Vsauce2
KISS ROBOT LIPS Mind Blow #46
updated
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Could one of the staples of a gamer’s diet actually improve physiological health the same way it has for mice and worms? Is it possible to harness plant photosynthesis with a synthetic leaf that mirrors the same chemical process to replace fossil fuels? Will small armies of robot cartographers replace Google Street View cars -- and eventually explore the unknowns of Earth’s oceans? How long have hominins existed in Greece, and are our Mediterranean ancestors hundreds of thousands of years older than we think?
The James Webb Space Telescope has just captured images of molecules over 12 billion light years away -- but are they just specks of matter, or are they the building blocks of stars?
Han Solo’s nap in carbonite might just be a part of your own future now that mice have been induced into a state of torpor -- and it has implications for improving emergency medicine. The idea of inducing torpor was first proposed to reduce the physical demands of space travel, and when you finally cruise to Mars, who knows how many arms and legs you’ll have? Researchers at MIT have tacked on a pair of supernumerary limbs that gets us one step closer to being space octopuses.
The future of science and technology gets more exciting by the day, but we continue to uncover amazing elements of our past -- like a 3,000 year old sword in Bavaria that has been preserved so well that its blade still shines. Past. Present. Future. Mind Blow!
Patron Thanks
BENEFACTOR
Xemboy01
EXECUTIVE PRODUCERS
Brent Tiggelaar, Ian Fabs, Jonathan Hawk, Markus Fleischer, NullBlox.ZachryWilsn, Thomas Kaminski, Wolfgang Hutton
Taurine Anti-Aging (0:00)
science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi3025
Artificial Leaf (0:59)
nature.com/articles/s41560-023-01262-3#Sec21
Multi Robot Mapping (1:45)
arxiv.org/pdf/2106.14386.pdf
Oldest Evidence of Humans In Greece (2:29)
livescience.com/archaeology/oldest-evidence-of-humans-in-greece-is-700000-years-old-a-quarter-of-a-million-years-older-than-previously-thought
James Webb Telescope Discovers Oldest Organic Molecules (4:37)
nature.com/articles/d41586-023-01844-x
Ultrasound Deep Sleep (5:38)
nature.com/articles/s42255-023-00804-z
Supernumerary Limbs For Space Suit (6:38)
youtube.com/watch?v=Wed7JAyfLyA
Shining Bronze Age Octagonal Sword (7:12)
https://www.blfd.bayern.de/mam/blfd/presse/pi_bronzezeitliches_schwert.pdf
Introducing The Amazing Compact Disc (7:42)
youtube.com/watch?v=_Tx6TYnPat8
*** CREDITS ***
Hosted, Researched and Created by Kevin Lieber
twitter.com/VsauceTwo
Written by Matthew Tabor
twitter.com/TaborTCU
Edited by Vic Grimes
twitter.com/VicGrimes
Fact Checking by Geoff Barrett
twitter.com/GeoffdBarrett
Watch more science news, tech news, space news, and educational videos like Mind Blow with the Vsauce crew on our channel!
#MindBlow #Vsauce #ScienceNews #science #Education #shorts #science #scienceshorts
Please support Vsauce2 on Patreon: patreon.com/Vsauce2
When we think of the human experience, we tend to focus on the good things: love, happiness, and progress. But what if the most important part of our lives is actually one of the worst? Our relationship with pain stretches back further than any other sensation, and it turns out that pain has been and continues to be our most important teacher. We paradoxically need something awful to survive. Vsauce2 explores the science and psychology of pain going all the way back to our four-legged ancestors.
Despite pain dictating daily life for millions of years, we’ve only come to understand exactly how it works fairly recently. We now know the exact physiological mechanisms of how pain works within our bodies -- which evolved from rudimentary scientific theories from Descartes and others -- but we’re still figuring out how it works within our minds. And as we navigate the science of it all, from neuroscience to psychology, we uncover more questions than ever. Should we eliminate pain, or should we learn to live with it? What happens to our identities when we take all the pain away, and is it worth the cost to ourselves? What is society’s responsibility to relieve pain, and how does politics factor in? How much of your pain is real and how much pain is essentially imagined?
On the surface it seems like an ideal world would be one completely devoid of pain, with strong mental health in conjunction with physical wellness. But the reality is more complex, and it’s worth thinking about the implications of the convoluted link between pain and suffering that we can’t live with… and can’t live without.
*** CREDITS ***
Vsauce2:
TikTok: tiktok.com/@vsaucetwo
Twitter: twitter.com/VsauceTwo
Instagram: instagram.com/kevlieber
Facebook: facebook.com/VsauceTwo
Talk Vsauce2 in The Create Unknown Discord: discord.gg/tcu
Vsauce2 on Reddit: reddit.com/r/vsauce2
Hosted and Produced by Kevin Lieber
Twitter: twitter.com/kevinlieber
Podcast: youtube.com/thecreateunknown
Research and Writing by Matthew Tabor
twitter.com/TaborTCU
Editing by John Swan
youtube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2A
Huge Thanks To Paula Lieber
etsy.com/shop/Craftality
Vsauce's Curiosity Box: curiositybox.com
#MindBlow #Vsauce #ScienceNews #science #Education
Get Ad-Free Mind Blow on Patreon: patreon.com/Vsauce2
In this episode of Mind Blow on Vsauce2: the ruins of Ancient Rome reveal interesting medical devices, a new humanoid robot learns to be just like you, scientists develop a neural brain implant that works like an octopus, Team Trees might have accidentally grown 20 million computers with wood transistors, Stone Age architectural plans reveal sophisticated abstract cognitive abilities, olfactory virtual reality now includes scents and smells, the Titanic gets 3D mapped with over 700,000 images, which may reveal clues about how the Titanic sank, and the glassy-winged sharpshooter contributes to our biological understanding of fluid dynamics with its built-in butt catapult.
Patron Thanks
BENEFACTOR
Xemboy01
EXECUTIVE PRODUCERS
Brent Tiggelaar, Ian Fabs, Jonathan Hawk, Markus Fleischer, NullBlox.ZachryWilsn, Thomas Kaminski, Wolfgang Hutton.
*** SOURCES ***
Wood Electrochemical Transistor (0:00)
pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2218380120
First Ever Full-Sized Scans of Titanic Shipwreck (0:49)
magellan.gg/titanic-in-3d
Roman Urine Flasks (1:48)
cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/disease-control-and-the-disposal-of-infectious-materials-in-renaissance-rome-excavations-in-the-area-of-caesars-forum/F43A8803C6D74D01C4C07DC0D4C81094
Sanctuary AI (2:31)
sanctuary.ai
Soft Robot Brain Implant (3:11)
science.org/doi/10.1126/scirobotics.add1002
Stone Age Blueprints (5:04)
journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0277927
VR Smells (5:45)
nature.com/articles/s41467-023-37678-4
Superfast Insect Urination (6:48)
https://research.gatech.edu/super-fast-insect-urination-powered-physics-superpropulsion
Sony Walkman Commercial 1983 (7:55)
youtube.com/watch?v=7lipckhgG5g
*** CREDITS ***
Hosted, Researched and Created by Kevin Lieber
twitter.com/VsauceTwo
Written by Matthew Tabor
twitter.com/TaborTCU
Edited by John Swan
youtube.com/@JohnSwanYT
Fact Checking by Geoff Barrett
twitter.com/GeoffdBarrett
Watch more science news, tech news, space news, and educational videos like Mind Blow with the Vsauce crew on our channel!
#MindBlow #Vsauce #ScienceNews #science #Education #shorts #science #scienceshorts
Vsauce2 dives into the fundamental meaning behind the concept of "happy" and how our twisted modern take on happiness is making things measurably worse. What is the paradox of chasing happiness? And how to things we think will make us happy actually lead to depression?
Support Vsauce2 on Patreon: patreon.com/Vsauce2
*** CREDITS ***
Vsauce2:
TikTok: tiktok.com/@vsaucetwo
Twitter: twitter.com/VsauceTwo
Instagram: instagram.com/kevlieber
Facebook: facebook.com/VsauceTwo
Talk Vsauce2 in The Create Unknown Discord: discord.gg/tcu
Vsauce2 on Reddit: reddit.com/r/vsauce2
Hosted and Produced by Kevin Lieber
Twitter: twitter.com/kevinlieber
Podcast: youtube.com/thecreateunknown
Research and Writing by Matthew Tabor
twitter.com/TaborTCU
Editing by John Swan
youtube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2A
Additional Editing by Vic Grimes
twitter.com/VicGrimes
Huge Thanks To Paula Lieber
etsy.com/shop/Craftality
Vsauce's Curiosity Box: curiositybox.com
Watch more science news, tech news, psychology facts, and educational videos like Mind Blow with the Vsauce crew on our channel!
#vsauce #psychology #science #mentalhealth
Thanks to Factor for sponsoring Vsauce2.
Get Ad-Free Mind Blow on Patreon: patreon.com/Vsauce2
In this episode of Mind Blow on Vsauce2: scientists have a new hypothesis for why bugs fly around light bulbs, we learn of secret science new virus hiding in baby diapers, in space news Einstein helped discover a massive black hole, a simple drought solution, fruit helping recycle batteries, an ancient Egyptian gifting custom now has physical evidence, a massive leap in MRI brain scan technology, and bioadhesives just got stronger and safer for surgery. The type of science news found only on Mind Blow by Vsauce2.
Patron Thanks
BENEFACTOR
Xemboy01
EXECUTIVE PRODUCERS
Brent Tiggelaar, Ian Fabs, Wolfgang Hutton, NullBlox.ZachryWilsn, Jonathan Hawk, Markus Fleischer, Thomas Kaminski
*** SOURCES ***
Why flying insects gather at artificial light (0:00)
biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536486v1
Expanding known viral diversity in the healthy infant gut (0:39)
nature.com/articles/s41564-023-01345-7
Abell 1201: detection of an ultramassive black hole in a strong gravitational lens (1:27)
academic.oup.com/mnras/article/521/3/3298/7085506
Structure-guided engineering of a receptor-agonist pair for inducible activation of the ABA adaptive response to drought (2:08)
science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.ade9948
Brain Images Just Got 64 Million Times Sharper (3:49)
https://today.duke.edu/2023/04/brain-images-just-got-64-million-times-sharper
NTU Singapore and Se-cure Waste Management build pilot recycling plant to tackle lithium-ion battery waste with biomass waste (4:30)
eurekalert.org/news-releases/984142
First osteological evidence of severed hands in Ancient Egypt (5:07)
nature.com/articles/s41598-023-32165-8
Injectable gelatin-oligo-catechol conjugates for tough thermosensitive bioadhesion (5:40)
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666386423000140?via%3Dihub
Database, 1984 (6:40)
youtube.com/watch?v=szdbKz5CyhA
*** CREDITS ***
Hosted and Created by Kevin Lieber
twitter.com/VsauceTwo
Research and Writing by Scott Frank
twitter.com/hollywoodsapien
Graphics and Editing by Vic Grimes
twitter.com/VicGrimes
Special Thanks John Swan
youtube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2A
Fact Checking by Geoff Barrett
twitter.com/GeoffdBarrett
Watch more science news, tech news, space news, and educational videos like Mind Blow with the Vsauce crew on our channel!
#MindBlow #Vsauce #ScienceNews #science #Education
How does herd mentality go wrong and lead to the madness of crowds? How can we harness it for the wisdom of crowds? Vsauce2 explores the fine line between group smart and group crazy.
The age of mass communication has brought with it mass psychogenic illness alongside opportunities to crowdsource solutions that improve the world. It's a delicate science we're trying to navigate. Are we smart enough to make use of our herd mentality or we will succumb to the madness of the crowd?
*** LINKS ***
Vsauce2:
TikTok: tiktok.com/@vsaucetwo
Twitter: twitter.com/VsauceTwo
Facebook: facebook.com/VsauceTwo
Talk Vsauce2 in The Create Unknown Discord: discord.gg/tcu
Vsauce2 on Reddit: reddit.com/r/vsauce2
Hosted and Produced by Kevin Lieber
Instagram: instagram.com/kevlieber
Twitter: twitter.com/kevinlieber
Podcast: youtube.com/thecreateunknown
Research and Writing by Matthew Tabor
twitter.com/TaborTCU
Editing by John Swan
youtube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2A
Additional Editing by Vic Grimes
twitter.com/VicGrimes
Huge Thanks To Paula Lieber
etsy.com/shop/Craftality
Vsauce's Curiosity Box: curiositybox.com
#vsauce #psychology #science
Join RAID’s 4th Anniversary celebration, use the Promo Codes below to get special B-day gifts: 4YEARSRAID (includes Legendary Skill Tomes) - Available for ALL users
FIRESTARTER (includes an Epic champion Ultimate Galek) - Available for New users
Tip for New players: get Kellan the Shrike using the link above and enter the promo code FIRESTARTER to grab Ultimate Galek and gain two topnotch champions at once
Note that only 1 Promo code can be used within 24 hours
Get Ad-Free Mind Blow on Patreon: patreon.com/Vsauce2
This week on Vsauce2 Mind Blow: Mussels with ridiculous distance, some science education under a fluorescent microscope, and: has science finally come up with a hangover cure?
Patron Thanks
BENEFACTORS
Xemboy01
Chillustrations
EXECUTIVE PRODUCERS
Brent Tiggelaar, Wolfgang Hutton, NullBlox.ZachryWilsn, Jonathan Hawk, Markus Fleischer, Thomas Kaminski, Ian Fabs
*** SOURCES ***
Fishing for hosts: Larval spurting by the endangered thick-shelled river mussel, Unio crassus (0:00)
esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecy.4026
A low-cost smartphone fluorescence microscope for research, life science education, and STEM outreach (0:43)
nature.com/articles/s41598-023-29182-y
Instructions for how to build it: static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-023-29182-y/MediaObjects/41598_2023_29182_MOESM1_ESM.pdf
Optical tweezers throw and catch single atoms (1:32)
opg.optica.org/optica/viewmedia.cfm?uri=optica-10-3-401&seq=0
FGF21 counteracts alcohol intoxication by activating the noradrenergic nervous system (3:21)
cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(23)00041-4
A self-healing electrically conductive organogel composite (4:14)
nature.com/articles/s41928-023-00932-0
Magical practices? A non-normative Roman imperial cremation at Sagalassos (4:59)
cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/magical-practices-a-nonnormative-roman-imperial-cremation-at-sagalassos/0559636D95DF5D5CEACACE733F758D1E
Nuts For Nintendo - 20/20, 1988 (5:49)
youtube.com/watch?v=yt4KG9ib8S4
*** CREDITS ***
Hosted and Created by Kevin Lieber
twitter.com/VsauceTwo
Research and Writing by Scott Frank
twitter.com/hollywoodsapien
Graphics and Editing by Vic Grimes
twitter.com/VicGrimes
Special Thanks John Swan
youtube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2A
Fact Checking by Geoff Barrett
twitter.com/GeoffdBarrett
Watch more science experiment videos like Mind Blow with the Vsauce crew on our channel!
#MindBlow #Vsauce #ScienceNews #science
The Last of Us HBO series and the video game tell us a little bit about Joel's past. We know he's from Texas, we know when he was born, we know he hates carbs. But where did his hardened, rugged personality come from? Why is he so irascible?
It all started when he drank from the firehose.
Joel Miller in Weird Al's UHF is the SAME Joel Miller in The Last of Us. CHANGE MY MIND.
#thelastofus #lastofus
Thanks to Wondrium for sponsoring this video!
Vsauce2 Patreon: patreon.com/Vsauce2
Nothing is more exciting than a high speed car chase -- and it turns out that almost nothing is more dangerous, too. Suspects, innocent pedestrians, and even the police themselves are subject to everything that makes watching movies like Fast & Furious or playing Grand Theft Auto a seriously entertaining experience. For thousands of people every year, that means serious injury and even death.
But the crazy thing is that we know exactly how to solve the problem, and no one seems to care.
I analyzed the data and even found an anonymous source inside a state police department who was willing to tell me how car chases really work. The result? We’re doing something that’s bad for everyone, usually for unimportant reasons, with life-changing consequences.
And why do we keep doing it? The benefits are minor and the consequences are major. But if all the data suggests the tradeoffs we make when we engage in car chases isn’t worth it, why don’t we just stop? That’s the problem here… and no one cares.
*** ADDITIONAL READING ***
Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Police Vehicle Pursuits, 2012-2013”: bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/police-vehicle-pursuits-2012-2013
Fatal Encounters with Police: fatalencounters.org
“High-speed police chases have killed thousands of innocent bystanders,” Thomas Frank, USA Today: usatoday.com/story/news/2015/07/30/police-pursuits-fatal-injuries/30187827
*** LINKS ***
Vsauce2:
TikTok: tiktok.com/@vsaucetwo
Twitter: twitter.com/VsauceTwo
Facebook: facebook.com/VsauceTwo
Talk Vsauce2 in The Create Unknown Discord: discord.gg/tcu
Vsauce2 on Reddit: reddit.com/r/vsauce2
Hosted and Produced by Kevin Lieber
Instagram: instagram.com/kevlieber
Twitter: twitter.com/kevinlieber
Podcast: youtube.com/thecreateunknown
Research and Writing by Matthew Tabor
twitter.com/TaborTCU
Editing by John Swan
youtube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2A
Huge Thanks To Paula Lieber
etsy.com/shop/Craftality
Vsauce's Curiosity Box: curiositybox.com
#education #vsauce #crime #carchase #policechase #crimestory
Get Ad-Free Mind Blow episodes and much more.
BENEFACTORS
Xemboy01
Chillustrations
EXECUTIVE PRODUCERS
Brent Tiggelaar, James, Wolfgang Hutton, NullBlox.ZachryWilsn, Jonathan Hawk, Markus Fleischer
*** SOURCES ***
Researchers turn to tiny robots to fight antibiotic resistance (0:00)
pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.2300515120
Hunting and processing of straight-tusked elephants 125.000 years ago: Implications for Neanderthal behavior (1:00)
science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.add8186
Compact holographic sound fields enable rapid one-step assembly of matter in 3D (1:56)
science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adf6182
Medium-density amorphous ice (2:45)
science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abq2105
Hericerin derivatives activates a pan-neurotrophic pathway in central hippocampal neurons converging to ERK1/2 signaling enhancing spatial memory (3:56)
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jnc.15767
Hubble detects ghostly glow surrounding our solar system (4:40)
hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/2022/news-2022-050
Design Line by AT&T (1977) (5:38)
techchannel.att.com/playvideo/2012/03/23/AT&T-Archives-Design-Line
*** CREDITS ***
Hosted and Created by Kevin Lieber
twitter.com/VsauceTwo
Watch more science and tech news each month on our channel with Mind Blow!
Research and Writing by Scott Frank
twitter.com/hollywoodsapien
Graphics and Editing by Vic Grimes
twitter.com/VicGrimes
Special Thanks John Swan
youtube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2A
Fact Checking by Geoff Barrett
twitter.com/GeoffdBarrett
Watch more science videos with the Vsauce crew on our channel!
#MindBlow #Vsauce #ScienceNews #science
Use my gift code VSAUCE2 to get an awesome reward for a total value of $20, and share your biggest catch in the pinned comment!
Support Vsauce2: patreon.com/Vsauce2
From career mafia rats to kindergarten tattle-tales, no one likes a snitch. Every society reviles the informant -- but why? And how can game theory analysis reveal what’s actually happening when society rewards a snitch?
Despite teeming with serious problems, snitch culture is so deeply-engrained in law enforcement that it’s sentenced countless innocent people over centuries -- including convicting men of murder when no one was even killed at all. Why does snitching go so wrong so often?
The truth is that everyone involved in the snitch system is playing their own game. Police are the game masters and the house never truly loses. Informants are engaged in a form of the Prisoner’s Dilemma, while outside actors resort to tactics like witness intimidation to win their own game within a game.
The result is a perversion of justice so severe that everyone ends up worse off -- including the famously impartial blind bastion of justice.
*** ADDITIONAL READING ***
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Prisoner's Dilemma": https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/prisoner-dilemma/
*** LINKS ***
Vsauce2:
TikTok: tiktok.com/@vsaucetwo
Twitter: twitter.com/VsauceTwo
Facebook: facebook.com/VsauceTwo
Talk Vsauce2 in The Create Unknown Discord: discord.gg/tcu
Vsauce2 on Reddit: reddit.com/r/vsauce2
Hosted and Produced by Kevin Lieber
Instagram: instagram.com/kevlieber
Twitter: twitter.com/kevinlieber
Podcast: youtube.com/thecreateunknown
Research and Writing by Matthew Tabor
twitter.com/TaborTCU
Editing by John Swan
youtube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2A
Huge Thanks To Paula Lieber
etsy.com/shop/Craftality
Vsauce's Curiosity Box: curiositybox.com
#education #vsauce #crime
#Vsauce2
Purchase shares in great masterpieces from artists like Pablo Picasso, Banksy, Andy Warhol, and more. See important Masterworks disclosures: http://masterworks.io/cd
If you can’t trust yourself, then who can you trust? Well… everyone and no one. The paradox of self-reporting in all manners of data collection, from basic census information to detailed stats about crime, makes it difficult for us to understand the problems we need to solve. Is it best to design experiments and carefully cull datasets to observe the information we need? Should we rely solely on testimony directly from people involved, and then trust that their answers are correct? Is the right answer a blend of the two?
The truth is that they all have serious problems that lead us down the wrong path for making sense of social behavior. But if they’re all awful, how can it possibly be useful to employ every strategy together?
To understand crime, we need to measure crime. To measure crime, we need to understand people. And all of it relies on a deep knowledge of individuals who employ malevolence, who are victims of flawed and biased systems, or who are just plain wrong in good faith.
In a way, it’s hopeless -- but in the morass of human social behavior, we manage to progress.
*** ADDITIONAL READING ***
“Survey of Prison and Jail Inmates: Background and Method,” Peterson, Chaiken, Ebener, Honig (1982): rand.org/pubs/notes/N1635.html
“Extent of Unrecorded Juvenile Delinquency: Tentative Conclusions,” Short and Nye (1959): https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc/vol49/iss4/2/
“Measurement Error in Self-Reported Health Variables,” Butler, Burkhauser, Mitchell and Pincus (1987): jstor.org/stable/1935959
“A Comparison of Participant Observation and Survey Data,” Vidich and Shapiro (1955): jstor.org/stable/2088196
“Bias in Interviewing in Studies of Opinions, Attitudes, and Consumer Wants,” Hart (1948): jstor.org/stable/3143052
“Deception in Social Research I: Kinds of Deception and the Wrongs They May Involve.” Sieber (1982): jstor.org/stable/3564511
“Measuring bias in self-reported data,” Rosenman, Tennekoon, Hill (2011): ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4224297
*** LINKS ***
Vsauce2:
TikTok: tiktok.com/@vsaucetwo
Twitter: twitter.com/VsauceTwo
Facebook: facebook.com/VsauceTwo
Talk Vsauce2 in The Create Unknown Discord: discord.gg/tcu
Vsauce2 on Reddit: reddit.com/r/vsauce2
Hosted and Produced by Kevin Lieber
Instagram: instagram.com/kevlieber
Twitter: twitter.com/kevinlieber
Podcast: youtube.com/thecreateunknown
Research and Writing by Matthew Tabor
twitter.com/TaborTCU
Editing by John Swan
youtube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2A
Huge Thanks To Paula Lieber
etsy.com/shop/Craftality
Vsauce's Curiosity Box: curiositybox.com
#education #vsauce #crime
Use code KEVIN for 50% off your first box
We’ve been collecting and analyzing social statistics for about 200 years now. In some ways, we’ve made a lot of progress -- but in others, we’re just as clueless now as when André-Michel Guerry first set forth his laws of tracking crime. Mixing math and morality introduces so many possible variables that our interpretations of the data can range from insightful to harmful. Comparisons of violent crime between Scotland, India, and Estonia show just how difficult it is to make sense of social statistics, especially if we try to judge them in relative terms.
A handful of additional problems plague our analysis: data and its inferences that are good today might not hold up in the future, and a study of Boston-area youth shows how surprising long-term outcomes can be. Perverse financial incentives, underreporting, and catching minor criminals instead of the major drivers of crime all make our understanding of antisocial behavior that much more tenuous. Throw in the media’s use of our social statistics and it feels like the more we know about crime, the less we understand.
*** ADDITIONAL READING ***
Analysis of A-M Guerry’s “Essay on the Moral Statistics of France,” by Michael Friendly: datavis.ca/gallery/guerry
English Translation of Guerry’s Essay, by Whitt & Reinking: datavis.ca/gallery/guerry/Guerry1833-Whitt-translation-OCR.pdf
“The Mismeasure of Crime,” by Mosher, Miethe, and Phillips (2011): sk.sagepub.com/books/the-mismeasure-of-crime-2e
“The Cambridge-Somerville Study: A Pioneering Longitudinal Experimental Study of Delinquency Prevention,” McCord, J. (1992). psycnet.apa.org/record/1992-98237-009
“Crime Waves and Moral Panics,” by Morgan Godvin: daily.jstor.org/crime-waves-moral-panics
*** LINKS ***
Vsauce2:
TikTok: tiktok.com/@vsaucetwo
Twitter: twitter.com/VsauceTwo
Facebook: facebook.com/VsauceTwo
Talk Vsauce2 in The Create Unknown Discord: discord.gg/tcu
Vsauce2 on Reddit: reddit.com/r/vsauce2
Hosted and Produced by Kevin Lieber
Instagram: instagram.com/kevlieber
Twitter: twitter.com/kevinlieber
Podcast: youtube.com/thecreateunknown
Research and Writing by Matthew Tabor
twitter.com/TaborTCU
Editing by John Swan
youtube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2A
Huge Thanks To Paula Lieber
etsy.com/shop/Craftality
Vsauce's Curiosity Box: curiositybox.com
#education #vsauce #crime
One of the most significant developments in the history of policing is the use of statistics to track crime patterns and to determine how to react to them. New York City’s CompStat program has served as a model not just for cities around the United States, but also globally. And it makes sense, right? The better we track crimes and the more data we have, the more effectively we can allocate resources to improve public safety.
Unfortunately, New York City (and everyone else) has found that it isn’t that simple. Jack Maple’s bold vision for a statistics-based police department has been plagued by inconsistent application and perverse incentives that prioritize numbers over public safety. The perpetual conflict between good policing and good CompStat numbers has mitigated the program’s positive effects and magnified its criticism on civil rights grounds.
CompStat reinforces our biggest problem with statistics in public life: the numbers we increasingly depend on don’t lie, but we don’t always know which truth they’re telling us.
*** ADDITIONAL READING ***
Jack Maple, “The Crime Fighter: Putting the Bad Guys Out of Business” (1999) amazon.com/Crime-Fighter-Putting-Guys-Business/dp/0385493630
“Compstat: Its Origins, Evolution, and Future in Law Enforcement Agencies,” US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs: bja.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh186/files/Publications/PERF-Compstat.pdf
George Kelling, “Fixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order And Reducing Crime In Our Communities” amazon.com/Fixing-Broken-Windows-Restoring-Communities/dp/0684837382
NYPD’s CompStat 2.0: compstat.nypdonline.org/2e5c3f4b-85c1-4635-83c6-22b27fe7c75c/view/89
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#education #vsauce #crime
Imagine a world in which everything about your life -- your friends, your family, which school you went to, your social media activity -- are reduced to a simple number used by police and the government to determine whether something bad will happen to you.
It sounds crazy, and almost paranoid, but algorithm-based initiatives have aided police from Chicago to London to help guide public safety interventions. In the case of Robert McDaniel, he was assigned a score that put him on Chicago’s “Heat List,” and he was told that he was likely to be involved in a shooting. But police didn’t know whether he’d be the shooter or the victim.
That resulted in the city offering him a range of services, but it also put him on the police’s radar -- and that began a chain of events that fulfilled a grim prophecy.
The promise of advanced math utilizing increasingly sophisticated data collection grows stronger by the year… but so do its potential perils. Can quantifying a person’s behavior actually tell us anything useful about them? And if it can, is it ethical?
The rise and fall of Chicago’s Heat List demonstrates not just how predictive policing works, but how it impacts individuals. And while the calculations themselves are a black box, there’s one thing we do know: once you’re on the list, you can’t get off.
MUST WATCH: Fantastic German documentary “Pre-Crime” (2017) by Matthias Heeder and Monika Hielscher. Pre-Crime delves into the details and implications of data-based policing and where the future is headed worldwide, available on Amazon and more: imdb.com/title/tt6998222
MUST READ: “Heat Listed,” by Matt Shroud, which describes Robert McDanels' experience and the efforts of Chicago police to use data to reduce gun violence: theverge.com/c/22444020/chicago-pd-predictive-policing-heat-list
*** ADDITIONAL READING ***
“The Small Social Networks at the Heart of Chicago’s Violence,” by Whet Moser: chicagomag.com/city-life/December-2013/The-Small-Social-Networks-at-the-Heart-of-Chicago-Violence
“For years Chicago police rated the risk of tens of thousands being caught up in violence. That controversial effort has quietly been ended.” by Jeremy Gorner: chicagotribune.com/news/criminal-justice/ct-chicago-police-strategic-subject-list-ended-20200125-spn4kjmrxrh4tmktdjckhtox4i-story.html
“Pre-Crime” (2017), documentary by Matthias Heeder and Monika Hielscher: imdb.com/title/tt6998222
“The grim reality of life under Gangs Matrix, London's controversial predictive policing tool,” by Peter Yeung: wired.co.uk/article/gangs-matrix-violence-london-predictive-policing
“The Police Are Using Computer Algorithms to Tell If You’re a Threat,” by Andrew Guthrie Ferguson: time.com/4966125/police-departments-algorithms-chicago
“Violence Is Contagious”: A Conversation with Andrew Papachristos,” by Greg Berman: hfg.org/conversations/violence-is-contagious-a-conversation-with-andrew-papachristos
“Social Networks and the Risk of Gunshot Injury,” Papachristos, Andrew V et al. Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine vol. 89,6 (2012): 992-1003.
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Hosted and Produced by Kevin Lieber
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Huge Thanks To Paula Lieber
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Vsauce's Curiosity Box: curiositybox.com
#education #vsauce #crime
A decade ago, predictive policing algorithms were hailed as one of the most important inventions of our era. In just a few short years, thousands of mathematicians had publicly refused to work on predictive policing projects. What started a century ago in the concentric zone model of mapping urban areas and evolved into social disorganization theory has culminated in sophisticated algorithms that claim to pinpoint the place and type of crime well in advance.
The problem, though, is that algorithmic outcomes are only as good as the data going into them. Between flawed data collection/reporting, yet another black box algorithm, and a total inability to measure results effectively, the promise of predictive policing has come under scrutiny -- and the real question is how long we keep experimenting to get it right, and who we run those experiments on.
*** ADDITIONAL READING ***
“Precise Event-level Prediction of Urban Crime Reveals Signature of Enforcement Bias”: researchgate.net/publication/349228599_Precise_Event-level_Prediction_of_Urban_Crime_Reveals_Signature_of_Enforcement_Bias
Letter, “Boycott Collaboration with Police”: math-boycotts-police.net
PredPol’s Predictive Policing Algorithm: predpol.com/technology
“Predictive Policing Software Is More Accurate at Predicting Policing Than Predicting Crime,” Ezekiel Edwards: aclu.org/news/criminal-law-reform/predictive-policing-software-more-accurate
Chicago’s Strategic Subject List Dataset: data.cityofchicago.org/Public-Safety/Strategic-Subject-List-Historical/4aki-r3np
“What Can FBI Data Say About Crime in 2021? It’s Too Unreliable to Tell,” Weihua Li, The Marhsall Project: themarshallproject.org/2022/06/14/what-did-fbi-data-say-about-crime-in-2021-it-s-too-unreliable-to-tell
"Abraham Wald's work on aircraft survivability". Mangel and Samaniego. June 198, Journal of the American Statistical Association. 79 (386): 259–267: https://people.ucsc.edu/~msmangel/Wald.pdf
“LAPD data programs need better oversight to protect public, Inspector General concludes”: latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-lapd-data-20190312-story.html
“UCLA Study Proves Predictive Policing Successful in Reducing Crime Over Several Months of Deployment with The LAPD”: predpol.com/ucla-predictive-policing-study
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Hosted and Produced by Kevin Lieber
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etsy.com/shop/Craftality
Vsauce's Curiosity Box: curiositybox.com
#education #vsauce #crime
Curiosity Box: curiositybox.com
MEL Science: melscience.com/curiositybox
But by the time you’re solving the Knight’s Tour with a grid of 8 or 9 squares on one side, the patterns become insanely difficult. Computers can calculate Knight’s Tours easily even with grids 10 or 12 squares wide -- but can you?
#education #vsauce #maths
But one of the simplest problems in mathematics -- how to connect three utilities to three houses without crossing lines -- has proven to be impossible. Grab a sheet of paper and try it out. It won’t take long to realize you can get very close, but never solve the three utilities problem -- and you’ll see quickly that graph theory is a hidden force in everyday life.
#education #vsauce #maths
The goal here is to keep making unique arrangements with increasing numbers of matches. By the time you’re using 8 matches, you’ll have over 200 possible ways to combine them to form a unique pattern of nodes and lines.
#education #vsauce #maths
And it gets more impressive. Schumanniophyton problematicum is one of four plants to contain rohitukine naturally, which has shown antiinflammatory properties and can combat leukemia and colon cancer cells.
Photo by Ben P. guatemala.inaturalist.org/photos/30933078
#education #vsauce #math #facts
It’s true -- you can get the job done simply by transposing the first digit to the end of the number. 410,256 is a small, accessible number to try it. Just slide the 4 from the first digit to the last digit and you’re all set… and it works with some much larger numbers, too.
In terms of mathematical value, these quirky numbers probably don’t lay the foundation for a groundbreaking Fields Medal-worthy discovery. But this is what recreational mathematics is all about: pushing and pulling on numbers to recognize patterns and curiosities that facilitate your ability to handle heavier-duty work, sort of like how poetry plays with words to express thoughts that *could* be written much more simply. It’s beautiful. And it’s just plain interesting.
#vsauce #education #maths
#vsauce #education #maths
You can start with any digit on this circle and move in either direction to generate a prime. The pattern is both simple and mathematically beautiful -- and THAT is why someone needs to make this into a necklace.
#vsauce #education #maths
In just a few hours, you can build the entire roster of Snowball Primes up to 8 digits by hand. DO IT. Why not? This is recreational math. Your parents will be proud of you.
#vsauce #maths #education
You could find them all by hand, calculating every squared whole number until you got a value larger than 10 digits (and don't forget, all of them need to be unique), but over 50 years ago the IBM 1620 used its 1,200+ pound frame to work it all out. Do it by hand. What else do you have to do?
#maths #shorts #mathematics
There are questions about whether strobogrammatic properties reveal intrinsic value within numbers, but it also presents a pattern worth investigation -- including the subset of strobogrammatic primes. And when’s the next strobogrammatic YEAR? You probably didn’t live through the last one, and you’ve got about 4,000 years before the next one. GOOD LUCK.
#maths #shorts #mathematics
But the real question is whether bees poop or vomit honey. And the answer is COMPLEX.
#vsauce #education #maths
Thanks to noom for sponsoring Vsauce2.
The criminal justice system is overburdened and expensive. What if we could harness advances in social science and math to predict which criminals are most likely to re-offend? What if we had a better way to sentence criminals efficiently and appropriately, for both criminals and society as a whole?
That’s the idea behind risk assessment algorithms like COMPAS. And while the theory is excellent, we’ve hit a few stumbling blocks with accuracy and fairness. The data collection includes questions about an offender’s education, work history, family, friends, and attitudes toward society. We know that these elements correlate with anti-social behavior, so why can’t a complex algorithm using 137 different data points give us an accurate picture of who’s most dangerous?
The problem might be that it’s actually too complex -- which is why random groups of internet volunteers yield almost identical predictive results when given only a few simple pieces of information. Researchers have also concluded that a handful of basic questions are as predictive as the black box algorithm that made the Supreme Court shrug.
Is there a way to fine-tune these algorithms to be better than collective human judgment? Can math help to safeguard fairness in the sentencing process and improve outcomes in criminal justice? And if we did develop an accurate math-based model to predict recidivism, how ethical is it to blame current criminals for potential future crimes?
Can human behavior become an equation?
*** ADDITIONAL READING ***
Sample COMPAS Risk Assessment: documentcloud.org/documents/2702103-Sample-Risk-Assessment-COMPAS-CORE
COMPAS-R Updated Risk Assessment: equivant.com/compas-r-core-transparent-rna
“The accuracy, fairness, and limits of predicting recidivism.” Julia Dressel. science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aao5580
“Understanding risk assessment instruments in criminal justice,” Brookings Institution: https://www.brookings.edu/research/understanding-risk-assessment-instruments-in-criminal-justice/
“Machine Bias,” Julia Angwin, Jeff Larson, Surya Mattu and Lauren Kirchner, ProPublica: propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing
“The limits of human predictions of recidivism,” Lin, Jung, Goel and Skeem: science.org/doi/full/10.1126/sciadv.aaz0652
“Even Imperfect Algorithms Can Improve the Criminal Justice System,” New York Times: nytimes.com/2017/12/20/upshot/algorithms-bail-criminal-justice-system.html
Equivant’s response to criticism: equivant.com/official-response-to-science-advances
“A Popular Algorithm Is No Better at Predicting Crimes Than Random People,” Ed Yong: theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/01/equivant-compas-algorithm/550646
“The Age of Secrecy and Unfairness in Recidivism Prediction,” Rudin, Wang, and Coker: https://hdsr.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/7z10o269/release/6
“Practitioner’s Guide to COMPAS Core,” s3.documentcloud.org/documents/2840784/Practitioner-s-Guide-to-COMPAS-Core.pdf
State v. Loomis summary: harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/1530-1537_online.pdf
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Hosted and Produced by Kevin Lieber
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Twitter: twitter.com/EelJammin
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#education #vsauce #crime
Sometimes it feels like too much of a coincidence, like being able to take the reciprocal of Pi and permute its digits into the reciprocal of the Golden Ratio. Not enough for you? Tack on another Pi digit and throw it in front of the reciprocal of Phi and you'll get the actual Golden Ratio's digits.
HOW CAN THIS BE A COINCIDENCE?!
#math #mathematics #vsauce
As long as you count 1 as prime (which it was considered in the past), you can construct a massive 15 x 15 (Order 15) magic square out of the first 225 odd consecutive prime numbers ranging from 1 to 1,427 with a Magic Constant of 9,635? YEP, HERE IT IS.
#maths #vsauce #mathematics
The remarkable thing is that the Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta contained no mathematical notation. It was only prose, and Brahmagupta still managed to be the first to describe the solution to quadratic equations. But what about dividing 0 by 0?!
#maths #shorts #mathematics
Documentaries, television and movies are obsessed with crime. Is the accused actually guilty? If not, who is? If so, will they get away with it? All these questions matter -- but the most important question might be what happens when a criminal is sentenced.
Determining a fair and just sentence for an offender is a delicate balance of punishment, rehabilitation and protection. From Aristotle to restorative justice initiatives, we’ve spent thousands of years developing theories of sentencing and striving for better ways to implement them. But no matter how refined our concept of justice becomes, it’s also subject to overt biases and both conscious and unconscious discrimination based on any number of factors, from age and race to completely unrelated societal forces. Does that mean real justice is impossible? And can we combat the failings of the human mind by replacing people with mandated algorithms?
The answer is yes -- and no. When Marvin Frankel conceived of a justice system that would remove bias and variations in sentencing from United States federal sentencing, he was convinced that he’d ushered in a new, fairer regime of sentencing. In a way, he had… when Congress passed the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, criminal sentencing became significantly more consistent. But it also opened the door to even more sinister discrimination with mandatory minimums and disparate impacts on minorities -- precisely some of the problems the sentencing reform was meant to address. It also rendered useless the professional experience of judges and ran complex crimes, and their victims, through a dispassionate algorithm that failed to tailor results to specific circumstances.
Justice is hard, and we continue to figure out how to do it right. Maybe it can be based on numbers. Maybe it should be based on feelings. And maybe it’s just impossible to achieve perfect justice.
*** ADDITIONAL READING ***
Marvin Frankel, “Criminal Sentences: Law Without Order”: amazon.com/Criminal-Sentences-Law-Without-Order/dp/0809013746
Chapman v. United States, Supreme Court transcript: supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/1990/90-5744_03-26-1991.pdf
New York Times review of Frankel’s “Law Without Order,” 1973: timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1973/05/13/90954511.html?pageNumber=342
“Measuring Interjudge Sentencing Disparity: Before and After the Federal Sentencing Guidelines,” The Journal of Law & Economics, 1999: jstor.org/stable/10.1086/467426
The Sentencing Project: sentencingproject.org
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Hosted and Produced by Kevin Lieber
Instagram: instagram.com/kevlieber
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Podcast: youtube.com/thecreateunknown
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youtube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2A
Huge Thanks To Paula Lieber
etsy.com/shop/Craftality
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#education #vsauce #crime
That's the theory behind Zeno's thought experiment on movement. If every distance can be divided up into smaller parts, and traversing every part takes a non-zero amount of time, then how can we make any progress at all in a finite amount of time?
This is obviously wrong, since you can walk to the mailbox and back every day without facing an existential or physics-based crisis. The tale of Achilles and the Tortoise has a certain logic to it that took thousands of years to unravel -- but once we understood the power of the convergent series, the paradox disappeared.
#maths #education #mathematics
And although we refer to it as Pascal's Triangle, it's not actually Pascal's. Mathematicians in China, India, Persia, and even France centuries before Pascal completed his Treatise on Arithmetical Triangle in 1665.
GET FLIPPING.
#education #mathss #shorts
#vsauce #education
#shorts #vsauce #education
As Pascal’s Triangle expands, it reveals mathematical patterns we value elsewhere, from the simple whole number line and the primacy of 1 to a succession of the powers of 2 and the digits of 11’s exponential sequence. And lurking within is a classic Fibonacci sequence in which each successive digit is the sum of its two predecessors.
But one of the most interesting elements of Pascal’s Triangle is the way it lays bare the possible outcomes of any series of simple coin flips. Like everything else in Pascal’s Triangle, it’s in there if you know where to look.
#shorts #vsauce #maths
Witnesses often make accurate identifications, but it's not hard to see how they can very easily get it exactly wrong.
#education #vsauce #truecrime
A number of factors conspire to erode the truth. From biological realities of memory and the brain’s propensity to fill in gaps with fiction to procedural errors that unintentionally reinforce a false narrative, it’s hard for witnesses to get it right. All the flaws in eyewitness testimony seem obvious, and most of them are. What’s interesting is how long we’ve known and largely ignored them.
More than a century ago, psychologist Hugo Münsterberg wrote detailed essays about the problems with witnesses, including eviscerating his own memory of being a crime victim. And before that, Hermann Ebbinghaus explained the “forgetting curve” that shows how memory deteriorates and how spaced repetition -- of both fact and fiction -- can cement what’s in our minds.
Despite generations of knowledge about the fragility of eyewitness identification and testimony, there’s still nothing more powerful and persuasive than a witness pointing a finger at a defendant in court. In the end, forensic science saved Ronald Cotton. But for an immeasurable number of victims of eyewitness error throughout humanity’s pursuit of justice, the result has been imprisonment and death -- and the truth is that the problem can’t ever be solved completely.
*** SOURCES & READING ***
“Picking Cotton: Our Memoir of Injustice and Redemption,” by Erin Torneo, Jennifer Thompson-Cannino, and Ronald Cotton: pickingcottonbook.com
“What Jennifer Saw,” PBS Frontline (1997): pbs.org/wgbh//pages/frontline/shows/dna/photos
“Eyewitness: How Accurate is Visual Memory?” CBS 60 Minutes (2009): cbsnews.com/news/eyewitness-how-accurate-is-visual-memory
“Eyewitness Identification Reform,” Innocence Project: innocenceproject.org/eyewitness-identification-reform
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Hosted and Produced by Kevin Lieber
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Podcast: youtube.com/thecreateunknown
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youtube.com/channel/UCJuSltoYKrAUKnbYO5EMZ2A
Huge Thanks To Paula Lieber
etsy.com/shop/Craftality
Thumbnail by Dave Keine
Vsauce's Curiosity Box: curiositybox.com
#education #vsauce #crime
The rules are simple: aces are worth 1, face cards are worth 10, and the other numbers are themselves. Each player flips 2 cards and the first to invent a combination yielding 24 puts all 4 cards at the bottom of their stack. Keep going until one player has all the cards, and then PLAY AGAIN.
#shorts
No... and yes. GH Hardy criticized the concept of narcissistic numbers as being purely recreational with no practical application, but isn't amusement the point?! Relax, GH. Have a little number fun. #shorts
If you make a circle of the 26-letter Latin alphabet from A to Z, and then erase every single letter with vertical symmetry (like cutting down the middle of W or T so the left and right sides are mirror images), you're left with 5 groups of numbers... 3, 1, 4, 1, 6, which is Pi's first 5 digits rounded. Is this a coincidence, or...??
#shorts #maths #education
If the square root of 684,912,110,217,988,900 yields 827,594,170, and that equals a^2 + b^2, we can find the ratio of a to b. And the result is an extremely close approximation to pi that matches to 9 digits. Thanks, 684,912,110,217,988,900!
#shorts
But the weird part here isn't the fraction, it's the role of 71, which has a series of strange properties. AND WHAT HAPPENS IN THE YEAR 2059?
#shorts
Divide your original number by 5, then 5^2, then 5^3, and when you've got a fractional value, stop and add up the rounded-down whole numbers. And BAM! That's how many trailing zeroes x! has. It really is that easy, even for a 206-digit number like 123!
#shorts
There's $250,000 in it if you can find the first gigaprime, so GET TO WORK.
#shorts
11 might be the most underrated number. What's yours?
#shorts
All it takes is simple addition and alternating between the odd and even digits. If the difference between the two sums is 0 or a number that's divisible by 11, then the entire number is divisible by 11. It's that easy.
Think about it with a 2-digit number like 33. The difference between the first digit (3) and the second digit (3) is 0, and 33 is obviously divisible by 11. 121? (1 + 1) = 2, and the even digit is also 2 -- 121 is divisible by 11. Try this with a number that has... 137 digits. GO.
#shorts