The Hardest Easy Game Vsauce2 2019-11-04 | Play The L-Game: hwwmath.looiwenli.com/l-gameEdward de Bono is a lot of things -- an author, an economic theorist, a physician -- but he’s also a thinker about… thinking. His 1967 book “The Five-Day Course in Thinking” included a game that’s one of the hardest in the world, yet also one of the simplest.The idea behind creating the perfectly simple, perfectly impossible exercise that turned into The L-Game was to distill a 2-player experience down to a constant churn of critical strategic decisions. By limiting the board to just 16 spaces with 2 L-shaped tetrominoes and 2 neutral pieces, the board can’t distract from the core task. And with so few rules -- really, just that you need to move your L piece to an open space and then optionally move one of the neutrals -- the focus is purely on thinking several moves in advance.That level of abstraction is way, way harder than it seems. But by using experience to identify and organize some strategic guiding principles to moving in the L-Game, it’s possible for both players to play perfectly -- and forever. As de Bono demonstrates in his course, that’s the same sort of approach we apply to almost everything we value. We think strategically about the groceries we buy, the relationships we have or want… if it matters, we employ some form of strategy. And the better we are at strategic thinking, the more likely we are to get the result we need.And it all starts with a 4x4 board, two tetrominoes, and a couple pennies.*** SOURCES ***"The L Game: Strategic Thinking". The Five-Day Course in Thinking by Edward de Bono: amazon.com/gp/product/B01HHJL7LM"Winning Ways for Your Mathematical Plays, Vol. 2," by By Elwyn R. Berlekamp, John H. Conway, and Richard K. Guy: amazon.com/Winning-Ways-Your-Mathematical-Plays/dp/156881142X*** LINKS ***Vsauce2 LinksTwitter: twitter.com/VsauceTwoFacebook: facebook.com/VsauceTwoHosted and Produced by Kevin LieberInstagram: http://instagram.com/kevlieberTwitter: twitter.com/kevinlieberPodcast: youtube.com/thecreateunknownResearch And Writing by Matthew Tabortwitter.com/TaborTCUEditing by AspectScienceyoutube.com/channel/UCyi06SeKkiwoAzFVmQtDtfgHuge Thanks To Paula Lieberetsy.com/shop/CraftalityGet Vsauce's favorite science and math toys delivered to your door!curiositybox.comSelect Music By Jake Chudnow: http://www.youtube.com/user/JakeChudnow#education #vsauce2
Gamers Will Live Forever - Mind Blow Vsauce2 2023-06-28 | Check out guard.io/Vsauce2 for a 7-day trial and 20% off your subscription + the ability to protect 5 family members from hackers and scammers!Get Ad-Free Mind Blow on Patreon: patreon.com/Vsauce2Could one of the staples of a gamer’s diet actually improve physiological health the same way it has for mice and worms? Is it possible to harness plant photosynthesis with a synthetic leaf that mirrors the same chemical process to replace fossil fuels? Will small armies of robot cartographers replace Google Street View cars -- and eventually explore the unknowns of Earth’s oceans? How long have hominins existed in Greece, and are our Mediterranean ancestors hundreds of thousands of years older than we think?The James Webb Space Telescope has just captured images of molecules over 12 billion light years away -- but are they just specks of matter, or are they the building blocks of stars?Han Solo’s nap in carbonite might just be a part of your own future now that mice have been induced into a state of torpor -- and it has implications for improving emergency medicine. The idea of inducing torpor was first proposed to reduce the physical demands of space travel, and when you finally cruise to Mars, who knows how many arms and legs you’ll have? Researchers at MIT have tacked on a pair of supernumerary limbs that gets us one step closer to being space octopuses.The future of science and technology gets more exciting by the day, but we continue to uncover amazing elements of our past -- like a 3,000 year old sword in Bavaria that has been preserved so well that its blade still shines. Past. Present. Future. Mind Blow!Patron ThanksBENEFACTORXemboy01EXECUTIVE PRODUCERSBrent Tiggelaar, Ian Fabs, Jonathan Hawk, Markus Fleischer, NullBlox.ZachryWilsn, Thomas Kaminski, Wolfgang HuttonTaurine Anti-Aging (0:00)science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi3025Artificial Leaf (0:59)nature.com/articles/s41560-023-01262-3#Sec21Multi Robot Mapping (1:45)arxiv.org/pdf/2106.14386.pdfOldest Evidence of Humans In Greece (2:29)livescience.com/archaeology/oldest-evidence-of-humans-in-greece-is-700000-years-old-a-quarter-of-a-million-years-older-than-previously-thoughtJames Webb Telescope Discovers Oldest Organic Molecules (4:37)nature.com/articles/d41586-023-01844-xUltrasound Deep Sleep (5:38)nature.com/articles/s42255-023-00804-zSupernumerary Limbs For Space Suit (6:38)youtube.com/watch?v=Wed7JAyfLyAShining Bronze Age Octagonal Sword (7:12)https://www.blfd.bayern.de/mam/blfd/presse/pi_bronzezeitliches_schwert.pdfIntroducing The Amazing Compact Disc (7:42)youtube.com/watch?v=_Tx6TYnPat8*** CREDITS ***Hosted, Researched and Created by Kevin Liebertwitter.com/VsauceTwoWritten by Matthew Tabortwitter.com/TaborTCUEdited by Vic Grimestwitter.com/VicGrimesFact Checking by Geoff Barretttwitter.com/GeoffdBarrettWatch more science news, tech news, space news, and educational videos like Mind Blow with the Vsauce crew on our channel!#MindBlow #Vsauce #ScienceNews #science #Education #shorts #science #scienceshorts
Does Pain Actually Hurt? Vsauce2 2023-06-21 | For 16 free meals with HelloFresh PLUS free shipping, use code 16VSAUCE2 at bit.ly/3HxQgsoPlease support Vsauce2 on Patreon: patreon.com/Vsauce2When we think of the human experience, we tend to focus on the good things: love, happiness, and progress. But what if the most important part of our lives is actually one of the worst? Our relationship with pain stretches back further than any other sensation, and it turns out that pain has been and continues to be our most important teacher. We paradoxically need something awful to survive. Vsauce2 explores the science and psychology of pain going all the way back to our four-legged ancestors. Despite pain dictating daily life for millions of years, we’ve only come to understand exactly how it works fairly recently. We now know the exact physiological mechanisms of how pain works within our bodies -- which evolved from rudimentary scientific theories from Descartes and others -- but we’re still figuring out how it works within our minds. And as we navigate the science of it all, from neuroscience to psychology, we uncover more questions than ever. Should we eliminate pain, or should we learn to live with it? What happens to our identities when we take all the pain away, and is it worth the cost to ourselves? What is society’s responsibility to relieve pain, and how does politics factor in? How much of your pain is real and how much pain is essentially imagined?On the surface it seems like an ideal world would be one completely devoid of pain, with strong mental health in conjunction with physical wellness. But the reality is more complex, and it’s worth thinking about the implications of the convoluted link between pain and suffering that we can’t live with… and can’t live without.*** CREDITS ***Vsauce2:TikTok: tiktok.com/@vsaucetwoTwitter: twitter.com/VsauceTwoInstagram: instagram.com/kevlieberFacebook: facebook.com/VsauceTwoTalk Vsauce2 in The Create Unknown Discord: discord.gg/tcuVsauce2 on Reddit: reddit.com/r/vsauce2Hosted and Produced by Kevin LieberTwitter: twitter.com/kevinlieberPodcast: youtube.com/thecreateunknownResearch and Writing by Matthew Tabortwitter.com/TaborTCUEditing by John Swanyoutube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2AHuge Thanks To Paula Lieberetsy.com/shop/CraftalityVsauce's Curiosity Box: curiositybox.com#MindBlow #Vsauce #ScienceNews #science #Education
GROWING Computers In Your Backyard? Mind Blow Vsauce2 2023-05-30 | FUTO Fellows applications are open until June 5th. Learn more at futo.org/fellows and send your idea to grantapps@futo.orgGet Ad-Free Mind Blow on Patreon: patreon.com/Vsauce2In this episode of Mind Blow on Vsauce2: the ruins of Ancient Rome reveal interesting medical devices, a new humanoid robot learns to be just like you, scientists develop a neural brain implant that works like an octopus, Team Trees might have accidentally grown 20 million computers with wood transistors, Stone Age architectural plans reveal sophisticated abstract cognitive abilities, olfactory virtual reality now includes scents and smells, the Titanic gets 3D mapped with over 700,000 images, which may reveal clues about how the Titanic sank, and the glassy-winged sharpshooter contributes to our biological understanding of fluid dynamics with its built-in butt catapult.Patron ThanksBENEFACTORXemboy01EXECUTIVE PRODUCERSBrent Tiggelaar, Ian Fabs, Jonathan Hawk, Markus Fleischer, NullBlox.ZachryWilsn, Thomas Kaminski, Wolfgang Hutton.*** SOURCES ***Wood Electrochemical Transistor (0:00)pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2218380120First Ever Full-Sized Scans of Titanic Shipwreck (0:49)magellan.gg/titanic-in-3dRoman Urine Flasks (1:48)cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/disease-control-and-the-disposal-of-infectious-materials-in-renaissance-rome-excavations-in-the-area-of-caesars-forum/F43A8803C6D74D01C4C07DC0D4C81094Sanctuary AI (2:31)sanctuary.aiSoft Robot Brain Implant (3:11)science.org/doi/10.1126/scirobotics.add1002Stone Age Blueprints (5:04)journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0277927VR Smells (5:45)nature.com/articles/s41467-023-37678-4Superfast Insect Urination (6:48)https://research.gatech.edu/super-fast-insect-urination-powered-physics-superpropulsionSony Walkman Commercial 1983 (7:55)youtube.com/watch?v=7lipckhgG5g*** CREDITS ***Hosted, Researched and Created by Kevin Liebertwitter.com/VsauceTwoWritten by Matthew Tabortwitter.com/TaborTCUEdited by John Swanyoutube.com/@JohnSwanYTFact Checking by Geoff Barretttwitter.com/GeoffdBarrettWatch more science news, tech news, space news, and educational videos like Mind Blow with the Vsauce crew on our channel!#MindBlow #Vsauce #ScienceNews #science #Education #shorts #science #scienceshorts
Is Happiness Happy? Vsauce2 2023-05-13 | Check out piavpn.com/Vsauce2 for an 83% discount on Private Internet Access! That’s $2.03 a month and get 4 extra months free!Vsauce2 dives into the fundamental meaning behind the concept of "happy" and how our twisted modern take on happiness is making things measurably worse. What is the paradox of chasing happiness? And how to things we think will make us happy actually lead to depression?Support Vsauce2 on Patreon: patreon.com/Vsauce2*** CREDITS ***Vsauce2:TikTok: tiktok.com/@vsaucetwoTwitter: twitter.com/VsauceTwoInstagram: instagram.com/kevlieberFacebook: facebook.com/VsauceTwoTalk Vsauce2 in The Create Unknown Discord: discord.gg/tcuVsauce2 on Reddit: reddit.com/r/vsauce2Hosted and Produced by Kevin LieberTwitter: twitter.com/kevinlieberPodcast: youtube.com/thecreateunknownResearch and Writing by Matthew Tabortwitter.com/TaborTCUEditing by John Swanyoutube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2AAdditional Editing by Vic Grimestwitter.com/VicGrimesHuge Thanks To Paula Lieberetsy.com/shop/CraftalityVsauce's Curiosity Box: curiositybox.comWatch more science news, tech news, psychology facts, and educational videos like Mind Blow with the Vsauce crew on our channel!#vsauce #psychology #science #mentalhealth
Why Bugs Are Attracted To Light SOLVED - Mind Blow Vsauce2 2023-04-29 | Use code VSAUCE250 to get 50% off your first Factor box at bit.ly/3mG5rbL!Thanks to Factor for sponsoring Vsauce2.Get Ad-Free Mind Blow on Patreon: patreon.com/Vsauce2In this episode of Mind Blow on Vsauce2: scientists have a new hypothesis for why bugs fly around light bulbs, we learn of secret science new virus hiding in baby diapers, in space news Einstein helped discover a massive black hole, a simple drought solution, fruit helping recycle batteries, an ancient Egyptian gifting custom now has physical evidence, a massive leap in MRI brain scan technology, and bioadhesives just got stronger and safer for surgery. The type of science news found only on Mind Blow by Vsauce2.Patron ThanksBENEFACTORXemboy01EXECUTIVE PRODUCERSBrent Tiggelaar, Ian Fabs, Wolfgang Hutton, NullBlox.ZachryWilsn, Jonathan Hawk, Markus Fleischer, Thomas Kaminski*** SOURCES ***Why flying insects gather at artificial light (0:00)biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536486v1Expanding known viral diversity in the healthy infant gut (0:39)nature.com/articles/s41564-023-01345-7Abell 1201: detection of an ultramassive black hole in a strong gravitational lens (1:27)academic.oup.com/mnras/article/521/3/3298/7085506Structure-guided engineering of a receptor-agonist pair for inducible activation of the ABA adaptive response to drought (2:08)science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.ade9948Brain Images Just Got 64 Million Times Sharper (3:49)https://today.duke.edu/2023/04/brain-images-just-got-64-million-times-sharperNTU Singapore and Se-cure Waste Management build pilot recycling plant to tackle lithium-ion battery waste with biomass waste (4:30)eurekalert.org/news-releases/984142First osteological evidence of severed hands in Ancient Egypt (5:07)nature.com/articles/s41598-023-32165-8Injectable gelatin-oligo-catechol conjugates for tough thermosensitive bioadhesion (5:40)sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666386423000140?via%3DihubDatabase, 1984 (6:40)youtube.com/watch?v=szdbKz5CyhA*** CREDITS ***Hosted and Created by Kevin Liebertwitter.com/VsauceTwoResearch and Writing by Scott Franktwitter.com/hollywoodsapienGraphics and Editing by Vic Grimestwitter.com/VicGrimesSpecial Thanks John Swanyoutube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2AFact Checking by Geoff Barretttwitter.com/GeoffdBarrettWatch more science news, tech news, space news, and educational videos like Mind Blow with the Vsauce crew on our channel!#MindBlow #Vsauce #ScienceNews #science #Education
The Line Between Smart and Crazy Vsauce2 2023-04-08 | Click my CoPilot link go.mycopilot.com/Vsauce2 to get your FREE TRIAL with your own expert fitness and health coach.How does herd mentality go wrong and lead to the madness of crowds? How can we harness it for the wisdom of crowds? Vsauce2 explores the fine line between group smart and group crazy.The age of mass communication has brought with it mass psychogenic illness alongside opportunities to crowdsource solutions that improve the world. It's a delicate science we're trying to navigate. Are we smart enough to make use of our herd mentality or we will succumb to the madness of the crowd?*** LINKS ***Vsauce2:TikTok: tiktok.com/@vsaucetwoTwitter: twitter.com/VsauceTwoFacebook: facebook.com/VsauceTwoTalk Vsauce2 in The Create Unknown Discord: discord.gg/tcuVsauce2 on Reddit: reddit.com/r/vsauce2Hosted and Produced by Kevin LieberInstagram: instagram.com/kevlieberTwitter: twitter.com/kevinlieberPodcast: youtube.com/thecreateunknownResearch and Writing by Matthew Tabortwitter.com/TaborTCUEditing by John Swanyoutube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2AAdditional Editing by Vic Grimestwitter.com/VicGrimesHuge Thanks To Paula Lieberetsy.com/shop/CraftalityVsauce's Curiosity Box: curiositybox.com#vsauce #psychology #science
The Self-Healing Robot - Mind Blow Vsauce2 2023-03-26 | Install Raid for Free IOS/ANDROID/PC: clcr.me/Vsauce2 and get a special starter pack with an Epic champion Kellan the Shrike for this week's Vsauce Mind Blow!Join RAID’s 4th Anniversary celebration, use the Promo Codes below to get special B-day gifts: 4YEARSRAID (includes Legendary Skill Tomes) - Available for ALL usersFIRESTARTER (includes an Epic champion Ultimate Galek) - Available for New usersTip for New players: get Kellan the Shrike using the link above and enter the promo code FIRESTARTER to grab Ultimate Galek and gain two topnotch champions at onceNote that only 1 Promo code can be used within 24 hoursGet Ad-Free Mind Blow on Patreon: patreon.com/Vsauce2This week on Vsauce2 Mind Blow: Mussels with ridiculous distance, some science education under a fluorescent microscope, and: has science finally come up with a hangover cure?Patron ThanksBENEFACTORS Xemboy01 Chillustrations EXECUTIVE PRODUCERS Brent Tiggelaar, Wolfgang Hutton, NullBlox.ZachryWilsn, Jonathan Hawk, Markus Fleischer, Thomas Kaminski, Ian Fabs*** SOURCES ***Fishing for hosts: Larval spurting by the endangered thick-shelled river mussel, Unio crassus (0:00) esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecy.4026A low-cost smartphone fluorescence microscope for research, life science education, and STEM outreach (0:43)nature.com/articles/s41598-023-29182-yInstructions for how to build it: static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-023-29182-y/MediaObjects/41598_2023_29182_MOESM1_ESM.pdfOptical tweezers throw and catch single atoms (1:32)opg.optica.org/optica/viewmedia.cfm?uri=optica-10-3-401&seq=0FGF21 counteracts alcohol intoxication by activating the noradrenergic nervous system (3:21)cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(23)00041-4A self-healing electrically conductive organogel composite (4:14)nature.com/articles/s41928-023-00932-0Magical practices? A non-normative Roman imperial cremation at Sagalassos (4:59)cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/magical-practices-a-nonnormative-roman-imperial-cremation-at-sagalassos/0559636D95DF5D5CEACACE733F758D1ENuts For Nintendo - 20/20, 1988 (5:49)youtube.com/watch?v=yt4KG9ib8S4*** CREDITS ***Hosted and Created by Kevin Liebertwitter.com/VsauceTwoResearch and Writing by Scott Franktwitter.com/hollywoodsapienGraphics and Editing by Vic Grimestwitter.com/VicGrimesSpecial Thanks John Swanyoutube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2AFact Checking by Geoff Barretttwitter.com/GeoffdBarrettWatch more science experiment videos like Mind Blow with the Vsauce crew on our channel!#MindBlow #Vsauce #ScienceNews #science
The Joel Miller Conspiracy #shorts Vsauce2 2023-03-09 | Joel Miller's origin story begins in a kiddie pool filled with oatmeal.The Last of Us HBO series and the video game tell us a little bit about Joel's past. We know he's from Texas, we know when he was born, we know he hates carbs. But where did his hardened, rugged personality come from? Why is he so irascible?It all started when he drank from the firehose.Joel Miller in Weird Al's UHF is the SAME Joel Miller in The Last of Us. CHANGE MY MIND.#thelastofus #lastofus
The Insane Data of Car Chases Vsauce2 2023-03-08 | Signup for your FREE trial to Wondrium here: http://ow.ly/B4OR50N4T7eThanks to Wondrium for sponsoring this video! Vsauce2 Patreon: patreon.com/Vsauce2Nothing is more exciting than a high speed car chase -- and it turns out that almost nothing is more dangerous, too. Suspects, innocent pedestrians, and even the police themselves are subject to everything that makes watching movies like Fast & Furious or playing Grand Theft Auto a seriously entertaining experience. For thousands of people every year, that means serious injury and even death.But the crazy thing is that we know exactly how to solve the problem, and no one seems to care.I analyzed the data and even found an anonymous source inside a state police department who was willing to tell me how car chases really work. The result? We’re doing something that’s bad for everyone, usually for unimportant reasons, with life-changing consequences.And why do we keep doing it? The benefits are minor and the consequences are major. But if all the data suggests the tradeoffs we make when we engage in car chases isn’t worth it, why don’t we just stop? That’s the problem here… and no one cares. *** ADDITIONAL READING ***Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Police Vehicle Pursuits, 2012-2013”: bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/police-vehicle-pursuits-2012-2013Fatal Encounters with Police: fatalencounters.org“High-speed police chases have killed thousands of innocent bystanders,” Thomas Frank, USA Today: usatoday.com/story/news/2015/07/30/police-pursuits-fatal-injuries/30187827*** LINKS ***Vsauce2:TikTok: tiktok.com/@vsaucetwoTwitter: twitter.com/VsauceTwoFacebook: facebook.com/VsauceTwoTalk Vsauce2 in The Create Unknown Discord: discord.gg/tcuVsauce2 on Reddit: reddit.com/r/vsauce2Hosted and Produced by Kevin LieberInstagram: instagram.com/kevlieberTwitter: twitter.com/kevinlieberPodcast: youtube.com/thecreateunknownResearch and Writing by Matthew Tabortwitter.com/TaborTCUEditing by John Swanyoutube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2AHuge Thanks To Paula Lieberetsy.com/shop/CraftalityVsauce's Curiosity Box: curiositybox.com#education #vsauce #crime #carchase #policechase #crimestory
New Ice Invented - Mind Blow Vsauce2 2023-02-28 | Join The Bring Back Mind Blow Project: patreon.com/vsauce2Get Ad-Free Mind Blow episodes and much more.BENEFACTORSXemboy01ChillustrationsEXECUTIVE PRODUCERSBrent Tiggelaar, James, Wolfgang Hutton, NullBlox.ZachryWilsn, Jonathan Hawk, Markus Fleischer*** SOURCES ***Researchers turn to tiny robots to fight antibiotic resistance (0:00)pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.2300515120Hunting and processing of straight-tusked elephants 125.000 years ago: Implications for Neanderthal behavior (1:00)science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.add8186Compact holographic sound fields enable rapid one-step assembly of matter in 3D (1:56)science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adf6182Medium-density amorphous ice (2:45)science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abq2105Hericerin derivatives activates a pan-neurotrophic pathway in central hippocampal neurons converging to ERK1/2 signaling enhancing spatial memory (3:56)onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jnc.15767Hubble detects ghostly glow surrounding our solar system (4:40)hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/2022/news-2022-050Design Line by AT&T (1977) (5:38)techchannel.att.com/playvideo/2012/03/23/AT&T-Archives-Design-Line*** CREDITS ***Hosted and Created by Kevin Liebertwitter.com/VsauceTwoWatch more science and tech news each month on our channel with Mind Blow!Research and Writing by Scott Franktwitter.com/hollywoodsapienGraphics and Editing by Vic Grimestwitter.com/VicGrimesSpecial Thanks John Swanyoutube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2AFact Checking by Geoff Barretttwitter.com/GeoffdBarrettWatch more science videos with the Vsauce crew on our channel!#MindBlow #Vsauce #ScienceNews #science
The Game Theory of Snitches Vsauce2 2023-02-14 | Download Fishing Clash on your iOS/Android device for free: https://fishingclash.link/Vsauce2 Use my gift code VSAUCE2 to get an awesome reward for a total value of $20, and share your biggest catch in the pinned comment!Support Vsauce2: patreon.com/Vsauce2From career mafia rats to kindergarten tattle-tales, no one likes a snitch. Every society reviles the informant -- but why? And how can game theory analysis reveal what’s actually happening when society rewards a snitch?Despite teeming with serious problems, snitch culture is so deeply-engrained in law enforcement that it’s sentenced countless innocent people over centuries -- including convicting men of murder when no one was even killed at all. Why does snitching go so wrong so often?The truth is that everyone involved in the snitch system is playing their own game. Police are the game masters and the house never truly loses. Informants are engaged in a form of the Prisoner’s Dilemma, while outside actors resort to tactics like witness intimidation to win their own game within a game. The result is a perversion of justice so severe that everyone ends up worse off -- including the famously impartial blind bastion of justice.*** ADDITIONAL READING ***Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Prisoner's Dilemma": https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/prisoner-dilemma/*** LINKS ***Vsauce2:TikTok: tiktok.com/@vsaucetwoTwitter: twitter.com/VsauceTwoFacebook: facebook.com/VsauceTwoTalk Vsauce2 in The Create Unknown Discord: discord.gg/tcuVsauce2 on Reddit: reddit.com/r/vsauce2Hosted and Produced by Kevin LieberInstagram: instagram.com/kevlieberTwitter: twitter.com/kevinlieberPodcast: youtube.com/thecreateunknownResearch and Writing by Matthew Tabortwitter.com/TaborTCUEditing by John Swanyoutube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2AHuge Thanks To Paula Lieberetsy.com/shop/CraftalityVsauce's Curiosity Box: curiositybox.com#education #vsauce #crime
The Problem With Talking To People Vsauce2 2022-11-29 | Skip the waitlist and invest in blue-chip art for the very first time by signing up for Masterworks: https://masterworks.art/vsauce2Purchase shares in great masterpieces from artists like Pablo Picasso, Banksy, Andy Warhol, and more. See important Masterworks disclosures: http://masterworks.io/cdIf you can’t trust yourself, then who can you trust? Well… everyone and no one. The paradox of self-reporting in all manners of data collection, from basic census information to detailed stats about crime, makes it difficult for us to understand the problems we need to solve. Is it best to design experiments and carefully cull datasets to observe the information we need? Should we rely solely on testimony directly from people involved, and then trust that their answers are correct? Is the right answer a blend of the two?The truth is that they all have serious problems that lead us down the wrong path for making sense of social behavior. But if they’re all awful, how can it possibly be useful to employ every strategy together?To understand crime, we need to measure crime. To measure crime, we need to understand people. And all of it relies on a deep knowledge of individuals who employ malevolence, who are victims of flawed and biased systems, or who are just plain wrong in good faith.In a way, it’s hopeless -- but in the morass of human social behavior, we manage to progress. *** ADDITIONAL READING ***“Survey of Prison and Jail Inmates: Background and Method,” Peterson, Chaiken, Ebener, Honig (1982): rand.org/pubs/notes/N1635.html“Extent of Unrecorded Juvenile Delinquency: Tentative Conclusions,” Short and Nye (1959): https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc/vol49/iss4/2/“Measurement Error in Self-Reported Health Variables,” Butler, Burkhauser, Mitchell and Pincus (1987): jstor.org/stable/1935959“A Comparison of Participant Observation and Survey Data,” Vidich and Shapiro (1955): jstor.org/stable/2088196“Bias in Interviewing in Studies of Opinions, Attitudes, and Consumer Wants,” Hart (1948): jstor.org/stable/3143052“Deception in Social Research I: Kinds of Deception and the Wrongs They May Involve.” Sieber (1982): jstor.org/stable/3564511“Measuring bias in self-reported data,” Rosenman, Tennekoon, Hill (2011): ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4224297*** LINKS ***Vsauce2:TikTok: tiktok.com/@vsaucetwoTwitter: twitter.com/VsauceTwoFacebook: facebook.com/VsauceTwoTalk Vsauce2 in The Create Unknown Discord: discord.gg/tcuVsauce2 on Reddit: reddit.com/r/vsauce2Hosted and Produced by Kevin LieberInstagram: instagram.com/kevlieberTwitter: twitter.com/kevinlieberPodcast: youtube.com/thecreateunknownResearch and Writing by Matthew Tabortwitter.com/TaborTCUEditing by John Swanyoutube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2AHuge Thanks To Paula Lieberetsy.com/shop/CraftalityVsauce's Curiosity Box: curiositybox.com#education #vsauce #crime
Crime Stats Are A Lie Vsauce2 2022-11-21 | Get my Math Box: melscience.com/kevinUse code KEVIN for 50% off your first boxWe’ve been collecting and analyzing social statistics for about 200 years now. In some ways, we’ve made a lot of progress -- but in others, we’re just as clueless now as when André-Michel Guerry first set forth his laws of tracking crime. Mixing math and morality introduces so many possible variables that our interpretations of the data can range from insightful to harmful. Comparisons of violent crime between Scotland, India, and Estonia show just how difficult it is to make sense of social statistics, especially if we try to judge them in relative terms.A handful of additional problems plague our analysis: data and its inferences that are good today might not hold up in the future, and a study of Boston-area youth shows how surprising long-term outcomes can be. Perverse financial incentives, underreporting, and catching minor criminals instead of the major drivers of crime all make our understanding of antisocial behavior that much more tenuous. Throw in the media’s use of our social statistics and it feels like the more we know about crime, the less we understand.*** ADDITIONAL READING ***Analysis of A-M Guerry’s “Essay on the Moral Statistics of France,” by Michael Friendly: datavis.ca/gallery/guerryEnglish Translation of Guerry’s Essay, by Whitt & Reinking: datavis.ca/gallery/guerry/Guerry1833-Whitt-translation-OCR.pdf“The Mismeasure of Crime,” by Mosher, Miethe, and Phillips (2011): sk.sagepub.com/books/the-mismeasure-of-crime-2e“The Cambridge-Somerville Study: A Pioneering Longitudinal Experimental Study of Delinquency Prevention,” McCord, J. (1992). psycnet.apa.org/record/1992-98237-009“Crime Waves and Moral Panics,” by Morgan Godvin: daily.jstor.org/crime-waves-moral-panics*** LINKS ***Vsauce2:TikTok: tiktok.com/@vsaucetwoTwitter: twitter.com/VsauceTwoFacebook: facebook.com/VsauceTwoTalk Vsauce2 in The Create Unknown Discord: discord.gg/tcuVsauce2 on Reddit: reddit.com/r/vsauce2Hosted and Produced by Kevin LieberInstagram: instagram.com/kevlieberTwitter: twitter.com/kevinlieberPodcast: youtube.com/thecreateunknownResearch and Writing by Matthew Tabortwitter.com/TaborTCUEditing by John Swanyoutube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2AHuge Thanks To Paula Lieberetsy.com/shop/CraftalityVsauce's Curiosity Box: curiositybox.com#education #vsauce #crime
Math That Gets You Arrested Vsauce2 2022-11-14 | Click here helixsleep.com/vsaucetwo for up to $200 off your Helix Sleep mattress plus two free pillows! Free shipping within the US!One of the most significant developments in the history of policing is the use of statistics to track crime patterns and to determine how to react to them. New York City’s CompStat program has served as a model not just for cities around the United States, but also globally. And it makes sense, right? The better we track crimes and the more data we have, the more effectively we can allocate resources to improve public safety. Unfortunately, New York City (and everyone else) has found that it isn’t that simple. Jack Maple’s bold vision for a statistics-based police department has been plagued by inconsistent application and perverse incentives that prioritize numbers over public safety. The perpetual conflict between good policing and good CompStat numbers has mitigated the program’s positive effects and magnified its criticism on civil rights grounds. CompStat reinforces our biggest problem with statistics in public life: the numbers we increasingly depend on don’t lie, but we don’t always know which truth they’re telling us.*** ADDITIONAL READING ***Jack Maple, “The Crime Fighter: Putting the Bad Guys Out of Business” (1999) amazon.com/Crime-Fighter-Putting-Guys-Business/dp/0385493630“Compstat: Its Origins, Evolution, and Future in Law Enforcement Agencies,” US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs: bja.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh186/files/Publications/PERF-Compstat.pdfGeorge Kelling, “Fixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order And Reducing Crime In Our Communities” amazon.com/Fixing-Broken-Windows-Restoring-Communities/dp/0684837382NYPD’s CompStat 2.0: compstat.nypdonline.org/2e5c3f4b-85c1-4635-83c6-22b27fe7c75c/view/89*** LINKS ***Vsauce2:TikTok: tiktok.com/@vsaucetwoTwitter: twitter.com/VsauceTwoFacebook: facebook.com/VsauceTwoTalk Vsauce2 in The Create Unknown Discord: discord.gg/tcuVsauce2 on Reddit: reddit.com/r/vsauce2Hosted and Produced by Kevin LieberInstagram: instagram.com/kevlieberTwitter: twitter.com/kevinlieberPodcast: youtube.com/thecreateunknownResearch and Writing by Matthew Tabortwitter.com/TaborTCUEditing by John Swanyoutube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2AHuge Thanks To Paula Lieberetsy.com/shop/CraftalityVsauce's Curiosity Box: curiositybox.com#education #vsauce #crime
The Number That Gets You Shot Vsauce2 2022-10-24 | Go to establishedtitles.com/VSAUCE2 -- there's an Early Black Friday sale, plus you'll get 10% off on any purchase with code: VSAUCE2. Thanks to Established Titles for sponsoring this video.Imagine a world in which everything about your life -- your friends, your family, which school you went to, your social media activity -- are reduced to a simple number used by police and the government to determine whether something bad will happen to you.It sounds crazy, and almost paranoid, but algorithm-based initiatives have aided police from Chicago to London to help guide public safety interventions. In the case of Robert McDaniel, he was assigned a score that put him on Chicago’s “Heat List,” and he was told that he was likely to be involved in a shooting. But police didn’t know whether he’d be the shooter or the victim.That resulted in the city offering him a range of services, but it also put him on the police’s radar -- and that began a chain of events that fulfilled a grim prophecy.The promise of advanced math utilizing increasingly sophisticated data collection grows stronger by the year… but so do its potential perils. Can quantifying a person’s behavior actually tell us anything useful about them? And if it can, is it ethical?The rise and fall of Chicago’s Heat List demonstrates not just how predictive policing works, but how it impacts individuals. And while the calculations themselves are a black box, there’s one thing we do know: once you’re on the list, you can’t get off.MUST WATCH: Fantastic German documentary “Pre-Crime” (2017) by Matthias Heeder and Monika Hielscher. Pre-Crime delves into the details and implications of data-based policing and where the future is headed worldwide, available on Amazon and more: imdb.com/title/tt6998222MUST READ: “Heat Listed,” by Matt Shroud, which describes Robert McDanels' experience and the efforts of Chicago police to use data to reduce gun violence: theverge.com/c/22444020/chicago-pd-predictive-policing-heat-list*** ADDITIONAL READING ***“The Small Social Networks at the Heart of Chicago’s Violence,” by Whet Moser: chicagomag.com/city-life/December-2013/The-Small-Social-Networks-at-the-Heart-of-Chicago-Violence“For years Chicago police rated the risk of tens of thousands being caught up in violence. That controversial effort has quietly been ended.” by Jeremy Gorner: chicagotribune.com/news/criminal-justice/ct-chicago-police-strategic-subject-list-ended-20200125-spn4kjmrxrh4tmktdjckhtox4i-story.html“Pre-Crime” (2017), documentary by Matthias Heeder and Monika Hielscher: imdb.com/title/tt6998222“The grim reality of life under Gangs Matrix, London's controversial predictive policing tool,” by Peter Yeung: wired.co.uk/article/gangs-matrix-violence-london-predictive-policing“The Police Are Using Computer Algorithms to Tell If You’re a Threat,” by Andrew Guthrie Ferguson: time.com/4966125/police-departments-algorithms-chicago“Violence Is Contagious”: A Conversation with Andrew Papachristos,” by Greg Berman: hfg.org/conversations/violence-is-contagious-a-conversation-with-andrew-papachristos“Social Networks and the Risk of Gunshot Injury,” Papachristos, Andrew V et al. Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine vol. 89,6 (2012): 992-1003.*** LINKS ***Vsauce2:TikTok: tiktok.com/@vsaucetwoTwitter: twitter.com/VsauceTwoFacebook: facebook.com/VsauceTwoTalk Vsauce2 in The Create Unknown Discord: discord.gg/tcuVsauce2 on Reddit: reddit.com/r/vsauce2Hosted and Produced by Kevin LieberInstagram: instagram.com/kevlieberTwitter: twitter.com/kevinlieberPodcast: youtube.com/thecreateunknownResearch and Writing by Matthew Tabortwitter.com/TaborTCUEditing by John Swanyoutube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2AHuge Thanks To Paula Lieberetsy.com/shop/CraftalityVsauce's Curiosity Box: curiositybox.com#education #vsauce #crime
Why Mathematicians Wont Help Cops Vsauce2 2022-09-07 | Algorithms are so amazing at predicting what you want that ads will be perfectly tailored to your interests and displayed to you just minutes after a complex system has basically mapped your mind. If that’s so easy, why can’t police predict crimes? A few companies claim they can -- but the truth is a lot more complex.A decade ago, predictive policing algorithms were hailed as one of the most important inventions of our era. In just a few short years, thousands of mathematicians had publicly refused to work on predictive policing projects. What started a century ago in the concentric zone model of mapping urban areas and evolved into social disorganization theory has culminated in sophisticated algorithms that claim to pinpoint the place and type of crime well in advance. The problem, though, is that algorithmic outcomes are only as good as the data going into them. Between flawed data collection/reporting, yet another black box algorithm, and a total inability to measure results effectively, the promise of predictive policing has come under scrutiny -- and the real question is how long we keep experimenting to get it right, and who we run those experiments on.*** ADDITIONAL READING ***“Precise Event-level Prediction of Urban Crime Reveals Signature of Enforcement Bias”: researchgate.net/publication/349228599_Precise_Event-level_Prediction_of_Urban_Crime_Reveals_Signature_of_Enforcement_BiasLetter, “Boycott Collaboration with Police”: math-boycotts-police.netPredPol’s Predictive Policing Algorithm: predpol.com/technology“Predictive Policing Software Is More Accurate at Predicting Policing Than Predicting Crime,” Ezekiel Edwards: aclu.org/news/criminal-law-reform/predictive-policing-software-more-accurateChicago’s Strategic Subject List Dataset: data.cityofchicago.org/Public-Safety/Strategic-Subject-List-Historical/4aki-r3np“What Can FBI Data Say About Crime in 2021? It’s Too Unreliable to Tell,” Weihua Li, The Marhsall Project: themarshallproject.org/2022/06/14/what-did-fbi-data-say-about-crime-in-2021-it-s-too-unreliable-to-tell"Abraham Wald's work on aircraft survivability". Mangel and Samaniego. June 198, Journal of the American Statistical Association. 79 (386): 259–267: https://people.ucsc.edu/~msmangel/Wald.pdf“LAPD data programs need better oversight to protect public, Inspector General concludes”: latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-lapd-data-20190312-story.html“UCLA Study Proves Predictive Policing Successful in Reducing Crime Over Several Months of Deployment with The LAPD”: predpol.com/ucla-predictive-policing-study*** LINKS ***Vsauce2:TikTok: tiktok.com/@vsaucetwoTwitter: twitter.com/VsauceTwoFacebook: facebook.com/VsauceTwoTalk Vsauce2 in The Create Unknown Discord: discord.gg/tcuVsauce2 on Reddit: reddit.com/r/vsauce2Hosted and Produced by Kevin LieberInstagram: instagram.com/kevlieberTwitter: twitter.com/kevinlieberPodcast: youtube.com/thecreateunknownResearch and Writing by Matthew Tabortwitter.com/TaborTCUEditing by John Swanyoutube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2AHuge Thanks To Paula Lieberetsy.com/shop/CraftalityVsauce's Curiosity Box: curiositybox.com#education #vsauce #crime
Surround Yourself With Smart Vsauce2 2022-08-23 | 50% off your first box with code: FAMILY (72 hours only)Curiosity Box: curiositybox.comMEL Science: melscience.com/curiositybox
An Extremely Hard Easy Game #shorts Vsauce2 2022-08-09 | The Knight’s Tour is a game that starts easily and becomes impossible. The idea is to make a grid of squares starting with a 3x3 arrangement and move your ‘Knight’ through the grid without crossing its own path. Whether your goal is to touch as many squares as possible, make the most efficient path, or find the Knight’s maximum number of moves on a given grid, the moment you solve the puzzle, it’s time to make it harder. You can extend the grid to keep its dimensions equal or you can extend it vertically or horizontally -- anything works.But by the time you’re solving the Knight’s Tour with a grid of 8 or 9 squares on one side, the patterns become insanely difficult. Computers can calculate Knight’s Tours easily even with grids 10 or 12 squares wide -- but can you?#education #vsauce #maths
Youre a Node #shorts Vsauce2 2022-08-09 | Graph theory is a discipline that seems to get more important every day. It maps relationships between objects, and that has lots of practical uses. Graph theory is what determines your postal delivery worker’s most efficient route through a series of neighborhoods. It’s what tracks the spread of public health crises and undergirds every social media platform on the internet.But one of the simplest problems in mathematics -- how to connect three utilities to three houses without crossing lines -- has proven to be impossible. Grab a sheet of paper and try it out. It won’t take long to realize you can get very close, but never solve the three utilities problem -- and you’ll see quickly that graph theory is a hidden force in everyday life.#education #vsauce #maths
Lets Play With Matches #shorts Vsauce2 2022-08-08 | With just 8 matches (or pens or q-tips or anything straight), you can tie up your mind for hours, days, or WEEKS. The idea is to develop a basic understanding of graph theory, which focuses on the relationships between things -- and you can express those relationships visually. Each match consists of three parts: a ‘node’ on either end, and the line that connects them. There’s only 1 solution for a graph of 1 match… it just lays there. 2 matches? Also just 1 solution, two matches that form an angle (putting them end to end to form one line with a shared node in the middle is technically a solution, too).The goal here is to keep making unique arrangements with increasing numbers of matches. By the time you’re using 8 matches, you’ll have over 200 possible ways to combine them to form a unique pattern of nodes and lines. #education #vsauce #maths
The Algebra Plant #shorts Vsauce2 2022-08-07 | A tremendous amount of math is found in nature, and it's most obvious in Fibonacci/Golden Ratio patterns in the world's flora. But the Schumanniophyton problematicum plant's leaves are determined by algebra, and a simple equation can tell you exactly how many leaves it has or how long it's lived. The Schumanniophyton problematicum's leaves can be expressed by 12Y + 4, where Y is the number of years the plant has been alive. 4 years? 52 leaves.And it gets more impressive. Schumanniophyton problematicum is one of four plants to contain rohitukine naturally, which has shown antiinflammatory properties and can combat leukemia and colon cancer cells.Photo by Ben P. guatemala.inaturalist.org/photos/30933078#education #vsauce #math #facts
Just Move The 4 #shorts Vsauce2 2022-08-06 | The best way to divide a certain class of numbers is to use absolutely no math at all. WHAT?! It’s true -- you can get the job done simply by transposing the first digit to the end of the number. 410,256 is a small, accessible number to try it. Just slide the 4 from the first digit to the last digit and you’re all set… and it works with some much larger numbers, too.In terms of mathematical value, these quirky numbers probably don’t lay the foundation for a groundbreaking Fields Medal-worthy discovery. But this is what recreational mathematics is all about: pushing and pulling on numbers to recognize patterns and curiosities that facilitate your ability to handle heavier-duty work, sort of like how poetry plays with words to express thoughts that *could* be written much more simply. It’s beautiful. And it’s just plain interesting. #vsauce #education #maths
Split The Square Game #shorts Vsauce2 2022-08-05 | This simple geometrical game requires you to divide equally and conquer, and it hearkens back to the most popular math game in the history of the world: Tetris, but in reverse. The object here is to come up with every possible way to divide a square grid into two perfectly symmetrical parts. Once you start by bisecting a 4x4 grid right down the middle, you’ve got to get creative -- especially as you advance to 5x5 and 6x6 grids. It’s a task that requires you to calculate, visualize, and apply rotations -- but with a bit of ingenuity and elbow grease, you can complete the entire table of possible solutions. #vsauce #education #maths
Someone Makes This A Necklace (emirp) #shorts Vsauce2 2022-08-04 | Some recreational mathematicians call this sort of thing a "Digital Bracelet" because it's a circular arrangement of digits that has no clear beginning, end, or even direction. The digits 1, 9, 3, 9, 3, 9 can be progressively transposed to create a fluid circle of 6-digit prime numbers that works forward and backward.You can start with any digit on this circle and move in either direction to generate a prime. The pattern is both simple and mathematically beautiful -- and THAT is why someone needs to make this into a necklace. #vsauce #education #maths
Snowball Prime Numbers #shorts Vsauce2 2022-08-04 | If we count 1 as a prime digit, you can start with 1, 2, 3, 5, or 7 and build Snowball Primes -- prime numbers that remain prime each time you add another digit. Start with 3? Add a 1, still prime. Start with 7? Add a 3, still prime. 73, add a 1? 731 -- STILL PRIME.In just a few hours, you can build the entire roster of Snowball Primes up to 8 digits by hand. DO IT. Why not? This is recreational math. Your parents will be proud of you. #vsauce #maths #education
The Best 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 Combinations #shorts Vsauce2 2022-08-03 | There's not much to simple combinations with no replacement... if we take the 10 digits from 0 to 9, we can arrange them nearly 4 MILLION ways by using 10!. When we take the subset of squared digits that result in a unique combination of those 10 digits? Now we're down to just 87 numbers n, all of which contain 5 digits.You could find them all by hand, calculating every squared whole number until you got a value larger than 10 digits (and don't forget, all of them need to be unique), but over 50 years ago the IBM 1620 used its 1,200+ pound frame to work it all out. Do it by hand. What else do you have to do?#maths #shorts #mathematics
The Reason People Like 69 #shorts Vsauce2 2022-08-02 | Strobogrammatic numbers go beyond quantity to harness rotational symmetry -- they have visual meaning, too. Numbers that use 6 and 9 are the most obvious examples, since flipping them upside down retains their full quantity and meaning… 69 is exactly the same right-side up or turned 180 degrees. And why does it matter? Why aren’t strobogrammatic numbers just a trivial curiosity?There are questions about whether strobogrammatic properties reveal intrinsic value within numbers, but it also presents a pattern worth investigation -- including the subset of strobogrammatic primes. And when’s the next strobogrammatic YEAR? You probably didn’t live through the last one, and you’ve got about 4,000 years before the next one. GOOD LUCK.#maths #shorts #mathematics
Whats a Magic Honeycomb? #shorts Vsauce2 2022-08-01 | Magic squares are pretty amazing, but they're simple in the sense that the Magic Constant is constructed from the same quantity of spaces in every direction -- vertical, horizontal, and diagonal. A Magic Honeycomb? It can't have vertical paths to the constant because the spaces just don't connect that way... but there's an added element of difficulty in horizontal and diagonal paths being varying quantities of 3, 4, and 5.But the real question is whether bees poop or vomit honey. And the answer is COMPLEX.#vsauce #education #maths
The Dangerous Math Used To Predict Criminals Vsauce2 2022-07-25 | Go to noom.com/vsauce2 and take your free 30-second quiz!Thanks to noom for sponsoring Vsauce2.The criminal justice system is overburdened and expensive. What if we could harness advances in social science and math to predict which criminals are most likely to re-offend? What if we had a better way to sentence criminals efficiently and appropriately, for both criminals and society as a whole?That’s the idea behind risk assessment algorithms like COMPAS. And while the theory is excellent, we’ve hit a few stumbling blocks with accuracy and fairness. The data collection includes questions about an offender’s education, work history, family, friends, and attitudes toward society. We know that these elements correlate with anti-social behavior, so why can’t a complex algorithm using 137 different data points give us an accurate picture of who’s most dangerous?The problem might be that it’s actually too complex -- which is why random groups of internet volunteers yield almost identical predictive results when given only a few simple pieces of information. Researchers have also concluded that a handful of basic questions are as predictive as the black box algorithm that made the Supreme Court shrug.Is there a way to fine-tune these algorithms to be better than collective human judgment? Can math help to safeguard fairness in the sentencing process and improve outcomes in criminal justice? And if we did develop an accurate math-based model to predict recidivism, how ethical is it to blame current criminals for potential future crimes? Can human behavior become an equation?*** ADDITIONAL READING ***Sample COMPAS Risk Assessment: documentcloud.org/documents/2702103-Sample-Risk-Assessment-COMPAS-CORECOMPAS-R Updated Risk Assessment: equivant.com/compas-r-core-transparent-rna“The accuracy, fairness, and limits of predicting recidivism.” Julia Dressel. science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aao5580“Understanding risk assessment instruments in criminal justice,” Brookings Institution: https://www.brookings.edu/research/understanding-risk-assessment-instruments-in-criminal-justice/“Machine Bias,” Julia Angwin, Jeff Larson, Surya Mattu and Lauren Kirchner, ProPublica: propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing“The limits of human predictions of recidivism,” Lin, Jung, Goel and Skeem: science.org/doi/full/10.1126/sciadv.aaz0652“Even Imperfect Algorithms Can Improve the Criminal Justice System,” New York Times: nytimes.com/2017/12/20/upshot/algorithms-bail-criminal-justice-system.htmlEquivant’s response to criticism: equivant.com/official-response-to-science-advances“A Popular Algorithm Is No Better at Predicting Crimes Than Random People,” Ed Yong: theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/01/equivant-compas-algorithm/550646“The Age of Secrecy and Unfairness in Recidivism Prediction,” Rudin, Wang, and Coker: https://hdsr.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/7z10o269/release/6“Practitioner’s Guide to COMPAS Core,” s3.documentcloud.org/documents/2840784/Practitioner-s-Guide-to-COMPAS-Core.pdfState v. Loomis summary: harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/1530-1537_online.pdf*** LINKS ***Vsauce2:TikTok: tiktok.com/@vsaucetwoTwitter: twitter.com/VsauceTwoFacebook: facebook.com/VsauceTwoTalk Vsauce2 in The Create Unknown Discord: discord.gg/tcuVsauce2 on Reddit: reddit.com/r/vsauce2Hosted and Produced by Kevin LieberInstagram: instagram.com/kevlieberTwitter: twitter.com/kevinlieberPodcast: youtube.com/thecreateunknownResearch and Writing by Matthew Tabortwitter.com/TaborTCUEditing by John Swanyoutube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2APolice Sketches by Art MeltTwitter: twitter.com/EelJamminIG: instagram.com/jamstamp0Huge Thanks To Paula Lieberetsy.com/shop/CraftalityVsauce's Curiosity Box: curiositybox.com#education #vsauce #crime
Permute Pi To Make Phi Vsauce2 2022-07-14 | There are only a handful of truly legendary numbers, like 0, 1, and Euler's Number. And there are only 10 digits from 0-9, so it would make sense that we can shift them around to see some interesting things... right? Sometimes it feels like too much of a coincidence, like being able to take the reciprocal of Pi and permute its digits into the reciprocal of the Golden Ratio. Not enough for you? Tack on another Pi digit and throw it in front of the reciprocal of Phi and you'll get the actual Golden Ratio's digits.HOW CAN THIS BE A COINCIDENCE?!#math #mathematics #vsauce
Adult Magic Square Vsauce2 2022-07-12 | One of the most interesting puzzles in recreational mathematics is the construction of a Magic Square, an arrangement of numbers in which every single row, column, and main diagonal add to the exact same number. The classic introductory magic square is of Order 3, meaning there are 9 total spots in a 3x3 grid, with each line adding to a Magic Constant of 15. But why stop there?As long as you count 1 as prime (which it was considered in the past), you can construct a massive 15 x 15 (Order 15) magic square out of the first 225 odd consecutive prime numbers ranging from 1 to 1,427 with a Magic Constant of 9,635? YEP, HERE IT IS. #maths #vsauce #mathematics
The Man Who Invented Zero Vsauce2 2022-07-06 | It's taken thousands of years for humans to decide what zero is, and also what zero isn't. It's a strange concept to think about what nothing really means in relation to other numbers, but giving zero meaning beyond a simple placeholder was one of the most important advances in mathematics. Indian mathematician and astronomer Brahmagupta was likely the first to codify the rules involving computation with zero -- and in his master work Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta, he delved into quadratic equations, calculating square roots, and rules for positive and negative numbers.The remarkable thing is that the Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta contained no mathematical notation. It was only prose, and Brahmagupta still managed to be the first to describe the solution to quadratic equations. But what about dividing 0 by 0?!#maths #shorts #mathematics
The Bad Math Used To Punish Criminals Vsauce2 2022-06-20 | Get Surfshark VPN at https://surfshark.deals/vsauce2 and enter promo code Vsauce2 for 83% off and 3 extra months for FREE!Documentaries, television and movies are obsessed with crime. Is the accused actually guilty? If not, who is? If so, will they get away with it? All these questions matter -- but the most important question might be what happens when a criminal is sentenced.Determining a fair and just sentence for an offender is a delicate balance of punishment, rehabilitation and protection. From Aristotle to restorative justice initiatives, we’ve spent thousands of years developing theories of sentencing and striving for better ways to implement them. But no matter how refined our concept of justice becomes, it’s also subject to overt biases and both conscious and unconscious discrimination based on any number of factors, from age and race to completely unrelated societal forces. Does that mean real justice is impossible? And can we combat the failings of the human mind by replacing people with mandated algorithms?The answer is yes -- and no. When Marvin Frankel conceived of a justice system that would remove bias and variations in sentencing from United States federal sentencing, he was convinced that he’d ushered in a new, fairer regime of sentencing. In a way, he had… when Congress passed the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, criminal sentencing became significantly more consistent. But it also opened the door to even more sinister discrimination with mandatory minimums and disparate impacts on minorities -- precisely some of the problems the sentencing reform was meant to address. It also rendered useless the professional experience of judges and ran complex crimes, and their victims, through a dispassionate algorithm that failed to tailor results to specific circumstances.Justice is hard, and we continue to figure out how to do it right. Maybe it can be based on numbers. Maybe it should be based on feelings. And maybe it’s just impossible to achieve perfect justice.*** ADDITIONAL READING ***Marvin Frankel, “Criminal Sentences: Law Without Order”: amazon.com/Criminal-Sentences-Law-Without-Order/dp/0809013746Chapman v. United States, Supreme Court transcript: supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/1990/90-5744_03-26-1991.pdfNew York Times review of Frankel’s “Law Without Order,” 1973: timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1973/05/13/90954511.html?pageNumber=342“Measuring Interjudge Sentencing Disparity: Before and After the Federal Sentencing Guidelines,” The Journal of Law & Economics, 1999: jstor.org/stable/10.1086/467426The Sentencing Project: sentencingproject.org*** LINKS ***Vsauce2:TikTok: tiktok.com/@vsaucetwoTwitter: twitter.com/VsauceTwoFacebook: facebook.com/VsauceTwoTalk Vsauce2 in The Create Unknown Discord: discord.gg/tcuVsauce2 on Reddit: reddit.com/r/vsauce2Hosted and Produced by Kevin LieberInstagram: instagram.com/kevlieberTwitter: twitter.com/kevinlieberPodcast: youtube.com/thecreateunknownResearch and Writing by Matthew Tabortwitter.com/TaborTCUEditing by John Swanyoutube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2AHuge Thanks To Paula Lieberetsy.com/shop/CraftalityVsauce's Curiosity Box: curiositybox.com#education #vsauce #crime
You Cant Move #shorts Vsauce2 2022-06-14 | How many times have you heard that the shortest distance between two points is a straight line? What if it's actually... the longest distance? What if it's an infinite distance? What if it's impossible to move at all?!That's the theory behind Zeno's thought experiment on movement. If every distance can be divided up into smaller parts, and traversing every part takes a non-zero amount of time, then how can we make any progress at all in a finite amount of time?This is obviously wrong, since you can walk to the mailbox and back every day without facing an existential or physics-based crisis. The tale of Achilles and the Tortoise has a certain logic to it that took thousands of years to unravel -- but once we understood the power of the convergent series, the paradox disappeared.#maths #education #mathematics
Pascals Coin Flipping Cheat Sheet #shorts Vsauce2 2022-06-07 | Blaise Pascal's Triangle displays the array of binomial coefficients in a triangle that holds a different meaning from seemingly every angle. From the odd numbers creating a fractal similar to the Sierpinski triangle to generating a full Fibonacci Sequence, Pascal's triangle portrays mathematical beauty -- and also keeps track of coin flips. Buried in the layers is a perfect expansion of probabilities of binomial outcomes that goes on forever.And although we refer to it as Pascal's Triangle, it's not actually Pascal's. Mathematicians in China, India, Persia, and even France centuries before Pascal completed his Treatise on Arithmetical Triangle in 1665.GET FLIPPING.#education #mathss #shorts
How Many Colors Do Maps Need? #shorts Vsauce2 2022-06-02 | As borders twist and turn through geographic features and political realities, maps get complex quickly. But no matter how many bodies are being mapped, it's only necessary to use 4 different colors to make sure that no two that are touching share the same color. Given how intricate and complicated maps can be, how can we not need more than 4?!#vsauce #education
The $3 Million Math Mistake #shorts Vsauce2 2022-05-23 | The world's smallest skyscraper wasn't supposed to be that way... depending on who you ask. When the Newby–McMahon Building in Wichita Falls, Texas was completed in 1919, investors were shocked. They'd put the equivalent of $3 million today into what was meant to be a 480-foot building. Instead, they got a 480-inch building, and it was their own fault. J.D. McMahon's blueprints used the symbol for inches in place of the symbol for feet, but signatories never bothered to check. He delivered on his promise to build a 480-inch skyscraper and legal challenges failed. When it comes to numbers, details matter.#shorts #vsauce #education
The Tip of Pascals Iceberg #shorts Vsauce2 2022-05-16 | Blaise Pascal may have published Traité du triangle arithmétique in 1665, but the world knew about his triangle centuries before. Scholars in India, Persia, China, and even Germany played with the possibilities of a pattern of binomial coefficients, but Pascal brought it to the broader world. Pascal’s Triangle is easy to construct by hand; just start with 1 and do the arithmetic.As Pascal’s Triangle expands, it reveals mathematical patterns we value elsewhere, from the simple whole number line and the primacy of 1 to a succession of the powers of 2 and the digits of 11’s exponential sequence. And lurking within is a classic Fibonacci sequence in which each successive digit is the sum of its two predecessors.But one of the most interesting elements of Pascal’s Triangle is the way it lays bare the possible outcomes of any series of simple coin flips. Like everything else in Pascal’s Triangle, it’s in there if you know where to look.#shorts #vsauce #maths
How Witnesses Get It Wrong #shorts Vsauce2 2022-04-26 | Police lineups are notoriously difficult to get right, and a huge part of that is your brain's fault. When you're presented with a lineup that shows someone similar, but not the same, as the suspect, your brain tends to fill in the gaps. It basically selects the next best option to the truth, but it feels to you like it *is* the truth. And by the time that similar choice comes up again, you've conditioned yourself to believe that this replacement is the real suspect. Witnesses often make accurate identifications, but it's not hard to see how they can very easily get it exactly wrong.#education #vsauce #truecrime
The Bad Science of Eyewitnesses Vsauce2 2022-04-20 | Jennifer Thompson was the perfect witness. She was smart, perceptive, and alert during her attack. She made a conscious effort to note every little detail to help police identify the man who assaulted her. She identified him with 100% confidence in a photo lineup, then during an in-person lineup, and again at the trial. 11 years later, DNA evidence proved that Ronald Cotton, who had been sentenced to life in prison plus 50 years, was entirely innocent. How could she get it so wrong? Why do so many eyewitnesses make mistakes that result in innocent people going to prison for a crime they never committed?A number of factors conspire to erode the truth. From biological realities of memory and the brain’s propensity to fill in gaps with fiction to procedural errors that unintentionally reinforce a false narrative, it’s hard for witnesses to get it right. All the flaws in eyewitness testimony seem obvious, and most of them are. What’s interesting is how long we’ve known and largely ignored them.More than a century ago, psychologist Hugo Münsterberg wrote detailed essays about the problems with witnesses, including eviscerating his own memory of being a crime victim. And before that, Hermann Ebbinghaus explained the “forgetting curve” that shows how memory deteriorates and how spaced repetition -- of both fact and fiction -- can cement what’s in our minds. Despite generations of knowledge about the fragility of eyewitness identification and testimony, there’s still nothing more powerful and persuasive than a witness pointing a finger at a defendant in court. In the end, forensic science saved Ronald Cotton. But for an immeasurable number of victims of eyewitness error throughout humanity’s pursuit of justice, the result has been imprisonment and death -- and the truth is that the problem can’t ever be solved completely.*** SOURCES & READING ***“Picking Cotton: Our Memoir of Injustice and Redemption,” by Erin Torneo, Jennifer Thompson-Cannino, and Ronald Cotton: pickingcottonbook.com“What Jennifer Saw,” PBS Frontline (1997): pbs.org/wgbh//pages/frontline/shows/dna/photos“Eyewitness: How Accurate is Visual Memory?” CBS 60 Minutes (2009): cbsnews.com/news/eyewitness-how-accurate-is-visual-memory“Eyewitness Identification Reform,” Innocence Project: innocenceproject.org/eyewitness-identification-reform*** LINKS ***Vsauce2:TikTok: tiktok.com/@vsaucetwoTwitter: twitter.com/VsauceTwoFacebook: facebook.com/VsauceTwoTalk Vsauce2 in The Create Unknown Discord: discord.gg/tcuVsauce2 on Reddit: reddit.com/r/vsauce2Hosted and Produced by Kevin LieberInstagram: instagram.com/kevlieberTwitter: twitter.com/kevinlieberPodcast: youtube.com/thecreateunknownResearch and Writing by Matthew Tabortwitter.com/TaborTCUEditing by John Swanyoutube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2AHuge Thanks To Paula Lieberetsy.com/shop/CraftalityThumbnail by Dave KeineVsauce's Curiosity Box: curiositybox.com#education #vsauce #crime
The 24 Card Math Game #shorts Vsauce2 2022-04-01 | The 24 game that originated in China is a fast-paced 2-player game of number manipulatiin. Your goal is to take the integers of the 4 cards on the table and turn them into the number 24, and any mathematical operation is fair game. Add, subtract, divide, multiply, fractions, exponents, factorials... anything goes, as long as the end result is 24 and your math checks out.The rules are simple: aces are worth 1, face cards are worth 10, and the other numbers are themselves. Each player flips 2 cards and the first to invent a combination yielding 24 puts all 4 cards at the bottom of their stack. Keep going until one player has all the cards, and then PLAY AGAIN.#shorts
Numbers That Love Themselves #shorts Vsauce2 2022-03-25 | Narcissistic numbers are numbers whose individual digits raised to the power of the total number of digits can be added together to create the original number. So, for 153, that means 1^3 + 5^3 + 3^3 = 153. How big can they get? And do they even matter? No... and yes. GH Hardy criticized the concept of narcissistic numbers as being purely recreational with no practical application, but isn't amusement the point?! Relax, GH. Have a little number fun. #shorts
The Pi Alphabet Clock #shorts Vsauce2 2022-03-14 | Pi is hidden everywhere, including inside a sequential alphabet clock. WHAT?! If you make a circle of the 26-letter Latin alphabet from A to Z, and then erase every single letter with vertical symmetry (like cutting down the middle of W or T so the left and right sides are mirror images), you're left with 5 groups of numbers... 3, 1, 4, 1, 6, which is Pi's first 5 digits rounded. Is this a coincidence, or...?? #shorts #maths #education
Pi Hidden in a Huge Triangle #shorts Vsauce2 2022-03-14 | You all know the Pythagorean theorem, but what does a right triangle with a hypotenuse of 684,912,110,217,988,900 reveal about Pi? A lot, once you figure out the other two sides.If the square root of 684,912,110,217,988,900 yields 827,594,170, and that equals a^2 + b^2, we can find the ratio of a to b. And the result is an extremely close approximation to pi that matches to 9 digits. Thanks, 684,912,110,217,988,900!#shorts
The Mathematical Recipe for Pi(e) #shorts Vsauce2 2022-03-14 | By starting with the prime number 71, you can make a simple recipe for pie. If 71 is the denominator, a numerator of 208 yields two important mathematical constants with +/- 15. 223/71 gives you a very close pi approximation, and 193/71 is just thousandths away from Euler's number. Put them together and you've got pi(e)!But the weird part here isn't the fraction, it's the role of 71, which has a series of strange properties. AND WHAT HAPPENS IN THE YEAR 2059?#shorts
123!’s Zeroes Trick #shorts Vsauce2 2022-03-09 | You can determine the number of trailing zeroes on a factorial of ANY size with a pretty simple trick that involves dividing by powers of 5. First, you can do it the hard way, and multiple every number of x! (x * (x - 1) * (x - 2)...) until you're multiplying by 1 at the end, and then just count up the zeroes. Or... you can do it the smart way.Divide your original number by 5, then 5^2, then 5^3, and when you've got a fractional value, stop and add up the rounded-down whole numbers. And BAM! That's how many trailing zeroes x! has. It really is that easy, even for a 206-digit number like 123!#shorts
How Many MEGAPRIMES Exist? #shorts Vsauce2 2022-03-02 | A megaprime number is a prime with at least 1,000,000 digits. Not only is there an infinite number of megaprimes, but it means that almost every prime number is a megaprime. But why stop at a million digits? A gigaprime or bevaprime is a prime number with at least a BILLION digits -- and no one has actually proven that one exists yet.There's $250,000 in it if you can find the first gigaprime, so GET TO WORK.#shorts
Whats the Most Underrated Number? #shorts Vsauce2 2022-02-23 | Every number is unique, but not every number has special properties. Actually, most of them don't have interesting characteristics... half of all numbers are even and divisible by 2, so they can't even be prime. 0 and 1 are in a class by themselves, but 11 is actually pretty distinctive. It's prime, it's a palindrome, it's a palindromic prime. FEEL THE POWER OF 11.11 might be the most underrated number. What's yours?#shorts
The Massive Number 11 Trick #shorts Vsauce2 2022-02-18 | You can take any number with 2 or more digits and determine almost instantly whether it's divisible by 11, and the method is actually really, really easy -- even for a number like 2,399,317,565,387,204.All it takes is simple addition and alternating between the odd and even digits. If the difference between the two sums is 0 or a number that's divisible by 11, then the entire number is divisible by 11. It's that easy. Think about it with a 2-digit number like 33. The difference between the first digit (3) and the second digit (3) is 0, and 33 is obviously divisible by 11. 121? (1 + 1) = 2, and the even digit is also 2 -- 121 is divisible by 11. Try this with a number that has... 137 digits. GO.#shorts
