the ventral plates.[4] Mixopterus might have buried itself in the sand to wait for prey, as the swimming legs were very well-adapted for digging. The frontal legs and foremost portion of the prosoma, including the eyes, would have been kept above the substrate. When a prey was sufficiently close, the frontal appendages would be clasped together, almost forming a cage.[4]

Mixopterus contains three valid species, with some others that historically have been assigned to it being recovered as outside of the genus. The species currently seen as valid species of the genus are:

Mixopterus kiaeri Størmer, 1934 - Ringerike, Norway (Silurian)
Mixopterus multispinosus Clarke & Ruedemann, 1912 - New York (Silurian)
Mixopterus simonsoni Schmidt, 1883 - Saaremaa, Estonia (Silurian)
Invalid or reassigned species are listed below:

Mixopterus dolichoschelus Peach and Horne, 1899 - Lanarkshire and Ayrshire, Scotland (Silurian), reclassified as its own genus, Lanarkopterus.[6]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixopterus

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