How does Computer Memory Work? 💻🛠 @BranchEducation

Branch Education Check out Crucial NVMe SSDs Here: crucial.gg/BranchEducation_P5
Have you ever wondered why it takes time for computers to load programs or video games? Also, ever wonder why your computer uses both DRAM as well as SSDs when they both are used to store data?
Well, most of that time is spent moving data from a hard drive or SSD into DRAM or Dynamic Random Access Memory, which is the working memory inside your computer. In this video, we're going to take a very deep dive into DRAM. We'll see how it connects to other parts of your computer, and then we'll explore how DRAM can store gigabytes of data in nanoscopic capacitors. After that, we'll cover the three main operations of DRAM: Reading, Writing, and Refreshing. And finally, we'll dive deep into some more complex aspects of DRAM that make it so amazingly fast such as folded DRAM architecture. We'll also learn what burst buffers are, and why there are so many banks of DRAM memory cells.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education?
Support us at: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Thanks to Nathan, Peter, and Jacob for helping research and review this video! They're doctoral students at the Florida Institute for Cybersecurity Research, and you can learn more about their program here: https://fics.institute.ufl.edu/

Table of Contents:
00:00 - Intro to Computer Memory
00:47 - DRAM vs SSD
02:23 - Loading a Video Game
03:25 - Parts of this Video
04:07 - Notes
06:10 - Intro to DRAM, DIMMs & Memory Channels
10:43 - Crucial Sponsorship
12:09 - Inside a DRAM Memory Cell
15:28 - An Small Array of Memory Cells
17:41 - Reading from DRAM
19:38 - Writing to DRAM
21:55 - Refreshing DRAM
23:16 - Why DRAM Speed is Critical
25:06 - Complicated DRAM Topics: Row Hits
26:21 - DRAM Timing Parameters
27:51 - Why 32 DRAM Banks?
29:17 - DRAM Burst Buffers
30:58 - Subarrays
32:02 - Inside DRAM Sense Amplifiers
34:24 - Outro to DRAM

Key Branches from this video are: How do Solid State Drives Work?

Erratum:
At 10m 08s : Cicruit || Should be Circuit
At 21m 54s : 32 Bank Groups || Should be 32 Banks.

Script, Modeling, Animation: Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Animation: Mike Radjabov
Modeling: Prakash Kakadiya
Voice Over: Phil Lee
Sound Design: www.drilu.mx
Music Editing: Luis Zuleta
Sound Effects: Paulo de los Cobos
Supervising Sound Editor and Mixer: Luis Huesca

Animation built using Blender 3.1.2 blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro

References:

DDR5 SDRAM. JEDEC Standard. JESD79-5 July 2020

Dr. Cutress, Ian. "Insights into DDR5 Sub-Timings and Latencies". Oct 6th, 2020.

Dr. El-Maleh, Aiman. "Functions and Functional Blocks: Digital Logic Design" College of Computer Sciences and Engineering. King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals.

Hajimiri, Ali. Et al. "Design Issues in Cross-Coupled inverter Sense Amplifier". IEEE. Stanford University 1998

IBM. Understanding DRAM Operation. IBM 1996.

Jacob, Bruce. NG, Spencer W. Wang, David T. "Memory Systems: Cache, DRAM, Disk." Elsevier Inc. 2008

Keeth, Brent. Baker, R Jacob. Johnson, Brian. Lin, Feng. "DRAM Circuit Design: Fundamental and High-Speed Topics." IEE Press 2008.

Kim, Yoongu et. Al. "A Case for Exploiting Subarray-Level Parallelism in DRAM". Carnegie Mellon University

Lee, Donghuk et.al. "Tiered-Latency DRAM: A Low Latency and Low Cost DRAM Architecture. Carnegie Mellon University

Micron. "DDR4 SDRAM. MT40A4G4. MT40A2G8. MT40A1G16. 16Gb: x4, x8, x16 DDR4 SDRAM Features" Micron Technologies 2018

Micron. "DDR5 SDRAM Product Core Data Sheet DDR5SDRAM Features." Micron Technologies 2020

Ryan, Kevin J. Morzano, Christopher K. Li, Wen. "Write Data Masking for Higher Speed DRAMS" US Patent 6532180 B2 Mar. 11 2003.

Shilov, Anton. "SK Hynix Details DDR5-6400". ANANDTECH. Feb 26th, 2019.

Sunami, Hideo. "Dimension Increase in Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Memories and Transistors". From intechopen.com. From "Advances in Solid State Circuit Technologies". Apr 2010.

Wikipedia contributors. "CAS Latency". "DDR5 SDRAM". "Dynamics Random-Access Memory". "Memory Timing". "Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory". Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited Nov 2022

#DRAM #CPU #Computer

updated 1 year ago

How does Computer Memory Work? 💻🛠

Branch Education 2022-11-04 | Check out Crucial NVMe SSDs Here: crucial.gg/BranchEducation_P5
Have you ever wondered why it takes time for computers to load programs or video games? Also, ever wonder why your computer uses both DRAM as well as SSDs when they both are used to store data?
Well, most of that time is spent moving data from a hard drive or SSD into DRAM or Dynamic Random Access Memory, which is the working memory inside your computer. In this video, we're going to take a very deep dive into DRAM. We'll see how it connects to other parts of your computer, and then we'll explore how DRAM can store gigabytes of data in nanoscopic capacitors. After that, we'll cover the three main operations of DRAM: Reading, Writing, and Refreshing. And finally, we'll dive deep into some more complex aspects of DRAM that make it so amazingly fast such as folded DRAM architecture. We'll also learn what burst buffers are, and why there are so many banks of DRAM memory cells.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education?
Support us at: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Thanks to Nathan, Peter, and Jacob for helping research and review this video! They're doctoral students at the Florida Institute for Cybersecurity Research, and you can learn more about their program here: https://fics.institute.ufl.edu/

Table of Contents:
00:00 - Intro to Computer Memory
00:47 - DRAM vs SSD
02:23 - Loading a Video Game
03:25 - Parts of this Video
04:07 - Notes
06:10 - Intro to DRAM, DIMMs & Memory Channels
10:43 - Crucial Sponsorship
12:09 - Inside a DRAM Memory Cell
15:28 - An Small Array of Memory Cells
17:41 - Reading from DRAM
19:38 - Writing to DRAM
21:55 - Refreshing DRAM
23:16 - Why DRAM Speed is Critical
25:06 - Complicated DRAM Topics: Row Hits
26:21 - DRAM Timing Parameters
27:51 - Why 32 DRAM Banks?
29:17 - DRAM Burst Buffers
30:58 - Subarrays
32:02 - Inside DRAM Sense Amplifiers
34:24 - Outro to DRAM

Key Branches from this video are: How do Solid State Drives Work?

Erratum:
At 10m 08s : Cicruit || Should be Circuit
At 21m 54s : 32 Bank Groups || Should be 32 Banks.

Script, Modeling, Animation: Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Animation: Mike Radjabov
Modeling: Prakash Kakadiya
Voice Over: Phil Lee
Sound Design: www.drilu.mx
Music Editing: Luis Zuleta
Sound Effects: Paulo de los Cobos
Supervising Sound Editor and Mixer: Luis Huesca

Animation built using Blender 3.1.2 blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro

References:

DDR5 SDRAM. JEDEC Standard. JESD79-5 July 2020

Dr. Cutress, Ian. "Insights into DDR5 Sub-Timings and Latencies". Oct 6th, 2020.

Dr. El-Maleh, Aiman. "Functions and Functional Blocks: Digital Logic Design" College of Computer Sciences and Engineering. King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals.

Hajimiri, Ali. Et al. "Design Issues in Cross-Coupled inverter Sense Amplifier". IEEE. Stanford University 1998

IBM. Understanding DRAM Operation. IBM 1996.

Jacob, Bruce. NG, Spencer W. Wang, David T. "Memory Systems: Cache, DRAM, Disk." Elsevier Inc. 2008

Keeth, Brent. Baker, R Jacob. Johnson, Brian. Lin, Feng. "DRAM Circuit Design: Fundamental and High-Speed Topics." IEE Press 2008.

Kim, Yoongu et. Al. "A Case for Exploiting Subarray-Level Parallelism in DRAM". Carnegie Mellon University

Lee, Donghuk et.al. "Tiered-Latency DRAM: A Low Latency and Low Cost DRAM Architecture. Carnegie Mellon University

Micron. "DDR4 SDRAM. MT40A4G4. MT40A2G8. MT40A1G16. 16Gb: x4, x8, x16 DDR4 SDRAM Features" Micron Technologies 2018

Micron. "DDR5 SDRAM Product Core Data Sheet DDR5SDRAM Features." Micron Technologies 2020

Ryan, Kevin J. Morzano, Christopher K. Li, Wen. "Write Data Masking for Higher Speed DRAMS" US Patent 6532180 B2 Mar. 11 2003.

Shilov, Anton. "SK Hynix Details DDR5-6400". ANANDTECH. Feb 26th, 2019.

Sunami, Hideo. "Dimension Increase in Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Memories and Transistors". From intechopen.com. From "Advances in Solid State Circuit Technologies". Apr 2010.

Wikipedia contributors. "CAS Latency". "DDR5 SDRAM". "Dynamics Random-Access Memory". "Memory Timing". "Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory". Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited Nov 2022

#DRAM #CPU #Computer

How do Digital and Analog Clocks Work?

Branch Education 2024-01-17 | Go to http://brilliant.org/BranchEducation for a 30-day free trial and expand your knowledge. The first 200 people will get 20% off their annual premium membership.

Have you ever wondered how a clock signal that ticks once every few nanoseconds is generated? A billion times a second clock would indeed be an impossible feat a hundred years ago. But, you'd be surprised to find that the clock inside your smartphone is rather identical to an analog wall clock that ticks through the seconds, minutes, and hours of the day. In this video, we explore an analog clock's gear train, the quartz crystal oscillator, the feedback loops for this oscillator, and then how a gigahertz signal is produced using a phase-locked loop.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us at: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation

Table of Contents:
00:00 - Digital Clocks vs Analog Clocks
01:13 - The $10 Wall Clock
02:05 - Gears in the Geartrain
03:40 - Crystal Oscillator and Piezoelectric Effect
05:58 - Resonance Frequency
06:51 - Circuitry Inside a Wall Clock
08:13 - Fast and Slow Clocks
09:04 - Learning With Brilliant
10:40 - A Smartphone's Gigahertz Clock Signal
14:24 - Frequency Divider
15:04 - Thank You to Patreon & YouTube Memberships

Erratum:

Animation: Eikonic Design
Research / Script: Teddy Tablante
Software Consultant: Andrea Ciani
youtube.com/@andrea_ciani
Modeling: Prakash Kakadiya
Voice Over: Phil Lee
Sound Design: https://www.drilu.mx
Sound Effects and Music Editor: Luis Huesca
Supervising Sound Editor and Mixer: Luis Huesca

Animation built using Blender 4.0.1 blender.org

References:
Quartz Crystal Oscillators
electronics-tutorials.ws/oscillator/crystal.html

Quartz tuning Fork Resonator Teardown
softsolder.com/2017/03/24/quartz-tuning-fork-resonator-teardown

Teardown of a Quartz Crystal Oscillator and the Tiny IC Inside
righto.com/2021/02/teardown-of-quartz-crystal-oscillator.html

What is Piezoelectric Effect?
circuitbread.com/ee-faq/what-is-piezoelectric-effect

Wikipedia contributors. "Crystal Oscillator". "Electronic Oscillator." "Phase Locked Loop." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited December 21nd 2023

#Clocks #PiezoelectricEffect #Digital

How do Video Game Graphics Work?

Branch Education 2023-12-21 | Go to http://brilliant.org/BranchEducation for a 30-day free trial and expand your knowledge. The first 200 people will get 20% off their annual premium membership.

Have you ever wondered how video game graphics have become incredibly realistic? How can GPUs and graphics cards render such incredibly detailed scenes? Well, in this video we're going to explore how just a bunch of data in your computer gets turned into realistic graphics. Additionally, we'll take a quick look into Ray Tracing, DLSS or Deep Learning Super Sampling, and many other complicated aspects of video game graphics.

We at Branch Education love to play video games, so this video has been one of our favorite ones to make thus far. It's kind of like getting to look under the hood of your childhood car. Also, it was surprising that practically all video games use similar basic steps to render each frame. Furthermore, as a fun fact, to create this video our team used 1x 3090ti, 3x 3090s, and the model that we tore down was a 3090.

There are just sooooo many topics in the realm of computer graphics that we couldn't cover. If you're interested in part 2 where we'll cover things like UVs, Normal Maps, Shadows, Reflections, Specular Reflections, and much more, tell us in the comments.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us at: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation

Table of Contents:
00:00 - Video Game Graphics
01:11 - Graphics Rendering Pipeline and Vertex Shading
04:16 - Video Game Consoles & Graphics Cards
05:06 - Rasterization
06:51 - Visibility Z Buffer Depth Buffer
10:03 - Pixel Fragment Shading
11:35 - The Math Behind Pixel Shading
14:05 - Vector Math & Brilliant Sponsorship
16:11 - Flat vs Smooth Shading
17:25 - An Appreciation for Video Games
17:58- Ray Tracing
18:45 - DLSS Deep Learning Super Sampling
19:06 - GPU Architecture and Types of Cores
20:06 - Future Videos on Advanced Topics
20:24 - Outro for Video Game Graphics

Key Branches from this video are: How do JPEGs Work? How does Computer Hardware Work?

Erratum:

Animation: Mike Radjabov, Prakash Kakadiya, Teddy Tablante
Script: Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Modeling: Mike Radjabov, Prakash Kakadiya
Voice Over: Phil Lee
Sound Design: www.drilu.mx
Sound Effects and Music Editor: Raúl Núñez
Supervising Sound Editor and Mixer: Luis Huesca

Animation built using Blender 4.0.1 blender.org

References:
The most important resource for making this video was Cem Yuksel [ youtube.com/@cem_yuksel ] a professor in the School of Computing at the University of Utah. His online course on computer graphics and interactive graphics was incredibly useful.

"NVIDIA Ampere GA102 GPU Architecture" Second-Generation RTX. NVIDIA Corporation 2021

Wikipedia contributors. "Computer Animation" "Computer Graphics". "CUDA". "Graphics Pipeline". "History of Computer Animation". "NVIDIA". "Rasterization". Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited December 21nd 2023

#Graphics #GPU #Algorithm

How do Electron Microscopes Work? 🔬🛠🔬 Taking Pictures of Atoms

Branch Education 2023-09-25 | The nanoscopic world is wild!! Looking at basic objects like a grain of salt under an electron microscope looks like nothing you would have expected. Furthermore, have you ever wondered whether seeing a single atom is possible? Or how do scientists and engineers create only a few nanometers wide transistors? In this video, we will explore the electron microscope and how they are used to see nanoscopic objects. Specifically, we'll look at the Transmission Electron Microscope and the Scanning Electron Microscope and dive into how they work.

Thermo Fisher Scientific helps to propel science and engineering forward with its wide range of analytical instruments, life science solutions, specialty diagnostics, and laboratory equipment. Check them out! thermofisher.com/us/en/home.html

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education?
Support us at: patreon.com/brancheducation
Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Table of Contents:
00:00 - The Nanoscopic World
01:17 - Scanning Electron Microscope vs Transmission Electron Microscope
02:54 - Basics of Transmission Electron Microscopes
04:15 - Why use Electrons instead of Light?
06:55 - Parts of the Electron Microscope
10:49 - Magnification: Objective and Projector
12:45 - Physics of a Magnetic Lens
15:55 - Thermo Fisher Scientific Sponsorship
17:01 - Scanning Electron Microscope

Erratum:

Script: Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Modeling & Animation: Prakash Kakadiya
Animation: Mike Radjabov
Thermo Fisher Physicist: Jan Jíša
Thermo Fisher Arrangement Consultant: Jakub Kovářů
Voice Over: Phil Lee
Sound Design: www.drilu.mx
Music Editing: Luis Zuleta
Sound Effects: Paulo de los Cobos
Supervising Sound Editor and Mixer: Luis Huesca

Animation built using Blender 3.6.1 blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro

Online References:

Cryo-EM Gives Researchers a Detailed View of the Zika Virus Structure

Semiconductor Sample Preparation for TEM and STEM, Semiconductor Analysis, Thermo Fisher

TEM Introduction Seminar - AIF NC University, YouTube Video

Wikipedia contributors. "Electron Microscope". "Transmission Electron Microscope". "Scanning Electron Microscope". "Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope". Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited August 2023

Textbooks:
R.F. Egerton. Physical Principles of Electron Microscopy, An Introduction to TEM, SEM, and AEM. Springer. 2016

Williams D., Carter C. Transmission Electron Microscopy. A Textbook for Materials Science. Springer. 2009

#ElectronMicroscope #TEM #SEM

How do Computer Keyboards Work? 🤔⌨⌨🛠

Branch Education 2023-05-11 | Hurry and SIGN UP for Keysight World - Live from the Lab here: keysight.com/us/en/events/keysight-world/brancheducation.html. You'll be entered into a colossal test gear giveaway! During the live stream, you'll learn about Batteries, DC to DC Converters, and a wide range of Internet of Things Devices.

You probably use a computer keyboard for dozens of hours a week, but have you ever wondered what it looked like inside of them or how it worked? Also, what's the difference between a basic and a mechanical keyboard? And what makes that clicking sound? Well, in this video, we're diving into both basic keyboards and mechanical keyboards, so stick around!

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Join us at: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Table of Contents:
00:00 - Exploring Computer Keyboards
01:06 - Teardown of a Basic Computer Keyboard
02:09 - How do Basic Keyboards Work?
04:22 - Scanning Through the Computer Keyboard
06:21 - Sponsored Section
07:39 - Exploring Mechanical Keyboards
09:58 - Laptop Keyboards
10:32 - Outro

Key Branches from this video are: How does your Mouse know when you move it? How do Scroll Wheels Work? How does Computer Hardware Work?

Erratum:

Animation: Mike Radjabov
Script: Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Modeling: Prakash Kakadiya
Voice Over: Phil Lee
Sound Design: www.drilu.mx
Sound Effects and Music Editor: David Pinete
Supervising Sound Editor and Mixer: Luis Huesca

Animation built using Blender 3.5.1 blender.org

References:
A Beginner's Guide to Switches theremingoat.com/blog/beginners-guide

Apple's Butterfly Keyboards vs. Scissor Switch Keyboards macrumors.com/guide/butterfly-keyboard-vs-scissor-keyboard

How Do Mechanical Keyboards Work: Guides to Pick the Right Switch fittingchairs.com/how-to/how-does-a-mechanical-keyboard-work

Wikipedia contributors. "Keyboard Matrix". "Keyboard Technology". "Computers". Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited May 10th 2022

#MechanicalKeyboard #Keyboard #Mechanical

How does Computer Hardware Work? 💻🛠🔬 [3D Animated Teardown]

Branch Education 2023-03-22 | Go to http://brilliant.org/BranchEducation for a 30-day free trial and expand your knowledge. The first 200 people will get 20% off their annual premium membership.

Have you ever wondered what it would be like to journey through the inside of your computer? In this video, we're taking you on a 3D animated adventure to every piece of computer hardware inside a desktop computer. You'll also see a nanoscopic view of the transistors inside the CPU and GPU. This video is like a biology dissection lab; instead, we're opening up a computer and seeing all the various computer hardware inside.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Join us at: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Table of Contents:
00:00 - 3D Computer Teardown
01:03 - Central Processing Unit CPU
03:12 - Motherboard
05:20 - CPU Cooler
06:00 - Desktop Power Supply
07:22 - Brilliant Sponsorship
08:52 - Graphics Card and GPU
11:52 - Computer Teardown Process
13:14 - DRAM
14:02 - Solid State Drives
15:04 - Hard Disk Drive HDD
15:52 - Computer Mouse
16:15 - Computer Keyboard
16:30 - Outro

Special thanks to Máximo Balestrini for help with the CPU & GPU VLSI Visualizations
github.com/mbalestrini/sky130_blender_renders_tutorial

Key Branches from this video are: How does DRAM Work? How do SSDs Work? How do Smartphone CPUs Work?

Erratum:

Animation: Mike Radjabov
Script: Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Modeling: Prakash Kakadiya
Voice Over: Phil Lee
Sound Design: www.drilu.mx
Sound Effects and Music Editor: David Pinete
Supervising Sound Editor and Mixer: Luis Huesca

Animation built using Blender 3.4.1 blender.org

References:
27 Main Parts of Motherboard and its Function ourtechroom.com/tech/parts-of-motherboard

Cortex-A77- Microarchitectures - ARM en.wikichip.org/wiki/arm_holdings/microarchitectures/cortex-a77

GeForce GTX 1080 Ti Review - Pascal GPU Architecture guru3d.com/articles-pages/geforce-gtx-1080-ti-review,6.html

Intel's 10th Generation Desktop CPUs have arrived - Still on 14nm arstechnica.com/gadgets/2020/05/intels-comet-lake-desktop-cpus-are-here

Intel Core i9 - 10850K Processor ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/205904/intel-core-i910850k-processor-20m-cache-up-to-5-20-ghz.html

Insights into DDR5 Sub-Timings and Latencies anandtech.com/show/16143/insights-into-ddr5-subtimings-and-latencies

Mechanical Keyboard Guide daskeyboard.com/blog/mechanical-keyboard-guide

Nvidia GP102 techpowerup.com/gpu-specs/nvidia-gp102.g798#:~:text=NVIDIA's%20GP102%20GPU%20uses%20the,CUDA%206.1%20can%20be%20used.

Teardown of a PC Power Supply righto.com/2021/05/teardown-of-pc-power-supply.html

Wikipedia contributors. "Back End of Line". "Central Processing Unit". "Computers". "Dynamic Random-Access Memory". "Motherboard". Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited March 22nd 2022

#Computer #Hardware #Teardown

Inside the Original iPod #shorts

Branch Education 2022-12-30 | Have you ever wondered what it looked like inside the original iPod? In this video, we tear open a 4th generation iPod and take a look inside. The iPod is one of the ancestors of the smartphone, so seeing where it all began helps show us what has changed over the past 2 decades.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education?
Support us at: patreon.com/brancheducation
Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Modeling, Animation: Prakash Kakadiya
Animation: Mike Radjabov
Sound Design: www.drilu.mx
Music Editing: Luis Zuleta
Sound Effects: Paulo de los Cobos
Supervising Sound Editor and Mixer: Luis Huesca

Animation built using Blender 3.2 blender.org

#Apple #iPod #Teardown

How do Hard Disk Drives Work? 💻💿🛠

Branch Education 2022-12-22 | Check out pcbway.com for all kinds of PCBs, easy ordering, and quick delivery.
Take a look at their PCB Assembly, for populating the components on your PCBs.
Have you ever wondered how Hard Disk Drives can store billions of bits of data within the volume of a short, small brick? Thinking about it, it's really truly incredible that a library worth of data, millions of photos, or thousands of videos can be stored in a device that costs less than $100. Data storage has truly evolved to incredible densities over the past 6 decades, and in this video, we're going to see how exactly a Hard Disk Drive stores data, how it reads and writes data, and then the cutting-edge technologies that are continuing to decrease the size of each bit of data.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us at: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Table of Contents:
00:00 - Introduction to Hard Disk Drives.
01:00 - Components inside a Hard Disk Drive.
04:42 - Writing to an HDD.
07:40 - Reading from an HDD.
10:11 - Fitting more bits per area.
11:05 - PCBWay Sponsorship
12:12 - Cutting-edge HDD Technology

Key Branches from this video are: How do SSDs Work? || How does DRAM Work?

Erratum: CMR is 'Conventional Magnetic Recording' not 'Classic' Magnetic Recording. CMR is also called PMR 'Perpendicular' Magnetic Recording.

Animation & Modeling: Prakash Kakadiya
Animation: Mike Radjabov
Script: Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Voice Over: Phil Lee
Sound Design: www.drilu.world
Music Editor & Mixer: Luis Zuleta
SFX: Raul Raul Nuñez
Sound Supervisor & Editor: Luis Huesca
Founder of Branch Education: Theodore J Tablante

Animation built using Blender 3.3 blender.org

References:

Chen, Ben M. Lee, Tong H. Hard Disk Drive Servo Systems 2nd Edition. Springer, 2006.

Jacob, Bruce. Ng, Spencer W. Wang, David T. Memory Systems, Cache DRAM, Disk. Morgan Kaufmann, 2008.

Magnetic Hard Disk sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/magnetic-hard-disk

Modern HDD Technologies that are bringing hard disks back. Sullivan, Erin. techtarget.com/searchstorage

Magnetic Recording on Nanostructures https://www.tu-chemnitz.de/physik/OFGF/research/magnetic_recording.php

Hard Disks Give New Technologies A Spin. Feldman, Michael. nextplatform.com/2019/10/17/hard-disks-give-new-technologies-a-spin

Hard Drives 101: Magnetic Storage. Bestofmedia Team. tomshardware.com/reviews/hard-drive-magnetic-storage-hdd,3005-3.html

Lasers vs. Microwaves: The Billion Dollar Bet on The Future of Magnetic Storage. Nordrum, Amy. spectrum.ieee.org/lasers-vs-microwaves-the-billiondollar-bet-on-the-future-of-magnetic-storage

Wikipedia contributors. "Hard Disk Drives". "Magnetic Storage". "Perpendicular Magnetic Recording". "Shingled Magnetic Recording". "Storage Density". Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited December 2022

#HardDiskDrive #Storage #Computer

Why are Smoke Detectors Radioactive? And How do Smoke Detectors Work?

Branch Education 2022-09-29 | Check out pcbway.com for all kinds of PCBs, easy ordering, and quick delivery.
Take a look at their PCB Assembly, for an inexpensive population of the components on your PCBs.
You probably have a few smoke detectors throughout your house, but did you know that many designs of smoke detectors are radioactive? Well in this video we explore how smoke detectors work, and how they use the radioactive isotope Americium-241 to detect smoke. We'll also explore how Geiger counters work, and then how atoms of high atomic numbers are counterintuitively small. Smoke detectors are perfectly safe, and save lives. So make sure that they work on a regular basis.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Table of Contents:
00:00 - Introduction to Smoke Detectors.
00:42 - Components inside a Smoke Detector.
02:26 - How does a radioactive isotope detect smoke?
07:24 - What are the types of radiation?
08:42 - Why is Americium radioactive?
10:05 - How is Americium produced.
11:00 - Other types of smoke detectors.
12:00 - Notes on Smoke Detectors.
13:03 - PCBWay Sponsorship.
14:30 - The Counterintuitive size of atoms.
17:08 - How do Geiger Counters Work?

Key Branches from this video are: How does a Computer Mouse Work?

Erratum:
at 9min15sec - We talked about the strong nuclear force holding together the nucleus, which is accurate. However radioactive decay is a result of the weak nuclear force, which wasn't mentioned.

Note:
We recommend not taking apart the inside of a smoke detector. It is such a small amount of Americium, but if mishandled it can result in illness.

Animation: Mike Radjabov
Script, Modeling: Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Modeling: Prakash Kakadiya
Voice Over: Phil Lee
Sound Design: Luis Huesca

Animation built using Blender 3.2 blender.org

Image Credit:
Cloud Chamber of Am-241 - Kebukawan on commons.wikimedia.org.

References:
Background on Smoke Detectors nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/smoke-detectors.html

How do Smoke Detectors Work? home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement/household-safety/smoke.htm

Ionization Detectors circuitcellar.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/CC2011110601.pdf

Ionization vs Photoelectric nfpa.org/Public-Education/Staying-safe/Safety-equipment/Smoke-alarms/Ionization-vs-photoelectric

Smoke Detector Circuit electroschematics.com/smoke-detector-circuit

Wikipedia contributors. "Alpha Particle". "Americium-241". "Cloud Chamber". "Radioactive Decay". "Smoke Detector" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited September 2022

#SmokeDetector #Radioactive #HowStuffWorks

How does Starlink Satellite Internet Work?📡☄🖥

Branch Education 2022-08-19 | Go to http://brilliant.org/BranchEducation to sign up for free and expand your knowledge. The first 200 people will get 20% off their annual premium membership.
With Starlink internet, data is continuously being sent between a ground dish and a Starlink satellite orbiting 550km above. Furthermore, the Starlink satellite zooms across the sky at 27,000km/hr! How can the dish and satellite maintain a continuous connection? And then how is data sent back and forth? Well, in this video we're going to dive into the inner workings for the ground dish and Starlink satellites, and see how a beam of data is formed, how this beam is swept across the sky, and then finally what exactly is in that beam that allows for incredibly fast internet! This is an incredible feat of technology and engineering, so stick around!

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Table of Contents:
00:00 - Intro to Starlink
01:00 - Overview of Exploring Starlink
01:46 - Difference between Starlink and Broadcast Satellites
03:28 - Parts Inside a Dishy McFlatface
05:06 - How does an Aperture Couple Patch Antenna Work?
09:13 - Electromagnetic Wave Emission
12:45 - Forming a Beam that Reaches Space: Beamforming
15:22 - Brilliant
16:52 - Steering a Beam to Sweep Across the Sky
18:54 - Starlink: Phase Array Beam Steering
21:11 - Notes on Phased Array Beam Steering
22:24 - Sending Data in a Beam to the Starlink Satellite
23:27 - Innerworkings of 64QAM
26:02 - Actual Size of Starlink Dishy & EM Waves
26:55 - Images from the Starlink Patent
27:49 - Outro

Key Branches from this video are: How does Bluetooth Work?

Erratum:
At 2m50s, the orbits are inaccurate. The TV satellite should be in geostationary orbit moving in the same direction as the Earth. Furthermore, all the Starlink satellites should be orbiting West to East. Credit to Paul S.

Script, Modeling, Animation: Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Modeling: Prakash Kakadiya
Animation: Mike Radjabov
Voice Over: Phil Lee
Sound Design: www.drilu.mx
Sound Effects: Luis Zuleta
Sound Effects and Music Editor: David Pinete
Sound Effects: Raúl Núñez
Supervising Sound Editor and Mixer: Luis Huesca

Animation built using Blender 3.1.2 blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro

References:
Antenna Theory: antenna-theory.com

Distributed Phase Shifter Array System and Method [Starlink Patent]
patents.google.com/patent/US20180241122A1/en)..

Elon Musk's Starlink and Satellite Broadband dgtlinfra.com/elon-musk-starlink-and-satellite-broadband

SpaceX Filings with FCC https://fcc.report/IBFS/Company/Space-Exploration-Technologies-Corp-SpaceX

SpaceX Reveals More Starlink Info After Launch of First 60 Satellites techcrunch.com/2019/05/24/spacex-reveals-more-starlink-info-after-launch-of-first-60-satellites

Wikipedia contributors. "Antenna Types","Aperture(Antenna)" ,"Low Earth Orbit", "Patch Antenna", "Phased Array", "Starlink" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited August 2022

#Starlink #Satellite #Internet

Technology Size Comparison 🤯🤯 3D Animation

Branch Education 2022-06-17 | How small is a TRANSISTOR exactly? Companies like Intel and AMD talk about transistors being 2 or 3 nanometers large, but is that actually how small they are? In this video, we're going to zoom in on the smallest devices and technologies that drive our modern world.

If you're wondering why some devices are out of order in regards to size, here's the reason. The order of devices shown is primarily organized by decreasing size, however sometimes we prioritize the year in which the technology was commercialized, and then a couple times we order the objects based on the flow of the animation.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Credits:
Modeling, Animation & Editing: Mike Radjabov
Research: Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Sound Design: Luis Huesca & Luis Zuleta
Sound Design Website: http://drilu.mx/

Errata:
The DRAM 1T1C model is actually showing 2x 1T1C DRAM cells, and the actual dimension is half. The reason for this is that they share a bit line, and thus the base unit is 2x 1T1C DRAM cell.

Animation built using Blender 3.1 blender.org
#Technology #Transistor #Nanoscopic

How do Scroll Wheels Work? 🖱🛠🔬

Branch Education 2022-02-08 | Check out pcbway.com for all kinds of PCBs, easy ordering, and quick delivery.
Take a look at their PCB Assembly, for an inexpensive population of the components on your PCBs.
Have you ever scrolled a scroll wheel and wondered how it scrolls? Scroll is a rather strange word, isn't it? Anywho, in this video, we're going to explore the inside of a computer mouse and look at two different scroll wheels: an optical rotary encoder, and a magnetic rotational position sensor, and see how they are used to measure up and down rotational movement in a computer mouse scroll wheel. We're also going to explore the push button under the scroll wheel as well as the free-spinning vs. ratchet mode of the scroll wheel.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Modeling, Animation & Editing: Mike Radjabov
Script: Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Voice Over- Phil Lee
Additional Modeling: Prakash Kakadiya

Table of Contents:
00:00 - Intro
00:40 - Inside an Optical Scroll Wheel
02:46 - Direction of Rotation
03:37 - Inside a Magnetic Scroll Wheel
06:50 - Pushbuttons and Free Spinning Vs Ratchet Mode
09:08 - PCBWay
09:54 - Outro

Key Branches from this video are: Printed Circuit Boards, Lithium-Ion Batteries, Scroll Wheel, Bluetooth, Computer Mouse Image Sensor

Erratum:

Animation built using Blender 3.0 blender.org

Internet References:
Logitech MX Master 3 Teardown offers an Intriguing look at its new scroll wheel
theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2019/10/9/20906042/logitech-mx-master-3-teardown-bolt-magspeed-scroll-wheel-engineering

blog.bolt.io/logitech-mx-master-3-vs-2s

Fixing the Logitech MX Master Scroll Wheel
toemat.com/logitech-mx-master-fix

Details of the Image Sensor
pixart.com

Inside the Omron D2FC-F-7N Microswitch
gonnalearn.com/inside-omron-d2fc-f-7n-microswitch

What is Mouse DPI? Does DPI Matter?
http://xahlee.info/kbd/mouse_dpi.html

Logitech Mouse Review. Logitech MX Master Wireless Mouse. Packaging and Equipment
https://playfmrussia.ru/en/programmy/logitech-obzor-myshek-besprovodnaya-mysh-logitech-mx-master-upakovka-i.html

Razer Viper Gaming Mouse Review: Lefties Bestie, Righties' Meh-stie
tomshardware.com/reviews/razer-viper-mouse

Wikipedia contributors. "Computer Mouse" , Interpolation Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited October, 2021

Music Credits

#ComputerMouse #ScrollWheel #Mouse

How are Images Compressed? [46MB ↘↘ 4.07MB] JPEG In Depth

Branch Education 2021-12-23 | Go to http://brilliant.org/BranchEducation to sign up for free, and expand your knowledge. The first 200 people will get 20% off their annual premium membership.

You've probably saved 1000s of JPEG images, but do you know what exactly JPEG does? Our smartphones and cameras save images in JPEG format, furthermore, the majority of images you see on the internet are saved using JPEG compression. This format is everywhere, but do you know exactly how it works? Well in this video we're going to explore the JPEG compression format. This is a rather complicated video, so it may take watching it a few times through to understand it all.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Script, Modeling, Animation: Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Voice Over- Phil Lee
Nature Photography- Tobias Karlsson

Table of Contents:
00:00 - Intro into JPEG
01:24 - What does JPEG do?
02:35 - What are the Steps of JPEG?
04:06 - Color Space Conversion
06:06 - Discrete Cosine Transform
09:32 - Quantization
11:02- Run Length and Huffman Encoding
12:04 - H.264 Video Compression
13:25 - Rebuilding an Image
15:01 - Notes and Caveats on JPEG
17:06 - Sponsored by Brilliant
18:20 - Outro

Key Branches from this video are: How does a Camera Work? How do SSDs Work?

Erratum:
Tulips are not the same as Lillies.

Animation built using Blender 3.0.0 blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro

References:
A Trip Through the Graphics Pipeline 2011: Index
fgiesen.wordpress.com/2011/07/09/a-trip-through-the-graphics-pipeline-2011-index

DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform)
asecuritysite.com/comms/dct2

H.264 is Magic
sidbala.com/h-264-is-magic

How JPEG Works
cgjennings.ca/articles/jpeg-compression

Jack, Keith. Video Demystified. Fifth Edition. Elsevier 2007.

JPEG 101 - How does JPEG Work?
arjunsreedharan.org/post/146070390717/jpeg-101-how-does-jpeg-work

JPEG: Image Compression Algorithm
http://pi.math.cornell.edu/~web6140/TopTenAlgorithms/JPEG.html

What is H.264?
streamingmedia.com/Articles/Editorial/What-Is-.../What-Is-H.264-74735.aspx?utm_source=related_articles&utm_medium=gutenberg&utm_campaign=editors_selection

Wikipedia contributors. "Chroma Subsampling", "Chrominance", "Chroma Subsampling", "Discrete Cosine Transform", , "JPEG" , "
Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited December, 2021

Music Credits
Kindred

#JPEG #Camera #Picture

How does a Mouse know when you move it? || How Does a Computer Mouse Work?

Branch Education 2021-10-16 | You've probably used a mouse today. But do you know how it works?
Check out pcbway.com for all kinds of PCBs, easy ordering, and quick delivery. Take a look at their PCB Assembly, for an inexpensive population of the components on your PCBs.

In this video, we explore the different parts of a computer mouse and we'll focus on the optical navigation system. Specifically, we'll look at how exactly computer mice can track their movement on a mouse pad. Finally, we take a look at the difference between gaming mice and normal mice, and we explore DPI or dots per inch and how different mice have different amounts of DPI.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Animation & Modeling: Mike Radjabov
Modeling: Prakash Kakadiya
Script: Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Voice Over- Phil Lee

Table of Contents:
00:00 - Inside of a Computer Mouse
00:43 - Image Sensor
03:16 - Cross-Correlation Algorithm
05:42 - Gaming Mice vs Normal Mice
06:50 - What exactly is DPI or Dots Per inch?
07:43 - How do we reach 25,000 DPI?
09:29 - Specs of different computer mice
10:39 - PCBWay Sponsored Segment
11:23 - Outro

Key Branches from this video are: Printed Circuit Boards, Lithium-Ion Batteries, Scroll Wheel, Bluetooth

Erratum:

Animation built using Blender 2.90.1 blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro

Internet References:
Logitech MX Master 3 Teardown offers an Intriguing look at its new scroll wheel
theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2019/10/9/20906042/logitech-mx-master-3-teardown-bolt-magspeed-scroll-wheel-engineering

blog.bolt.io/logitech-mx-master-3-vs-2s

Fixing the Logitech MX Master Scroll Wheel
toemat.com/logitech-mx-master-fix

Details of the Image Sensor
pixart.com

Inside the Omron D2FC-F-7N Microswitch
gonnalearn.com/inside-omron-d2fc-f-7n-microswitch

What is Mouse DPI? Does DPI Matter?
http://xahlee.info/kbd/mouse_dpi.html

Logitech Mouse Review. Logitech MX Master Wireless Mouse. Packaging and Equipment
https://playfmrussia.ru/en/programmy/logitech-obzor-myshek-besprovodnaya-mysh-logitech-mx-master-upakovka-i.html

Razer Viper Gaming Mouse Review: Lefties Bestie, Righties' Meh-stie
tomshardware.com/reviews/razer-viper-mouse

Wikipedia contributors. "Computer Mouse" , Interpolation Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited October, 2021

Music Credits
Kindred

#ComputerMouse #HowItWorks #Mouse

How do Mechanical Pencils Work? #shorts

Branch Education 2021-09-20 | We've all used mechanical pencils, but have you ever wondered how they work? It's pretty simple overall, but in this video, I wanted to explore the fingers or collet and ring interaction. The interaction between the two makes it such that the lead goes outward more than it returns.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Script: Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Voice Over: Phil Lee

Table of Contents:
00:00 - How Mechanical Pencils Work
00:37 - Clicking Sound
00:48 - Resetting the Mechanical Pencil

Erratum:

Animation built using Blender 2.90.1 blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro

#MechanicalPencil #Shorts #Animation

3-Way Light Switches Explained!! Engineering Inside Light Switches and How They Work

Branch Education 2021-07-28 | How do 3-Way Light Switches Work? Also, let's look at 4-Way Switches, and Basic Light Switches!
Check out pcbway.com for all kinds of PCBs, easy ordering, and quick delivery.
Take a look at their PCB Assembly, for an inexpensive population of the components on your PCBs.

We use light switches every day, and yet have you ever seen the inside of one? In this video we open up 3 types of light switches: the basic light switch, 3-Way light switches, and 4-Way light switches. We also explore how they can be wired together to turn on one or multiple lights.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Script, Modelling, Animation, Editing- Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Voice Over- Phil Lee

Table of Contents:
00:00 - Intro on Light Switches
00:38 - Basic Light Switch
02:39 - 3-Way Switches & Multiway Switches
04:30 - 4-Way Switches
05:48 - Designs & Installation
06:51 - Outro

Erratum:

Animation built using Blender 2.90.1 blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro

Wikipedia contributors. "Light Switch", "Multiway Switching" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited July, 2021

Music Credits

#LightSwitch #BranchEducation #MultiwayLightSwitch

How do Soap Bottle Pumps Work? || Inside Animation of a Soap Pump Dispenser

Branch Education 2021-07-16 | We probably use a soap pump dispenser multiple times a day, and yet have you ever wondered what it looked like on the inside? In this video, we'll explore the operation of a soap bottle pump dispenser and see exactly how it works.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Script: Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Voice Over: Phil Lee
Modeling & Animation: Mike Radjabov

Table of Contents:
00:00 - Intro
00:07 - Pressing Down on a Pump Dispenser
00:33 - Releasing the Soap Dispenser

Erratum:

Animation built using Blender 2.90.1 blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro

This video is also being submitted to the Veritasium Contest.

#VeritasiumContest

How does Bluetooth Work?

Branch Education 2021-05-19 | A ton of your devices use Bluetooth to communicate wirelessly. But how does Bluetooth work? In this video, we'll dive into the details of how your smartphone sends audio to your wireless headphones. Bluetooth is rather complicated and thus we're going to use a number of analogies and tools to explain it fully.

This video is sponsored by KIOXIA. Visit KIOXIA's website to see their lineup of solid-state drives:
www.kioxia.com

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

This video is part of a series that explores how wireless headphones work.
1) Audio Codecs youtu.be/_ZKNOKHpqE4
2) Noise Cancellation youtu.be/VIi04uD8LtY

Script, Modelling, Animation, Editing- Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Voice Over- Phil Lee

Table of Contents:
00:00 - How does Bluetooth Work?
00:37 - Traffic Lights
01:26 - 2.4GHz Spectrum
02:44 - Issues with the Bluetooth Visualization
05:56 - Details behind Bluetooth
07:30 - Bluetooth Packets
08:27 - Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
10:58 - Noise in the 2.4GHz Spectrum
13:05 - Bluetooth Signal Integrity
14:21 - Sponsored Segment
15:33 - Frequency Shift Keying & Phase Shift Keying
18:16 - More Details on Scheduling & Packets
20:43 - Outro

Key Branches from this video are: Wireless Headphones & Audio Codecs, Noise Cancellation

Erratum:

Animation built using Blender 2.90.1 blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro

Additional Patreon / YouTube Member Credits Not Shown in the Video:
Adit Kaul

Credits:
Wikipedia contributors. "Bluetooth", "Frequency-Shift Keying" , "Phase-Shift Keying" , "Wireless" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited May, 2021

Music Credits
Sunburst, Tobu & Itro is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License
http://www.7obu.com
youtube.com/watch?v=4lXBHD5C8do

#Bluetooth #Wireless #Headphones

How does this SSD store 8TB of Data? || Inside the Engineering of Solid-State Drive Architecture

Branch Education 2021-03-21 | Imagine storing every single video, movie, and picture you have ever seen in your entire life on a single solid-state drive. Well, these high-end solid-state drives [30TB] can do that. But how can SSDs organize so much information? Well in this video we answer that question, and we go over the logistics involved in storing terabytes of data.

This video is sponsored by KIOXIA. Visit KIOXIA's website to see their lineup of solid-state drives:
www.kioxia.com

This video is part of a series that intends to thoroughly explain how SSDs, and more specifically how 3D NAND works. These are the episodes in the series:
1) Organization of Blocks, Pages, and Memory Cells: youtu.be/5Mh3o886qpg
2) How is information written to a memory cell? youtu.be/5f2xOxRGKqk
3) How is information read from a cell? youtu.be/YtBysgPOKx4

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Script, Modelling, Animation, Editing- Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Voice Over- Phil Lee

Table of Contents:
00:00 - Visualizing an 8TB SSD
01:25 - Flash NAND Microchips
02:59 - SSD Controller
03:38 - Memory Channel
04:22 - Example of Reading or Writing a File
05:38 - Sectors of Memory
05:58 - Translation Table
06:57 - Super Page & Super Blocks
08:16 - Other Videos on SSDs
08:37 - Sponsored Segment
09:16 - Thank You to our Patreon & YouTube Membership Sponsors.

Key Branches from this video are: Microchips, CPUs, Integrated Circuits, the other SSD videos

Erratum:

Animation built using Blender 2.90.1 blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro

Book References:
Aritome, Seiichi. (2015). NAND flash memory technologies. IEEE Press Series on Microelectronic Systems. Wiley. [2nd most useful resource]

Cai, Yu et al. (2013) Threshold Voltage Distribution in MLC NAND Flash Memory: Characterization Analysis, and Modeling. 2013 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition. IEEE.

Micheloni, Rino. Marelli, Alessia. Eshghi, Kam. (2018) Inside solid state drives (SSDs) Second edition. Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics Volume 37. Springer. [Most useful resource]

Micheloni, Rino. (2017) Solid-state-drives (SSDs) Modeling, Simulation tools & strategies. Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics Volume 58. Springer

Micheloni, Rino (2016) 3D flash memories. Springer.

Pierret, Robert F. (1996) Semiconductor Device Fundamentals. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

Prince, Betty. (2014) Vertical 3D Memory Technologies. Wiley

Internet References:
Crisp, Simon. (29/01/2018) Samsung SSD860 PRO 4TB SSD Review. Kitguru.net
kitguru.net/components/ssd-drives/simon-crisp/samsung-ssd860-pro-4tb-ssd-review/all/1 (Accessed 07/05/2020)

KIOXIA, Business Products, Enterprise SSD. business.kioxia.com/en-us/ssd/enterprise-ssd.html (Accessed09/30/2020)

Mellor, Chris. (28/07/2016) QLC flash istricky stuff to make and use, so here's a primer. TheRegister.co.uk
theregister.co.uk/2016/07/28/qlc_flash_primer (Accessed 07/05/2020)

Samsung Website. Samsung 1TB Details and Specifications www.samsung.com
samsung.com/us/computing/memory-storage/solid-state-drives/ssd-860-evo-2-5--sata-iii-1tb-mz-76e1t0b-am (Accessed 07/05/2020)

Shah, Dhiram. (27/02/2019) Samsung Begins Mass Production of Frist 512 GB eUFS3.0 for Next-Generation Mobile Devices. Fareastgizmos.com
fareastgizmos.com/smartphone/samsung-begins-mass-production-of-first-512gb-eufs-3-0-for-next-generation-mobile-devices.php (Accessed 07/05/2020)

Wikipedia contributors. "Charge Trap Flash." "Flash Memory." "Floating-gate Mosfet." "Samsung Electronics." "Solid-State drive." "Solid-state storage." "Three-dimensional integrated circuit." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited May, 2020

Yoon, Alex. (15/02/2018) Understanding Memory, An inside look at different memory types and how they work. Semiengineering.com
semiengineering.com/whats-really-happening-inside-memory (Accessed 07/05/2020)

#SSD #FLASH #3DNAND

How Do Noise Canceling Headphones Work?

Branch Education 2021-02-19 | The engineering inside noise-canceling headphones is rather intricate. Let's see how.
Check out pcbway.com for all kinds of PCBs, easy ordering, and quick delivery.
Take a look at their PCB Assembly, for an inexpensive population of the components on your PCBs.

Noise is all around us, so how have engineers designed headphones that eliminate it? Well in this video we explore the physics of active noise-canceling headphones, and how noise can be removed from the environment using technology.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Modeling, Animation, Script, Editing- Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Voice Over- Phil Lee

Table of Contents:
00:00 - Let's See Inside Noise Cancellation
00:23 - Noise Cancellation in a Nutshell
00:53 - Turning Waves into Compressions and Rarefactions
01:16 - The Example of Removing the Noise from Traffic
02:14 - Issues with Noise Cancellation, Insulation
02:42 - The 2nd Issue: Frequency
03:49 - 3rd Issue: Adding in the music
04:27 - Parts of the Wireless Earbuds
04:44 - Sponsor: PCBWay
05:09 - Why we use the AirPods 2

Key Branches from this video are: Speakers, How does sound work?, How does sound travel?, Audio Codecs

Erratum:

Animation built using Blender 2.90.1 blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro

Internet References:
Denenberg, Jeffrey N. Noise Cancellation: Quieting the Environment http://doctord.dyndns.org/Pubs/POTENT.htm

Triggs, Robert. Active Noise-Canceling (ANC) Technology Types Explained soundguys.com/noise-canceling-anc-explained-28344

Wikipedia contributors. "Active Noise Cancellation" , "Compression", " Pressure Wave", "Rarefaction". Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited November, 2020

#NoiseCancellation #Earbuds #AirPods

The Engineering Inside Wireless Earbuds || How do Wireless Earbuds and Audio Codecs Work?

Branch Education 2020-12-13 | Let's take apart these wireless earbuds [Apple AirPods 2] and see all the components. Then we'll explore audio codecs and the world of digital audio, and see how it all works.
Check out pcbway.com for all kinds of PCBs, easy ordering, and quick delivery.
Take a look at their PCB Assembly, for an inexpensive population of the components on your PCBs.
For a holiday season discount, check out pcbway.com/activity/xmas2020sales.html

This video explores the inner workings of wireless earbuds and specifically, we'll explore these Apple AirPods 2. We'll give you a general overview of how these earbuds work, and then dive into how Audio is represented digitally. We'll dive even deeper into Audio sampling rates, and audio bit depth. Finally, we'll give a brief overview of audio file formats.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Modeling, Animation- Victor Duarte (@victorvdr9) Digital Artist. http://www.victorvdr9.artstation.com
Script, Editing- Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Voice Over- Phil Lee

Table of Contents:
00:00 - Exploring Wireless Earbuds
02:18 - All the Components inside Apple AirPods 2
04:41 - How Wireless Earbuds Work
06:14 - What are Codecs?
08:47 - Sampling Frequency & Bit depth
15:21 - Audio File Formats .mp3 .flac
16:46 - Wrap Up!

Key Branches from this video are: Speakers, How does sound work?, How does sound travel?

Erratum:

Animation built using Blender 2.90.1 blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro

Internet References:
Audio Codecs and Audio Data Converter Ics www.maximintegrated.com/en/products/analog/audio/audio-codecs-and-audio-data-converter-ics.html

Audio File Size Calculator
toolstud.io/video/audiosize.php?samplerate=44100&sampledepth=24&channelcount=2&timeduration=60&timeunit=seconds

Dempsey, Joe. "How do MP3 and WAV Files differ?" Studio . www.dawsons.co.uk/blog/how-do-mp3-and-wav-files-differ

Wikipedia contributors. "Analog Signal". "Audio Bit Depth". "Audio Coding Format". "Bit Rate". "Codec". "Compact Disc Digital Audio". "Digital Audio". "MP3". "Nyquist-Shannon Sampling Theorem". "Pulse-Code Modulation". "Sampling Rate". "Sampling (Signal processing)". Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited November, 2020

#Wireless #Earbuds #AirPods

How do Smartphone CPUs Work? || Inside the System on a Chip

Branch Education 2020-11-24 | Ever wonder how the operator in your smartphone works?
For your next PCB design, check out Gerber Labs: They provide high quality, quick turnaround PCBs
gerberlabs.com
Use the discount code BranchEducation15 to save 15% on your next order!

In this video we explore the primary processor or the System on a Chip or SoC which is essentially the brain of your smartphone. We'll explore the different sections of the SoC and then see how data moves around. Next, we'll explore what happens when you take a picture, and how the SoC processes this data. Following that, we'll take a look at the CPU section, and finally, we'll see how these SoC are designed and manufactured.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Script, Modelling, Animation, Editing- Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Voice Over- Phil Lee

Table of Contents:
00:00 - The Magic of the SoC
01:13 - Layout of this Episode
02:07 - Notes & Details of the SoC
05:15 - All the Sections of the System on a Chip
08:47 - Processing an Image on the SoC
15:54 - Thank you Gerber Labs
16:40 - Inside the CPU Block
18:59 - Designing and Manufacturing the System on a Chip
22:41 - What it looks like form a nanoscopic view
23:38 - Wrap-up

Key Branches from this video are: Microchips, CPUs, Integrated Circuits,

Erratum:
12min 10sec- Enligsh should be English! Ugh such a blunder. Maybe it's a test to see who reads the footnotes. And then another test to see who reads the erratum...

Animation built using Blender 2.90.1 blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro

Model References: Blend Swap: Yohello

Book References:

Abderazek, Ben Abdallah. Advanced Multicore System-On-Chip, Architecture, on-Chip Network, Design. Springer

ARM, Arm Cortex-177 Core Technical Reference Manual Revisions r1p1

Birger, Maxim. Snapdragon Platforms overview feat. MSM7x30 chipset.

Codrescu, Lucian. Qualcomm Hexagon DSP: An Architecture optimized for mobile multimedia and communications. Qualcomm Technologies

Pulli, Kari. VP Computational Imaging Light. Camera Processing Pipeline

Santanu, Kundu. Santanu, Chattopadhyay. Network-On-Chip. CRC Press.

Veena S. Chakravarthi. A Practical Approach to VLSI System on Chip (SoC) Design. Springer

Yang, Kent. PoP Details.

Music Attribution:
Sunburst, Tobu & Itro is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License
http://www.7obu.com
youtube.com/watch?v=4lXBHD5C8do

Internet References:

Tech Insights, Apple iPhone 11 Pro Max Teardown: techinsights.com/blog/apple-iphone-11-pro-max-teardown

Anand Tech anandtech.com

Die Photos from Birdman 86, Pauli Rautakorpi: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:ListFiles/Birdman86

Wiki Chips: en.wikichip.org/wiki/apple/ax/a12

Processor Die Photos: http://www.qdpma.com/CPU/CPU.html

Wikipedia contributors. "System on A Chip" "ARM" "Samsung Electronics." "ARM Architecture" "Reduced Instruction Set Computer" "Dynamic Random Access Memory" "Semiconductor device fabrication" "Color Depth" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited November 2020

Model Attribution: Blend Swap: Clock Creator Yohello

#CPU #TRANSISTOR #SoC

How does NAND Flash Work? Reading from TLC : Triple Level Cells || Exploring Solid State Drives

Branch Education 2020-09-30 | You can hold all the data in the American Library of Congress AND all the data from Wikipedia on a small stack of solid-state drives especially considering a single SSD's capacity can reach up to 30 TB of data. In this video, we'll explore how tens of terabytes can be crammed into such a small space. This technology is called 3D NAND, and specifically, we'll explore the physics and concepts on how 3 bits of information can be written to and read from individual cells.

Video Sponsor: Visit KIOXIA's website to see their lineup of solid-state drives:
business.kioxia.com/en-us/ssd/enterprise-ssd/cm6-r.html

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Script, Modelling, Animation, Editing- Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Voice Over- Phil Lee

Table of Contents:
00:00 - Setting up the Puzzle
01:26 - Microchips in the SSD
02:00 - Layout of Millions of Memory Cells
03:20 - What's a Threshold Voltage?
04:53 - Function of the Charge Trap
06:05 - Quick Recap
06:37 - Storing 1 Bit of Info
08:12 - Exploring a KIOXIA SSD
09:21 - Storing 3 Bits of Information
11:04 - Storing Information in Pages
12:16 - Wrap-up

This video is part of a series that intends to thoroughly explain how SSDs, and more specifically how 3D NAND works. These are the episodes in the series:
1) Overview of SSDs and 3D NAND: youtu.be/5Mh3o886qpg
2) Abridged overview of SSDs: youtu.be/E7Up7VuFd8A
3) How information is written to a cell: youtu.be/5f2xOxRGKqk

Key Branches from this video are Microchips, CPUs, Integrated Circuits,

Erratum:
6min 49sec: Right side note should be "A LOT of extra"

Animation built using Blender 2.82a blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro

Book References:
Aritome, Seiichi. (2015). NAND flash memory technologies. IEEE Press Series on Microelectronic Systems. Wiley. [2nd most useful resource]

Cai, Yu et al. (2013) Threshold Voltage Distribution in MLC NAND Flash Memory: Characterization Analysis, and Modeling. 2013 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition. IEEE.

Micheloni, Rino. Marelli, Alessia. Eshghi, Kam. (2018) Inside solid state drives (SSDs) Second edition. Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics Volume 37. Springer. [Most useful resource]

Micheloni, Rino. (2017) Solid-state-drives (SSDs) Modeling, Simulation tools & strategies. Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics Volume 58. Springer

Micheloni, Rino (2016) 3D flash memories. Springer.

Pierret, Robert F. (1996) Semiconductor Device Fundamentals. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

Prince, Betty. (2014) Vertical 3D Memory Technologies. Wiley

Internet References:
Crisp, Simon. (29/01/2018) Samsung SSD860 PRO 4TB SSD Review. Kitguru.net
kitguru.net/components/ssd-drives/simon-crisp/samsung-ssd860-pro-4tb-ssd-review/all/1 (Accessed 07/05/2020)

KIOXIA, Business Products, Enterprise SSD. business.kioxia.com/en-us/ssd/enterprise-ssd.html (Accessed09/30/2020)

Mellor, Chris. (28/07/2016) QLC flash istricky stuff to make and use, so here's a primer. TheRegister.co.uk
theregister.co.uk/2016/07/28/qlc_flash_primer (Accessed 07/05/2020)

Samsung Website. Samsung 1TB Details and Specifications www.samsung.com
samsung.com/us/computing/memory-storage/solid-state-drives/ssd-860-evo-2-5--sata-iii-1tb-mz-76e1t0b-am (Accessed 07/05/2020)

Shah, Dhiram. (27/02/2019) Samsung Begins Mass Production of Frist 512 GB eUFS3.0 for Next-Generation Mobile Devices. Fareastgizmos.com
fareastgizmos.com/smartphone/samsung-begins-mass-production-of-first-512gb-eufs-3-0-for-next-generation-mobile-devices.php (Accessed 07/05/2020)

Wikipedia contributors. "Charge Trap Flash." "Flash Memory." "Floating-gate Mosfet." "Samsung Electronics." "Solid-State drive." "Solid-state storage." "Three-dimensional integrated circuit." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited May, 2020

Yoon, Alex. (15/02/2018) Understanding Memory, An inside look at different memory types and how they work. Semiengineering.com
semiengineering.com/whats-really-happening-inside-memory (Accessed 07/05/2020)

#SSD #VNAND #3DNAND

How do Video Game Controllers Work? || Exploring a PS4 Game Controller

Branch Education 2020-08-12 | Almost all the console video games you play use this small metal disk. But where is it located and what does it do? In this video, we will open a PlayStation 4 Dualshock video game controller and see how the buttons and analog sticks work! This controller is similar to a PlayStation 5 [PS5], a Nintendo Switch Joy Con, or an Xbox X Series video game controller.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Timestamps:
00:00 - Intro
01:10 - Parts of a PS4/PS5 Video Game Controller
03:08 - How do Buttons Work?
04:51 - How do Analog Sticks Work?
08:08 - Outro

You can find additional Creator's Comments in the English (Canada) Subtitles
You can find an additional puzzle in the English (Ireland) Subtitles. Prizes will be awarded to those who successfully submit their solution of this additional puzzle to brancheducatepuzzle@gmail.com

If you're interested in modeling, making animated videos, or playing around with this PS4 video game controller model, you can purchase the models here: blendermarket.com/products/ps4-controller-teardown

To use the models you will also have to install Blender, a free animation software which you can find here:
blender.org Animation built using Blender 2.82a

Website: www.branch.education
Written, animated, and edited- Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Voice Over- Phil Lee
Controller Modelling - Victor Duarte artstation.com/victorvdr9
youtube.com/user/victormen9

Key Branches from this video are: PCBs, Electronics, Resistors, Potentiometers, Push Buttons

Erratum:
Housing is misspelled as Houseing 5min 10sec in.

Work Cited:

Eleccelerator Wiki. "DualShock4". http://eleccelerator.com/wiki/index.php?title=DualShock_4#Flexible_Film_Pin_Mapping

PS4's DualShock 4 Controller Teardown. imgur.com/a/ytRW5

PSDevWiki. "DualShock 4" psdevwiki.com/ps4/DualShock_4

Active-High Vs Active-Low Button. Vinctronics http://vinduino.blogspot.com/2013/07/active-high-vs-active-low-button.html

Wikipedia contributors. "Dual Shock." "Potentiometer." "Push Button." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited August, 2020

#PlayStation #Controller #Engineering

The Engineering Puzzle of Storing Trillions of Bits in your Smartphone / SSD using Quantum Mechanics

Branch Education 2020-07-02 | It's a puzzle as to how your smartphone or the solid-state drive in your laptop can store gigabytes to terabytes of data by the click of a button! It's amazing that your devices work flawlessly, and the information doesn't leak out. In this video, we'll learn how scientists and engineers use quantum mechanics to store this information reliably. We'll take a look on the inside of the 3D NAND technology, and see an application of quantum mechanics- specifically quantum tunneling.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

0:35 - Where is the storage microchip in your Smartphone?
1:12 - Inside the memory storage microchip.
2:08 - Exploring the walls of the charge trap.
3:00 - Writing information to a memory cell.
3:48 - How Quantum Mechanics is applied to writing to a memory cell.
5:30 - Dimensions of a memory cell.
6:24 - Memory cells DO lose their data... over time.
6:49 - Wrapping up

Written, animated, and edited- Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Voice Over- Phil Lee

This video is part of a series that intends to thoroughly explain how SSDs, and more specifically how VNAND works. These are the episodes in the series:
1) [18min] Overview on how SSDs / VNAND / Smartphone storage works.
2) [3min] Quick/Abridged episode of the overview
3) [7.5min] Writing to a memory cell using Quantum Mechanics
4) Reading from a charge trap flash memory cell.
5) How strings of memory cells work (details on a stack of memory cells)
6) How a massive array of memory cells are organized. (Terabit Cell Array Transistor, TCAT)
7) SSD Architecture
8) How is VNAND manufactured?

Key Branches from this video are: Microchips, CPUs, Integrated Circuits, SSDs

Erratum:

Animation built using Blender 2.82a blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro

Book References:
Aritome, Seiichi. (2015). NAND flash memory technologies. IEEE Press Series on Microelectronic Systems. Wiley. [2nd most useful resource]

Cai, Yu et al. (2013) Threshold Voltage Distribution in MLC NAND Flash Memory: Characterization Analysis, and Modeling. 2013 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition. IEEE.

Micheloni, Rino. Marelli, Alessia. Eshghi, Kam. (2018) Inside solid state drives (SSDs) Second edition. Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics Volume 37. Springer. [Most useful resource]

Micheloni, Rino. (2017) Solid-state-drives (SSDs) Modeling, Simulation tools & strategies. Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics Volume 58. Springer

Micheloni, Rino (2016) 3D flash memories. Springer.

Pierret, Robert F. (1996) Semiconductor Device Fundamentals. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

Prince, Betty. (2014) Vertical 3D Memory Technologies. Wiley

Internet References:
Crisp, Simon. (29/01/2018) Samsung SSD860 PRO 4TB SSD Review. Kitguru.net
kitguru.net/components/ssd-drives/simon-crisp/samsung-ssd860-pro-4tb-ssd-review/all/1 (Accessed 07/05/2020)

Mellor, Chris. (28/07/2016) QLC flash istricky stuff to make and use, so here's a primer. TheRegister.co.uk
theregister.co.uk/2016/07/28/qlc_flash_primer (Accessed 07/05/2020)

Samsung Website. Samsung 1TB Details and Specifications www.samsung.com
samsung.com/us/computing/memory-storage/solid-state-drives/ssd-860-evo-2-5--sata-iii-1tb-mz-76e1t0b-am (Accessed 07/05/2020)

Shah, Dhiram. (27/02/2019) Samsung Begins Mass Production of Frist 512 GB eUFS3.0 for Next-Generation Mobile Devices. Fareastgizmos.com
fareastgizmos.com/smartphone/samsung-begins-mass-production-of-first-512gb-eufs-3-0-for-next-generation-mobile-devices.php (Accessed 07/05/2020)

Wikipedia contributors. "Charge Trap Flash." "Flash Memory." "Floating-gate Mosfet." "Samsung Electronics." "Solid-State drive." "Solid-state storage." "Three-dimensional integrated circuit." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited May, 2020

Yoon, Alex. (15/02/2018) Understanding Memory, An inside look at different memory types and how they work. Semiengineering.com
semiengineering.com/whats-really-happening-inside-memory (Accessed 07/05/2020)

#SSD #VNAND #Quantum

How do SSDs Work? How to fit 3 WEEKS of TV in a microchip the size of a dime!! Explained in 3min.

Branch Education 2020-05-11 | Have you spent the last 3 weeks binging TV shows? How do microchips inside your smartphone, laptop, or table store 3 weeks [1 Terabyte] of information in a space the size of a dime?
This quick explanation is an abridged version of the full 18 minute video found here:

youtu.be/5Mh3o886qpg

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Written, animated, and edited- Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Voice Over- Phil Lee

This video is part of a series that intends to thoroughly explain how SSDs, and more specifically how VNAND works. These are the episodes in the series:
1) [18min] Overview on how SSDs / VNAND / Smartphone storage works.
2) [3min] Quick/Abridged episode of the overview
3) How charge trap flash works. (details on a single memory cell)
4) How strings of memory cells work (details on a stack of memory cells)
5) How a massive array of memory cells are organized. (Terabit Cell Array Transistor, TCAT)
6) How is VNAND manufactured?
7) Possible episode on an analogy using a city & apartments to explain VNAND.

Key Branches from this video are: Microchips, CPUs, Integrated Circuits,

Erratum:

Animation built using Blender 2.82a blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro

Book References:
Aritome, Seiichi. (2015). NAND flash memory technologies. IEEE Press Series on Microelectronic Systems. Wiley. [2nd most useful resource]

Cai, Yu et al. (2013) Threshold Voltage Distribution in MLC NAND Flash Memory: Characterization Analysis, and Modeling. 2013 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition. IEEE.

Micheloni, Rino. Marelli, Alessia. Eshghi, Kam. (2018) Inside solid state drives (SSDs) Second edition. Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics Volume 37. Springer. [Most useful resource]

Micheloni, Rino. (2017) Solid-state-drives (SSDs) Modeling, Simulation tools & strategies. Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics Volume 58. Springer

Micheloni, Rino (2016) 3D flash memories. Springer.

Pierret, Robert F. (1996) Semiconductor Device Fundamentals. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

Prince, Betty. (2014) Vertical 3D Memory Technologies. Wiley

Internet References:
Crisp, Simon. (29/01/2018) Samsung SSD860 PRO 4TB SSD Review. Kitguru.net
kitguru.net/components/ssd-drives/simon-crisp/samsung-ssd860-pro-4tb-ssd-review/all/1 (Accessed 07/05/2020)

Mellor, Chris. (28/07/2016) QLC flash istricky stuff to make and use, so here's a primer. TheRegister.co.uk
theregister.co.uk/2016/07/28/qlc_flash_primer (Accessed 07/05/2020)

Samsung Website. Samsung 1TB Details and Specifications www.samsung.com
samsung.com/us/computing/memory-storage/solid-state-drives/ssd-860-evo-2-5--sata-iii-1tb-mz-76e1t0b-am (Accessed 07/05/2020)

Samsung Newsroom, Korea. (08/06/2019) Samsung Electronics Takes 3D Memory to New Heights with Sixth-Generation V-NAND SSDs for Client Computing. News.samsung.com
news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-takes-3d-memory-to-new-heights-with-sixth-generation-v-nand-ssds-for-client-computing (Accessed 07/05/2020)

Samsung Newsroom, Korea. (07/08/2018) Samsung Electronics Starts Mass Production of Industry's First 4-bit Consumer SSD. News.Samsung.com
news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-starts-mass-production-of-industrys-first-4-bit-consumer-ssd (Accessed 07/05/2020)

Shah, Dhiram. (27/02/2019) Samsung Begins Mass Production of Frist 512 GB eUFS3.0 for Next-Generation Mobile Devices. Fareastgizmos.com
fareastgizmos.com/smartphone/samsung-begins-mass-production-of-first-512gb-eufs-3-0-for-next-generation-mobile-devices.php (Accessed 07/05/2020)

Wikipedia contributors. "Charge Trap Flash." "Flash Memory." "Floating-gate Mosfet." "Samsung Electronics." "Solid-State drive." "Solid-state storage." "Three-dimensional integrated circuit." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited May, 2020

Yoon, Alex. (15/02/2018) Understanding Memory, An inside look at different memory types and how they work. Semiengineering.com
semiengineering.com/whats-really-happening-inside-memory (Accessed 07/05/2020)

#SSD #VNAND #Microchip

How do SSDs Work? | How does your Smartphone store data? | Insanely Complex Nanoscopic Structures!

Branch Education 2020-05-08 | Have you ever wondered how your smartphone can store countless pictures, songs, or videos? Or, have you wondered when you download a podcast to your smartphone, where does it actually get stored? In this video, we will open up your smartphone and take a look at the inside of the memory storage microchip. This same microchip is also used to store data in solid-state drives, or SSDs in your computer, in tablets, and inside flash drives. The technology is called VNAND or V-NAND, and it's incredible how engineers were able to fit such an insane amount of memory storage capacity in such a small space.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Written, animated, and edited- Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Voice Over- Phil Lee

Timestamps:
0:00 - Intro into SSDs
2:06 - Example of Saving a Picture
4:17 - Pixel Calculations
5:19 - Single Memory Cell
7:59 - Vertical Strings and Pages
10:34 - Control Gates of VNAND
12:00 - Calculations of Example Array
13:09 - True size of an SSD microchip
14:50 - Overall chip in an SSD
16:07 - Outro
16:32 - Creator's comments
16:54 - Future Episodes

This video is part of a series that intends to thoroughly explain how SSDs, and more specifically how VNAND works. These are the episodes in the series:
1) [18min] Overview on how SSDs / VNAND / Smartphone storage works.
2) [3min] Quick/Abridged episode of the overview
3) How charge trap flash works. (details on a single memory cell)
4) How strings of memory cells work (details on a stack of memory cells)
5) How a massive array of memory cells are organized. (Terabit Cell Array Transistor, TCAT)
6) How is VNAND manufactured?
7) Possible episode on an analogy using a city & apartments to explain VNAND.

Key Branches from this video are: Microchips, CPUs, Integrated Circuits,

Erratum:

Animation built using Blender 2.82a blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro

Book References:
Aritome, Seiichi. (2015). NAND flash memory technologies. IEEE Press Series on Microelectronic Systems. Wiley. [2nd most useful resource]

Cai, Yu et al. (2013) Threshold Voltage Distribution in MLC NAND Flash Memory: Characterization Analysis, and Modeling. 2013 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition. IEEE.

Micheloni, Rino. Marelli, Alessia. Eshghi, Kam. (2018) Inside solid state drives (SSDs) Second edition. Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics Volume 37. Springer.

Micheloni, Rino. (2017) Solid-state-drives (SSDs) Modeling, Simulation tools & strategies. Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics Volume 58. Springer

Micheloni, Rino. Crippa, Luca. (2016) 3D flash memories. Springer. [Chapter 4- Most useful resource]

Pierret, Robert F. (1996) Semiconductor Device Fundamentals. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

Prince, Betty. (2014) Vertical 3D Memory Technologies. Wiley

Internet References:
Crisp, Simon. (29/01/2018) Samsung SSD860 PRO 4TB SSD Review. Kitguru.net
kitguru.net/components/ssd-drives/simon-crisp/samsung-ssd860-pro-4tb-ssd-review/all/1 (Accessed 07/05/2020)

Mellor, Chris. (28/07/2016) QLC flash istricky stuff to make and use, so here's a primer. TheRegister.co.uk
theregister.co.uk/2016/07/28/qlc_flash_primer (Accessed 07/05/2020)

Samsung Website. Samsung 1TB Details and Specifications www.samsung.com
samsung.com/us/computing/memory-storage/solid-state-drives/ssd-860-evo-2-5--sata-iii-1tb-mz-76e1t0b-am (Accessed 07/05/2020)

Shah, Dhiram. (27/02/2019) Samsung Begins Mass Production of Frist 512 GB eUFS3.0 for Next-Generation Mobile Devices. Fareastgizmos.com
fareastgizmos.com/smartphone/samsung-begins-mass-production-of-first-512gb-eufs-3-0-for-next-generation-mobile-devices.php (Accessed 07/05/2020)

Wikipedia contributors. "Charge Trap Flash." "Flash Memory." "Floating-gate Mosfet." "Samsung Electronics." "Solid-State drive." "Solid-state storage." "Three-dimensional integrated circuit." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited May, 2020

Yoon, Alex. (15/02/2018) Understanding Memory, An inside look at different memory types and how they work. Semiengineering.com
semiengineering.com/whats-really-happening-inside-memory (Accessed 07/05/2020)

#SSD #VNAND #Microchip

The Intricate Engineering Inside Foldable Smartphones

Branch Education 2020-02-13 | Have you ever wondered what is inside the hinge in a foldable smartphone? With the release of the Samsung Galaxy Z Flip, and the Motorola Razr, foldable smartphones are becoming more popular, and soon every company will have their own version of a foldable smartphone! In here we explore the engineering inside foldable smartphones.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Twitter: @teddytablante
Made by Teddy Tablante

Most of the findings and interior elements were done using a teardown from Zack at the channel JerryRigEverything youtube.com/user/JerryRigEverything . Much thanks to his hard work at opening up and showing us the details inside smartphones.

Key Branches from this video are: Touchscreen Displays

Erratum:

Animation built using Blender 2.81a blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects
Sound editing with Reaper

Work Cited:

ALON: http://www.surmet.com/technology/alon-optical-ceramics/index.php

Samsung Galaxy Fold: samsung.com/global/galaxy/galaxy-fold

Smart Glass: smartglassinternational.com/electric-switchable-glass

Motorola RaZR: motorola.com/us/home

Wikipedia Commons. "Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Ultrabook" from Intell Free Press. "The Nintendo Dsi XL in burgundy" from Evan-Amos. "A Motorola flip phone, open" from Jud McCranie. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited February, 2020

#FoldableSmartphone #SamsungFold #Engineering

What does a Star Wars battle actually sound like?

Branch Education 2019-12-31 | Have you ever heard that explosions in space don't make a sound? When the Death Star from Star Wars explodes what would happen? Would you be able to hear it? And what would it actually sound like?
Well, explosions in space actually do make sounds, and in this video, we will explore it using a battle in Star Wars!

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
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Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Twitter: @teddytablante
Made by Teddy Tablante

Key Branches from this video are: Sound, Vacuums, Atmosphere, Star Wars

Erratum:

Animation built using Blender 2.81a blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects
Sound editing with Reaper

Work Cited:

Cody's Lab "Sound of Explosions in Space? Part 1"
youtube.com/watch?v=l8MljsHpYRk&t=93s

Note: Strange enough, there are very few scientific papers or articles on the effects of explosions in vacuums. People should remedy this and publish a paper on it.

Music Attribution in Order:
Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider
Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com

Action Time by Biz Baz Studio from YouTube Audio Library

#StarWars #SoundInSpace #VacuumScience

What are PCBs? || How do PCBs Work?

Branch Education 2019-11-26 | What is inside of PCBs? Smartphones have dozens of components, and they are all connected thru a vast labyrinth of wires inside the PCB! So how exactly do PCBs work?

PCBs may be incredibly complex, however, they are rather easy to design and order. For a quick turnaround and inexpensive option for buying any variety of PCB, consider PCBWay: pcbway.com

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Twitter: @teddytablante
Made by Teddy Tablante

Table of Contents:
0:00 Intro: Enter the PCB
01:11 Section 1: What is a motherboard?
01:45 Section 2: X-Ray Image of PCB & Wires from the SoC
03:38 Section 3: What are the layers of a PCB?
05:00 Section 4: Pursue STEM Careers!
06:29 Section 5: Vias and holes in the PCB
07:55 Section 6: Different designs of PCBs, Sizes, Weights, and Thru hole
09:22 Outro: Summary and Branches

Background Understanding: Wires, Power, Ground

Key Branches from this video are: PCB Design, PCB Manufacturing, Solid State Drive, Supporting Chips, System on a Chip, Wifi Chip

Erratum:
Via is a backronym or apronym. 99% (except the Wikipedia article about them) of people don't use the phrase Vertical Interconnect Access, it's just called a via.
10:06 Manufacturing misspelled as Manufacutring

#PCB #Smartphone #Howitworks

Animation built using Blender 2.79b blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects
Sound editing with Reaper

Work Cited:

"PCB Layout Recommendations for BGA Packages." Lattice Semiconductor. March 2017

"Printed Circuit Boards, Technical Engineering Guide." EPEC.

"Rigid PCB Design For Assembly Guide." Bittele Electronics Inc. September 13th, 2018

"Rigit PCB Design For Manufacturability Guide." Bittele Electronics Inc. October 04, 2017
"Qualcomm Snapdragon 808 MSM8992. Notebook Check.

Schweitzer, Albert. "PCB Layer Stack-up" Fineline Technical Workshop. September 2015

Wikipedia contributors. "Computer" , "Electronics" , "Flea","Printed circuit Board", "Surface Mount Technology", "System on a Chip", "Through-Hole Technology" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, November 26th, 2019.

Yap, Charley. "How to Successfully Design a BGA." Altium, October 26th, 2016

Image Attribution:
An entry-level IBM System/360 system, on display at the Computer History Museum. Dave Ross Flickr, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IBM_System360_Model_30.jpg

Ifixit Smartphone Teardowns for:
ifixit.com
Google Pixel 4XL: Jeff Suovanen
Samsung Galaxy Note 9: Arthur Shi
Iphone 8: Andrew Optimus Goldheart
Huawei P30 Pro Teardown: Dominik Schnabelrauch
OnePlus6: Jeff Suovanen
LGV20: Dominik Schnabelrauch
LGV10: Me! Teddy Tablante
Nintendo Switch: Jeff Suovanen
Samsung Galaxy S8: Sam Goldheart
Iphone X PCB: Andrew Optimus Goldheart
Iphone X X-Ray: Sam Goldheart

Music Attribution in Order:
Morning Dew from YouTube Audio Library
Above Planets by Patrick Patrikios from YouTube Audio Library
Stars and Constellations by Sarah the Instrumentalist from YouTube Audio Library
Gently Onwards from YouTube Audio Library
Sunburst, Tobu & Itro is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License
http://www.7obu.com
youtube.com/watch?v=4lXBHD5C8do

How Do Trees Extract CO2?

Branch Education 2019-10-25 | How exactly do trees extract CO2 from the atmosphere? And in general, how do they fight climate change?

#TeamTrees We know that one way to combat climate change is by planting trees. But why? Let's explore the mechanism by which trees fight climate change!

#TeamTrees wants to raise $20,000,000 for the Arbor Day Foundation so that they can plant 20,000,000 trees! Donate here:
arborday.org

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Table of Contents:
0:22 Graph of Temperature Anomaly vs CO2 in atmosphere vs Fossil Fuels
1:05 Structure of Cellulose in trees
1:43 How do trees extract CO2
2:48 Let's plant 20,000,000 Trees! Support the Arbor Day Foundation

Made by Teddy Tablante

Background Understanding:
Molecules

Animation built using Blender 2.79b
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects
Sound editing with Reaper

Work Cited:
Wikipedia contributors. "Cellulose." "Wood." "Photosynthesis." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited September, 2019

science.sciencemag.org/content/365/6448/76

Data of CO2 ppm
esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/graph.html

Data of Temperature Anomaly for each year
climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/global-temperature

Data of Fossil Fuels Burnt
ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels

Global Tree Restoration Potential
science.sciencemag.org/content/365/6448/76

#TeamTrees #ClimateChange #CO2

How do Steam Engines Work?

Branch Education 2019-10-08 | We make steam every morning while preparing our morning coffee. But how can it be used to move this massive machine? In this episode, we explore how engineers designed steam engines to turn fire, water, and steam into tremendous amounts of force.

This video series is the winning project of the Europeana STEM challenge 2019 and was awarded funding for its production. I’m grateful to the Europeana team for support in creating this series and providing invaluable educational resources.

If you were inspired to learn more and explore more about early ancestors of modern technology, or about thousands of other facets of the rich and diverse heritage of Europe, be sure to check out the Europeana Collections at www.europeana.eu/ Their extensive digital platform includes over 3,700 museums, libraries, institutes, and archives which have contributed over 50 million digitized images, artifacts, audio clips, artwork, books, films, and music.
www.europeana.eu/

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Table of Contents:
1:54 Exploring the traction engine.
4:30 What is high pressure steam and how is it generated?
6:51 Just how much force is in a steam engine?
8:04 Let's think about the impact of steam engines.

Twitter: @teddytablante
Made by Teddy Tablante

Background Understanding:
Steam, Boiling Water, Particles

Branches to:
Newcomen Steam Engine. Understanding Air. Temperature

Animation built using Blender 2.79b
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects
Sound editing with Reaper

Image usage from Europeana www.europeana.eu/ in order:

Engineering: a steam engine. Lithograph 1852 - Wellcome Collection

Ma Robert, D. Livingstone's steam boat on which he explored the River Zambezi. Lithograph by T. Picken after S. Walters, 1858 - Wellcome Collection

(ca) 27 - Sociedad Anónima Grober.-Fábrica de Gerona. Telares mecánicos con Jacquard, para la fabricación de galones, agremanes, etc. - (ca) Desconegut. Ajuntament de Girona -

A steam-driven carriage with passengers passes through the streets of a village as bystanders watch its progress. Coloured process print after Pyall after G. Morton - Wellcome Collection

An express locomotive in a railway line. Colour lithograph - Wellcome Collection

Engineering: a steam traction engine, and a stationary steam engine. Engraving c.1861 -Wellcome Collection

Lokomotiv No 95, tillverkat vid Pittsburgh Locomotive Works."The heaviest and most powerful locomotive in the world", oktober 1898 - Okänd. Tekniska museet -

traction engine from "The Traveller's Album and Hotel Guide: containing views of places and buildings of historical and general interest, with descriptive letterpress; an account of the principal railways out of London, etc" - The British Library

traction engine from "The Traveller's Album and Hotel Guide: containing views of places and buildings of historical and general interest, with descriptive letterpress; an account of the principal railways out of London, etc" - The British Library

Portrait of The Honourable Robert Boyle (1627 - 1691), Irish natural philosopher - Wellcome Collection

Portrait of Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac [1778 - 1850] chemist - Wellcome Collection
Work Cited:
Wikipedia contributors. "History of the Steam Engine." "James Watt." "Thomas Newcomen." "Steam." "Steam Engine." "Thomas Savery." "Traction Engine." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited September, 2019

science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/steam1.htm

stationroadsteam.com/2-inch-scale-dny-traction-engine-stock-code-2965

http://vintagemachinery.org/mfgindex/imagedetail.aspx?id=3967

#HowDoes #SteamEngine #Train

What is the First Engine Ever?

Branch Education 2019-10-06 | How does water, fire, steam, and metalworking ignite a revolution? Here we explore exactly how the first steam engine, The Newcomen Atmospheric Engine works, and why it was revolutionary!

This video series is the winning project of the Europeana STEM challenge 2019 and was awarded funding for its production. I’m grateful to the Europeana team for support in creating this series and providing invaluable educational resources.

If you were inspired to learn more and explore more about early ancestors of modern technology, or about thousands of other facets of the rich and diverse heritage of Europe, be sure to check out the Europeana Collections at www.europeana.eu/ Their extensive digital platform includes over 3,700 museums, libraries, institutes, and archives which have contributed over 50 million digitized images, artifacts, audio clips, artwork, books, films, and music.
www.europeana.eu/

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Table of Contents:
1:16 Components and Function of the Newcomen Engine
3:55 How a vacuum can generate power
6:17 How much does water expand when evaporated?
7:37 Igniting a revolution in technology

Background Understanding:
Steam, Boiling Water, Air/ Steam Particles

Branches to:
Traction Engines. Understanding Air.

Animation built using Blender 2.79b
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects
Sound editing with Reaper

Website: www.branch.education
Twitter: @teddytablante
Made by Teddy Tablante

Work Cited:

Carl Lira. "Brief History of the Steam Engine" https://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/ Visited September 2019

Black Country Living Museum. bclm.co.uk/locations/newcomen-engine/8.htm#.XZNVOEZKguU Visited September 2019

Animated Engines. "Newcomen Atmospheric Engine" http://www.animatedengines.com/newcomen.html Visited September 2019

"Thomas Newcomen and the Steam Engine Engineering and Technology History" December 2003. ethw.org/Thomas_Newcomen_and_the_Steam_Engine Visited September 2019

Wikipedia contributors. "Beam Engine." "History of the Steam Engine." "James Watt." "Newcomen Atmospheric Engine." "Thomas Newcomen." "Steam." "Steam Engine." "Thomas Savery." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited September 2019

Image usage from Europeana www.europeana.eu/ in order:
Map of England and Wales and surrounding seas

Mine from "Popular Lectures on Geology, treated in a comprehensive manner ... Translated
by ... J. G. Morris, and edited by Professor F. Hall"

Engineering: a Newcomen steam-engine. Engraving, 174

James Watt from "The first century of the Republic. A review of American progress. By ... T. D. W., ... F. A. P. Barnard [and others]"

(fi) valokuva kuvasta, jossa höyrymoottori konehallissa; taulussa teksti: 3400 I.H.P. steam engine built by Engineering Works "Nederland" at Ysselmonde

Elektriska maskiner. The complete turbine generators ready -

Lokomotiv No 95, tillverkat vid Pittsburgh Locomotive Works."The heaviest and most powerful locomotive in the world", oktober 1898

Utställningen Bygga & Bo i Uddevalla år 1936

traction engine from "The Traveller's Album and Hotel Guide: containing views of places and buildings of historical and general interest, with descriptive letterpress; an account of the principal railways out of London, etc" -

Skærbækværket, Turbiner

(nl) Vliegtuig van de gebroeders Wright in vlucht; Aéroplane Wright -

Norra Droskstationen.Två automobiler och fyra hästdrosker.I bil nr.2 från vänster sitter Carl Johan Johansson (född 1885) -

Locomotivă cu aburi tip 50065 -

(de) Flugzeug Arado (Ar) 79 B

Adler Trumpf

An express locomotive in a railway line. Colour lithograph

Lokomotiv No 95, tillverkat vid Pittsburgh Locomotive Works."The heaviest and most powerful locomotive in the world", oktober 1898

#Steam #Engine #FirstEver

Whats Inside a Smartphone?

Branch Education 2019-07-11 | Let's open up your smartphone and fly through it. It's like a teardown but fully animated using accurate models and images from my former smartphone. This video doesn't have a script or me reading anything but rather it can be used to get a general sense of the components in your smartphone. Speed up or slow down the video to fly through at your own pace!

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Join the Branch Education community on our Patreon page found here: patreon.com/brancheducation
We need more engineers throughout the world, and to do that we need better engineering education!

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Made by Teddy Tablante

Table of Contents:

Background Understanding:
General Functions of Smartphones

Erratum:
02:57 Separator misspelled as Seperator

Music in Order:
Dream of a Day by Density & Time from YouTube Music Library

Sunburst, Tobu & Itro is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License
http://www.7obu.com
youtube.com/watch?v=4lXBHD5C8do

#WhatsInside #Smartphone #Flythrough

How do LEDs & Batteries Work?

Branch Education 2019-05-30 | How does electricity even do stuff? How do all the LEDs around us work? How do Batteries work? We know it powers everything around us, but what are the mechanics behind it doing something like- producing light? In this episode, we explore how Lemon Batteries produce electricity, and then how we can use that electricity with an LED to generate light! Let's dive into some of the fundamentals around electricity, and learn something fascinating today!

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Made by Teddy Tablante

Table of Contents:
0:22 Exploring the Lemon Battery
1:23 Watching a the chemical reaction
1:57 What's the copper wire for?
3:00 What's the speed of an electron? What about electricity?
4:15 How does an LED create light?
8:38 Outro

Background Understanding: Electrons, Charges

Key Branches from this video are: Exploring Lemon Batteries, Voltage & Current, Solar Cells, Understanding Electricity

Erratum:

Animation built using Blender 2.79b
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects
Sound editing with Reaper

Work Cited:

Goodisman, Jerry (2001). "Observations on Lemon Cells". Journal of Chemical Education. 78 (4): 516–518

Hyperphysics Contributors. "P-N Energy Bands." "Semiconductor Concepts." Hyperphysics 2016 Georgia State University. May 30th 2019

"Lemon Battery". Pembroke, Ontario: Hila Science Camp.

Wikipedia contributors. "Albert Einstein." "Charge-coupled Device. " "George E. Smith." "Lemon Batteries." "Light-Emitting Diode." "List of Nobel Laureates in Physics." "Semiconductor." "William Shockley." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, May 30th, 2019.

"The Components of LEDs and How They Work." June 29, 2017 Beaconlamps.com

Blendswap Models:
Fancy TV + Extras - biozz
LED Light Bulb- Sadaj70
SciFi Pedestal Turntable - bill1411

Music Attribution in Order:

Easy Lemon by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200076
Artist: http://incompetech.com

Daydream Bliss from YouTube Audio Library

Morning Dew from YouTube Audio Library

Plaidness by Francis Preve
youtube.com/watch?v=YYh4HkYKnOo

Sunburst, Tobu & Itro is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License
http://www.7obu.com
youtube.com/watch?v=4lXBHD5C8do

How to Make Lemon Batteries!

Branch Education 2019-04-08 | Got some lemons? Let's make a lemon battery! With just a few household items, you can generate electricity and light an LED. Join in this hands-on activity to learn about electricity. It is great for all ages and cheap to build. You need 3x lemons, copper pennies, galvanized nails, copper wire, and an LED to light up.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Twitter: @teddytablante
Made by Teddy Tablante

Table of Contents:
00:35 Section 1: Lemon Battery Build Steps
04:10 Outro: Questions & Branches

FAQ, Tips & Issues building the Lemon Battery:

Top reasons why it doesn't light up an LED:
1) Your coins really should be made of 100% copper, meaning they should be minted before 1982. Coins minted after 1982 are copper plated zinc (2.5% copper, 97.5% zinc). I have had success with these current coins, however very unreliable success.
2) The copper pennies should be clean. Use steel wool or a brillo pad, or the rough side of a sponge and some vinegar to clean them.
ALTERNATIVELY: You can just use a good amount of copper wire inside the lemon instead of the copper pennies, but if you aren't using enough copper wire, your lemon battery won't generate enough current.
3) Your LED legs are facing the wrong direction.
4) Inside the lemon the copper pennies and zinc nails are touching.
5) The connection from copper wire to zinc nails isn't good.

Background Understanding: Lemons & Activities

Key Branches from this video are: Exploring Lemon Batteries, Voltage & Current, Li-Ion Batteries, Understanding Electricity

Erratum:

Animation built using Blender 2.79b blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects
Sound editing with Reaper

Work Cited:

Goodisman, Jerry (2001). "Observations on Lemon Cells". Journal of Chemical Education. 78 (4): 516–518

"Lemon Battery". Pembroke, Ontario: Hila Science Camp.

Wikipedia contributors. "Lemon Batteries." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, March 3rd, 2019.

Music Attribution in Order:
Easy Lemon by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200076
Artist: http://incompetech.com

Away by Geographer from YouTube Audio Library

Lightning Bugs by Geographer from YouTube Audio Library

Water Lillies by Density & Time from YouTube Audio Library

Wind Marching For Rain by Puddle of Infinity from YouTube Audio Library

How do Lithium-ion Batteries Work?

Branch Education 2019-03-04 | How many lithium-ion [Li-ion] batteries have you used today? Lithium-ion batteries are practically everywhere, but how do they work? Why are they rechargeable? And why do they die earlier and earlier in the day the more you use them? This episode will go deep into detail and explore the lithium-ion battery in your smartphone and answer each of these questions.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Question: "I learned that the Anode is + and the Cathode is -. Why do you say the reverse?" Answer: Well, in electronic devices, by definition: the anode is where electrons leave the component. In a diode or LED, the anode, the anode is the + terminal, the cathode is - and current goes from + to -, and electrons go from - to +. However now, think of the battery that is powering that LED. When operating, electrons come out of the negative side, and by the definition that makes this the anode. Thus, for batteries the anode is - and the cathode is +. But, chemistry uses a different definition of 'the cathode is where species are reduced, and the anode is where species are oxidized'. And for a battery function vs recharging the anode and cathodes switch sides, but + and - designations stay the same.

TLDR: Anode and cathode are defined by more than just Anode is + and cathode is -.

Erratum:
9:29 Separator misspelled as Seperator

Website: www.branch.education

Twitter: @teddytablante
Made by Teddy Tablante

Table of Contents:
00:43 Section 1: How do Li-ion batteries work?
04:53 Section 2: How do Li-ion batteries recharge?
05:36 Section 2B: Additional details about Li-ion batteries.
07:18 Section 3: Why does your battery's max capacity reduce over time?

Background Understanding: Electrons

Key Branches from this video are: Electric Vehicle Batteries, Galvanic and Voltaic Cells, Chemical bonds & Electronegativity, and Lemon Batteries.

Animation built using Blender 2.79b blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects
Sound editing with Reaper

Work Cited:
J.B. Goodenough and Y. Kim, Chem. Mater., 22, 587 (2010).

Julien, Christian. And Alain Mauger and Ashok Vijh and Karim Zaghib, Lithium Batteries Science and Technology Springer, 2016.

Kazda, Tomas. Vanysek, Petr. "Lithium Batteries as Electrochemical Sources of Energy". The Electro Chemical Society. Fall 2016

Pinson, Matthew B. Bazant, Martin Z. "Theory of FEI Formation in Rechargeable Batteries, Capacity Fade, Accelerated Aging and Lifetime Prediction" MIT.

Romano, Linda Ph.D., "Improving Performance and Safety of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Characterizing Materials and Interfaces." EAG Laboratories 2017.

Strand, Dee. And Mark Jones (2016) "Chemistry of Hello: Lithium Ion Batteries" ACS Webinars Presentation 2016 Material Science Series

Wikipedia contributors. "Li-Ion Batteries." "Electrolyte." "Intercalation." "Electrical Energy." "Battery Electric Vehicle." "Battery Charger." "Rechargeable Battery." "Research in Lithium-ion Batteries." "Lithium-Silicon Battery." "Lithium Cobalt Oxide" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, March 3rd, 2019.

Blend Swap Model used: blendswap.com
Blender Battery by Jafrem

Music Attribution in Order:
Morning Dew from YouTube Audio Library
Plaidness by Francis Preve
youtube.com/watch?v=YYh4HkYKnOo
Water Lillies from YouTube Audio Library
Marxist Arrow by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBlLC...
Under Cover by Wayne Jones from YouTube Audio Library
Timelapsed Tides from YouTube Audio Library
Sunburst, Tobu & Itro is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License
http://www.7obu.com
youtube.com/watch?v=4lXBHD5C8do

#How #LithiumIon #Batteries

How does Multitouch work?

Branch Education 2018-12-13 | Have you ever thought of your smartphone's multitouch as similar to your skins ability to sense touch?
We take for granted being able to sense our environment, but designing an electronic device's ability to sense the environment is no trivial task. Learn about how multitouch works in this video!

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Made by Teddy Tablante

Table of Contents:
00:06 Electronics Sensing the Environment
01:08 Section 1: Understanding the Grid
01:59 Section 2: Sensing at one intersection.
02:52 Section 3: Issues with the touchscreen
03:57 Section 4: Scanning Rows
05:12 Section 5: Outro

Background Understanding: Electrons & Electric Fields, Capacitance

Key Branches from this video are: Touchscreen Displays, Capacitors, Measuring Capacitance, Electric Fields

Erratum:
None… yet?

Animation built using Blender 2.79b blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects
Sound editing with Reaper

Work Cited:
3M Touch Technology Brief. (2013). “Projected Capacitive Technology”

Barrett, Gary. Omote, Ryomei (March, 2010) Projected-Capacitive Touch Technology. Frontline Technology

Fujitsu. (2012). "Capacitive Touch Sensors: Application Fields, Technology Overview and Implementation Example."

Geaghan, Bernard O. (2013) United States Patent No. US8363031 B2. US.

Kent, Joel et. Al. (2001). United States Patent No. US6297811 B1. US.

Li, Tianhao et. Al. (2014) United States Patent No. US8823678 B2. US.

Walker, Geoff. (June, 2014) Fundamentals of Projected-Capacitive Touch Technology. Intel Corporation SID Display Week

Wikipedia contributors. "Touchscreen." "Skin." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, August 30th, 2018

Music Attribution in Order:

Morning Dew from YouTube Audio Library

Clover from YouTube Audio Library

Under Cover by Wayne Jones from YouTube Audio Library

Plaidness by Francis Preve
youtube.com/watch?v=YYh4HkYKnOo

Sunburst, Tobu & Itro is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License
http://www.7obu.com
youtube.com/watch?v=4lXBHD5C8do

#Multitouch #How #Smartphone

How Do Touchscreens Work?

Branch Education 2018-11-07 | We use touchscreen displays for hours every day, but do you know about all the intricate layers and components that make them work? This episode goes into the structure and basic function of a touchscreen display. What goes into making toughened glass strong, how do capacitive touchscreens work, and how do OLEDs work? The merging of these technologies is what arguably makes the smartphone what it is! Take a look and learn more.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Table of Contents:
00:53 The Layers
01:35 Section 1: Toughened Glass
03:18 Section 2: Capacitive Touchscreen
05:07 Section 3: OLED Display
07:18 Section 4: Summary
07:48 Section 8: Outro

Key Branches from this video are: Multitouch, Electric Fields, Capacitors, OLEDs, LCDs, Material Transparency, Interface Aesthetics

Made by Teddy Tablante

Addendum & Erratum
LG Prada Predated the Iphone. LG Prada was released announced December 12th 2006 and sales started in May 2007.

5:43 Most smartphones use a pentile subpixel layout which is 2x Green for 1x Red and 1x Blue.

7:25 1Pixel = 1G+1B or 1G + 1R. Thus the latest phones are closer to 6.67Million itty bitty lights.

See sub-pixel details here:
oled-info.com/diamond-pixel-unique-gs4-sub-pixel-arrangement

---

Animation built using Blender 2.79b blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects
Sound editing with Reaper

Work Cited:
Wikipedia contributors. "Touchscreen." , "OLED." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, August 30th, 2018

3M Touch Technology Brief. (2013). “Projected Capacitive Technology”

Varshneya, A.K., Bihuniak, P.P. (2017). Cover Screens For Personal Electronic Devices: Strengthened Glaass or Sapphire. American Ceramic Society Bulletin Vol. 96, No. 5

Blankenbach Karlheinz. (2014). "Organic Light Emitting diodes (OLED)." Pforzheim University, Germany.

Images of Cellphones acquired from Wikimedia Commons. "HP150" , "Motorola DynaTAC 800x" ,"Appled Newton", "IBM Simon", "Nokia 1610", "Nokia 3310" , "Ipod [1]" , "Blackberry 5810", "Motorola Razr", "IPhone [1]" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, August 30th, 2018

Freudenrich, Craig PH.D. (2014)." How OLEDs Work" electronics.howstuffworks.com/oled1.htm

Music Attribution in Order:

Morning Dew from YouTube Audio Library

Plaidness from YouTube Audio Library

Water Lillies from YouTube Audio Library

Marxist Arrow by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBlLC...

Sunburst, Tobu & Itro is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License
http://www.7obu.com
youtube.com/watch?v=4lXBHD5C8do

Car and character models acquired from Blender Market

#Touchscreen #Smartphone #HowDo

What is Sound? The Fundamental Science Behind Sound

Branch Education 2018-09-25 | Why does water sound the way it does? How do vinyl records work? Sound is everywhere, but at its core: What is sound? Also- What are sound waves? This video explains the fundamental science and key concepts behind sound using in-depth examples and animations.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Table of Contents:
00:14 Intro
00:55 Section 1: A Popping Balloon
02:48 Section 2: Graph of a Sound Waveform
04:40 Section 3: The Sound of Water
05:31 Section 4: Orchestra
06:08 Section 5: Clarifications
07:20 Section 6: Orchestra Continued
07:52 Section 7: Vinyl Record Basics
08:47 Section 8: Outro

Key Branches from this video are: How do sound waves travel? Understanding Pressure. How ears work. How a microphone and speaker work. Understanding Air. Frequency and Amplitude. Loudness and intensity.

Visit our website: www.branch.education

Made by Teddy Tablante
Twitter @TeddyTablante

Notes:
This is the fourth episode of Branch Education. Please provide comments, questions, and your thoughts.

Erratum:
400Hz = 0.002273s wavelength. The animation depicts 2 wavelengths, thus it is ~0.0045s

Animation built using Blender 2.79b blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects
Sound editing with Reaper

Work Cited:
Wikipedia contributors. "Speed of Sound." , "Sound." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, June 20th, 2018

Russell, Dan. (2016, August 5). “Acoustics and Vibration Animations.” www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/demos/waves/wavemotion.html.

"Speed of Sound in common Solids." , The Engineering ToolBox
engineeringtoolbox.com/sound-speed-solids-d_713.html

Music Attribution in Order:

Morning Dew from YouTube Audio Library

Under Cover by Wayne Jones from YouTube Audio Library

Marxist Arrow by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBlLC...

Beethoven's 9th Symphony: 1895 Gustav Mahler Orchestration

BlendSwap Model Attribution: blendswap.com

Violin from Nicolas DAmore
Cello from Hjolli
Flute from Gnotev
French Horn from GuillaumeCote
Piano from Johnson Martin
Trumpet from Jafem
Trombone from Diabolik
Gramophone from The Sage

#Sound #SoundWave #WhatIs

The Speed of Sound & How does Sound Travel? A Fundamental Understanding

Branch Education 2018-08-30 | Sound moves incredibly fast! You snap your fingers, and it can be heard almost instantly throughout an entire room. But how does sound travel so quickly? Do you know how sound travels? Also, how does pushing a table relate to sound? This video goes into the fundamental ideas behind sound wave propagation. It uses a thought experiment to help better visualize the movement of particles.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Table of Contents:
00:14 Intro
00:34 Section 1: Thought Experiment
02:05 Section 2: Atomic View
02:33 Section 3: Speed of Sound in Steel
04:05 Section 4: Thought Experiment- Shaking
05:35 Section 5: Analogies
05:54 Section 6: Key Concepts for understanding Sound wave Trave

Key Branches from this video are: What is Sound? Understanding the movement of air.
Additional branches are: Types of waves, Ears, Frequency & Loudness,

Visit our website: www.branch.education

This animation was my first use of low poly animation. There were a total of 5 main scenes with an intro and an outro. It took me about 5 weeks to make the scenes while rendering at night. I find this topic fascinating because most people don't realize that all your movements and actions take time to propagate to other objects. When you pick up a pencil, you think every bit of the pencil moves together, however that's just not the case. Eventually, in another episode, I'll get into the deformations related to moving and applying a force to everyday things- like when you lean on a counter, the counter height sinks- but that episode will have to wait. If you have any questions or comments, I would love to hear them!

Made by Teddy Tablante

Notes:
This is the third episode of Branch Education. Please provide comments, questions, and your thoughts.

Erratum:
None… yet

Animation built using Blender 2.79b blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects
Sound editing with Reaper

Work Cited:
Wikipedia contributors. "Speed of Sound." , "Sound." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, June 20th, 2018

Russell, Dan. (2016, August 5). “Acoustics and Vibration Animations.” www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/demos/waves/wavemotion.html.

"Speed of Sound in common Solids." , The Engineering ToolBox
engineeringtoolbox.com/sound-speed-solids-d_713.html

Music Attribution in Order:

Plaidness by Francis Preve
youtube.com/watch?v=YYh4HkYKnOo

Daydream Bliss Sybs
youtube.com/watch?v=Ya84Jq1IHJ8

Marxist Arrow by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBlLC...

Sunburst, Tobu & Itro is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License http://www.7obu.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lXBH...

#SpeedOfSound #Wave #Physics

How do speakers work? Incredibly small, yet impressively loud

Branch Education 2018-06-20 | Speakers weigh less than a dime but can be heard throughout a massive room. How do they make such intricate sounds while being so small? This fundamental lesson gets into the components of a smartphone's speaker as well as their function.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Made by: Teddy Tablante

Table of Contents:
00:14 Section 1: Intro & Component Exploded Diagram
01:40 Section 2: Diaphragm
02:20 Section 3: Voice Coil
02:38 Section 4: Magnet
03:43 Section 5: Spider
04:25 Section 6: Summary

Visit our website: www.branch.education

Notes:
This is the second episode of Branch Education. Please provide comments, questions, and your thoughts.

Erratum:
None

Animation built using Blender 2.79b blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects
Sound editing with Reaper

Work Cited:
Wikipedia contributors. "Loudspeaker." , "Sound." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, June 20th, 2018

Music Attribution in Order:

Marxist Arrow by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBlLC...

Plaidness by Francis Preve
youtube.com/watch?v=YYh4HkYKnOo

Timelapsed Tides, Asher Fulero
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1LipR...

Sunburst, Tobu & Itro is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License http://www.7obu.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lXBH...

#HowDo #Speaker #Smartphone

How does a camera work?

Branch Education 2018-05-25 | Cameras are everywhere! There are probably 2 or even 3 cameras in your pocket right now. But how do they work? How can they take some of the most amazing pictures ever?

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: patreon.com/brancheducation

Website: https://www.branch.education
On Facebook: facebook.com/BranchEducation
On Twitter: twitter.com/TeddyTablante
On Insta: instagram.com/brancheducation

Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join

Table of Contents:
0:20 Section 1: Intro
1:10 Section 2: System Layout
3:51 Section 3: Analogy between a Smartphone & a Human
7:45 Section 4: Camera and Sensor Details
11:30 Section 5: Questions & Thought Experiment

Visit our website: www.branch.education

Erratum:
0:52 Smartphone is misspelled as Smarphone
9:54 Audio says 4096 when it should be 4095. Text is Correct
13:54 Exoplanet is misspelled as Exoplant.

Animation built using Blender 2.79b blender.org
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects

Work Cited Alphabetized:
Fossum, Eric. Hondongwa, Donald "A Review of the Pinned Photodiode for CCD and CMOS Image Sensors." IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society, Vol. 2, No.3, May 2014, pp33-43

Wase, Yashashree, "CMOS Image Sensor and Quanta Image Sensors: Past, Present and Future", "Advanced CMOS Pixel Technologies." College of Engineering at University of Idaho, pp1-22

Wikipedia contributors. "Active Pixel Sensor." , "Photodiode." , "Sunlight." , "Visible Spectrum." , "Eye." , "Evolution of the Eye." , "Human Eye." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 25 May. 2018.

Music Attribution in Order:
Marxist Arrow by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBlLC...

Music: Clover 3 by Vibe Mountain
Video Link: youtu.be/GU3ABAWA-Jk

Daydream Bliss Sybs
youtube.com/watch?v=Ya84Jq1IHJ8

Timelapsed Tides, Asher Fulero
youtube.com/watch?v=1LipRZBtqCs

You Will Know, Text Me Records / Leviathe

Sunburst, Tobu & Itro is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License
http://www.7obu.com
youtube.com/watch?v=4lXBHD5C8do

#HowDo #Camera #Smartphone