Be Smart
Inside the Lab That Invented the COVID-19 Vaccine
updated
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Scorpions have been terrorizing other creatures on Earth for hundreds of millions of years. They’ve evolved a perfect cocktail of venom that can mess up both predators and prey. But they are also an evolutionary marvel that could show us the way to some powerful new life-saving medicines.
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Our appetite for meat is one of the greatest environmental challenges we face. Join me on a mind-blowing visit to UPSIDE Foods, the world's most advanced cultivated meat production facility, as we ask whether cultivated meat can deliver on its promises to help the environment while keeping meat on our plates.
References: sites.google.com/view/cultivated-meat-references/home
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Watch my full episode about the growing problem of light pollution: youtube.com/watch?v=XJXsIeqOKT0
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Life’s been around on Earth for at least 3.7 billion years. But for most of that time, it was incredibly boring — just simple little cells squirming around in water. It only got interesting in the last few hundred million years. And that might never have happened without the help of a deadly, but also life-giving, element.
References: sites.google.com/view/great-oxygenation-references/home
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Watch my full episode about this climate spy program: youtu.be/4-jNnr0zhFU
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A few years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, a top-secret, first-of-its-kind US spy satellite program was declassified, leading to the unexpected story of how former enemies became scientific allies, and technology invented for Cold War espionage was repurposed to study and combat the newest and greatest threat to human civilization: Climate Change.
Thank you to the following for help in researching this video:
Michael McElroy
D. James Baker
The Office of Vice President Al Gore
0:00 Peeking behind the Iron Curtain
1:52 Spies in space
2:53 A time machine… but for Earth
3:41 Early days of the Space Race
5:37 Code name: CORONA
8:37 No more Iron Curtain… now what?
10:48 Spies… but for the Earth
13:20 New data & unlikely allies
16:31 Teamwork makes the dream work
17:46 Support us on Patreon!
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Human language is an incredible thing: a combination of mouth sounds that we combine into words, sentences, poems, and constitutions. They carry meaning, emotion, and power. But underneath it all, language is really just physics. In this episode, we explore how physics is at the core of every syllable, starting with the first word most of us ever speak.
Try the Pink Trombone vocal simulator! - experiments.withgoogle.com/pink-trombone
References: sites.google.com/view/vowel-sounds-physics/home
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0:00 Your voice is just physics
1:16 Some basics of linguistics
2:27 There are more than 5 vowels?
4:49 The physics of the vocal tract
7:04 Resonance and sound filters
8:47 How vowels are an acoustic illusion
11:25 Finding vowels in surprising places
13:09 A touching moment
13:45 The extra bits
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Learn how scientists measure the ancient atmosphere in this video: youtu.be/myxVsYI4WZk
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Nothing can travel faster than light — in a vacuum. But when light slows down, sometimes matter can blaze past that speed limit, creating a stunning glow called Cherenkov radiation. We can see this glow in a nuclear reactor as high-energy particles speed by. It offers us a window into a realm of the universe that is usually invisible to us.
Filmed at the J. J. Pickle Research Campus at the University of Texas at Austin
References ►► sites.google.com/view/cherenkov-radiation-references/home
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0:00 A strange blue glow
1:24 How to slow light down
3:19 The right way to think about light
5:41 How to make a photonic boom
7:51 Who discovered this?
8:25 Why this matters
9:45 Extras!
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The biggest (and most mysterious!) migration in the world happens every night in the ocean as 10 billion tons of zooplankton swim to the surface to feed. This undersea journey is known as Diel vertical migration, and it occurs in every ocean in the world. By learning more about why this happens, science can unlock the secrets behind other phenomena, like our biological clocks…and even climate change.
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References: sites.google.com/view/earths-greatest-migration-refs/home
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In the race to survive, both predators and prey use visual tricks to get ahead. One nearly universal trick is countershading, a color pattern that helps animals erase their own shadows or blend into different backgrounds. It’s worked well enough that nature has produced this pattern over and over again, all over Earth, for at least tens of millions of years.
0:00 Why does every animal look like this?
0:52 A painter's big idea
1:49 Disappearing shadows
2:22 Testing the idea
3:48 Countershading everywhere!
6:10 What about water?
7:22 Making light to hide shadows
8:19 Outro
References: sites.google.com/view/countershading-references/home
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Check out our full episode to learn more about what's in NASA's moon rock vault: youtube.com/watch?v=Qr28zMXQ3bU
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As the Earth warms due to human-caused climate change, billions of people in the developing world will face life-threatening heat waves, raising the demand for air conditioning. But powering all of that cooling is going to take more energy, which will require burning more fossil fuels! Are there new air conditioning technologies on the horizon that could solve this paradox?
NOTE: A previous version of this video had a graph at 6:19 with incorrect values. The video has been updated with the correct graph.
Aerial photography by Jeff Arnold
Written by Eli Kintisch and Joe Hanson
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This episode of Be Smart is licensed exclusively to YouTube.
Check out our full episode featuring Prof. Brian Cox and Joe as they discuss physics and the origin of life: youtu.be/k-vm3ZWnMWk
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Why do we see rainbows in soap bubbles? What makes an oil slick so oddly beautiful? Iridescent colors, which transform depending on the angle you look at them, are all over nature. How does physics make these shifting rainbows? We’re going to find out with the help of the National Museum of Natural History's most spectacular specimens – from bird feathers and beetle wings to fossils and gemstones.
Check out some of my other videos about color in nature:
In search of the blackest thing on Earth youtu.be/86P03RlegBM
Why is blue so rare in nature? youtu.be/3g246c6Bv58
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500 years before the Scientific Revolution, the mathematician Al-Hassan Ibn al-Haytham spent hours in a dark room studying the light that filtered in. Not only did he revolutionize how we literally see the world, he pioneered the scientific method that is now the backbone of modern science.
Sources: sites.google.com/view/sci-method-sources/home
0:00 Introduction
0:41 What is a camera obscura?
1:48 The mathematician who tried to dam the Nile
3:08 The origin of optics
3:56 Ancient ways of knowing
6:39 The birth of modern science
7:38 From hypothesis to experiment
8:44 How al-Haytham changed science history
10:13 Conclusion
11:40 Extras!
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Animals as simple as bees and as complex as you and me… like to have fun. But what’s the point of fun? Do all animals have fun? And for that matter, what is fun?
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References: sites.google.com/view/whyarethingsfunreferences/home
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Sources:
ourworldindata.org/atmospheric-concentrations
noaa.gov/news-release/carbon-dioxide-now-more-than-50-higher-than-pre-industrial-levels
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf
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Sources:
Crimaldi, J.P., True, A.C., Linden, K.G. et al. Commercial toilets emit energetic and rapidly spreading aerosol plumes. Sci Rep 12, 20493 (2022). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-24686-5
Blaustein, R.A., Michelitsch, LM., Glawe, A.J. et al. Toothbrush microbiomes feature a meeting ground for human oral and environmental microbiota. Microbiome 9, 32 (2021). doi.org/10.1186/s40168-020-00983-x
American Society for Microbiology. "Toothbrush contamination in communal bathrooms." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 2 June 2015. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/06/150602130650.htm
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Embarrassment. Awkwardness. Cringe. No matter what you call it. it’s one of the most unique human emotions, and one that’s particularly hard to figure out. But if a feeling exists and has lasted through evolution, then it probably has a purpose!
References: sites.google.com/view/references-thescienceofembarra/home
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When you're done, watch my latest video about the search for the blackest black on Earth: youtu.be/86P03RlegBM
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There are some startlingly black animals out there, whether they’re in the deep ocean or in the darkest corners of the rainforest. But humans have created some stunningly black substances too, using science and engineering. So who wins, nature or humans? In this video, I go in search of the blackest black things on Earth to see what’s really the blackest… and why.
Additional media provided by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI)
Thank you to Ryan Lavery at the Smithsonian Institution: National Museum of Natural History
References: sites.google.com/view/references-blackest-black/home
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When you're done, watch my latest video about why the second is the most precise measure humans have ever… measured: youtu.be/mg9yc7_7BWc
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All of modern society relies upon a seemingly simple but surprisingly complex unit of measurement: the second. But knowing exactly what a “second” is is more complicated than you might think!
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Thank you to the following for helpful discussions and research for this episode:
Geoff Chester - U.S. Naval Observatory
Judah Levine - National Institute of Standards and Technology
Jeffrey Sherman - National Institute of Standards and Technology
Elizabeth Donley - National Institute of Standards and Technology
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Humanity’s drive to explore our planet is one of the defining characteristics of our species. But exploration only works if you know where you are at any given time. Not so easy when you are out at sea with no visible landmarks and the stars above you are in constant motion. It turns out that the key to solving this puzzle is understanding that in order to know WHERE you are, you have to first know WHEN you are.
References: sites.google.com/view/longitude-references/home
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Standard time vs. DST maps from: http://andywoodruff.com/blog/where-to-hate-daylight-saving-time-and-where-to-love-it
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References: sites.google.com/view/how-jumping-spiders-see/home
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Why do spiders have 8 eyes? It’s a seemingly simple question with a surprisingly complex answer. We’ll be hanging out with some jumping spiders (the cutest of all spiders) and some jumping spider researchers to investigate how a thumbnail-sized creature with a poppy seed-sized brain ended up evolving some of the most advanced eyes in the animal kingdom, overcoming a few limitations of physics in the process. We’ll watch as scientists study these spiders in a special eye tracking machine and learn how having 8 eyes instead of two gives these elite predators almost 360˚ vision and almost hawk-level depth perception and resolution.
References: sites.google.com/view/how-jumping-spiders-see/home
Big thanks to:
Dr. Beth Jakob and Alex Winsor - UMass Amherst http://ejakob.popslice.com
Dr. Nathan Morehouse and lab - University of Cincinnati https://homepages.uc.edu/~morehonn/
Additional footage credits:
Spider retinal movements - Daniel Zurek
Spider courtship videos - Daniel Zurek, Sebastian Echeverri, and Nathan Morehouse (Morehouse Lab, University of Cincinnati)
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One day around 15,000 years ago, a wall of ice 2,000 feet tall and 30 miles wide suddenly broke wide open, and it unleashed the largest flood that we know of in the history of Earth. Come and hit the road with me as we search for the geologic fingerprints of the Missoula Ice Age Floods, and learn the story of one of the worst natural disasters that’s ever happened!
High fives to Nick Zentner for educating me on the geology of Eastern Washington. He makes incredible geology videos on YouTUbe:
youtube.com/user/GeologyNick
youtube.com/watch?v=qHaL04gZQwc&list=PL18y1vgsGPLbl3wrSZwUyvkAiUJHZTS5Y
Follow me to @PBS Eons for more Kallie and more prehistoric adventures: youtube.com/c/eons
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00:00 Introduction
00:54 A geologic mystery
01:53 A very large lake
03:32 A mountain made of ice
05:15 The dam breaks
06:25 Biggest. Waterfall. Ever.
07:57 How the damage was done
10:10 Witnesses to destruction
10:49 A brave new idea
12:00 Stay curious.
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You’ve seen it in the comment section before: “Climate change is natural. It’s happened before and it will keep happening”. In reality, comments like these are the newest kind of climate change denial. In this video we’re going to learn about all the reasons that Earth’s climate changes, natural and otherwise, and then how we know that modern climate change can’t be blamed on natural forces. Maybe we can finally put this biggest myth about climate change in the trash.
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Precious metals like gold, silver, platinum, and rhodium are expensive because they're rare in Earth's crust. But are they rare in the universe? Why is it so hard to make some of the chemical elements? Where do heavy metals come from, anyway? Turns out, we can blame it all on neutron stars and some oddities of the periodic table.
Thank you to the following for helpful discussions:
Dr. Jennifer Johnson - Ohio State University
Dr. Hendrik Schatz - JINA Center for the Evolution of the Elements
References: sites.google.com/view/catalytic-converter-crime-wave/home
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There is no phase of a human’s lifetime that is as strange and disgus....er....magical as the transition from childhood into adulthood - that handful of years that we call . . . PUBERTY. Why does it happen? How does it work? Why is it so weird? Join Joe in this whirlwind tour of the endocrine system to find the answers.
References: sites.google.com/view/why-is-puberty-so-weird/home
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Check out Far Out on @pbsterra : youtu.be/jpUjze3v_6c
Check out Why Am I Like This? on @pbsterra : youtu.be/eWzBNfBnFys
What's the tallest mountain on Earth? It might seem like an easy question to answer, but in reality it's one that brings up more NEW questions than answers. It turns out that the way we measure mountains rests on a lot of approximations, assumptions, and averages. And when you dig into those, there's several contenders for the tallest mountain, each with their own good case for the title. So, which mountain do YOU think should take the throne?
References: sites.google.com/view/references-tallest-mountain/home
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You may not be an expert, but perhaps you feel pretty confident that you could ride a motorcycle, or give someone a decent haircut - if you absolutely had to - right? Not so much, according to the psychological phenomenon known as the Dunning-Kruger Effect. Turns out we’re all at risk of being overconfident about something. Watch Joe put this theory to the test as he tries to land a 737 (in a simulator, of course). Oh, did we mention Joe's not a pilot?
References: sites.google.com/view/be-smart-dunning-kruger-effect/home
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There is an absolutely weird, but surprisingly common phenomenon called sensory adaptation that you experience every day in countless ways without even realizing it. Without this very strange phenomenon, you would be lost, overwhelmed, and completely unable to navigate the external world. In this episode, we’ll explore the many ways your brain “tunes out” most of what’s going on around you so that you can be the high-functioning smart people that we know you are.
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Hurricanes, typhoons, and tropical cyclones are Earth’s most powerful storms, capable of unleashing destruction and death on coastal areas worldwide. As climate change warms Earth’s oceans, we face more risk of storms rapidly intensifying into category 5, sometimes in less than a single day. Being able to predict these rapidly intensifying storms will save lives, but studying hurricanes in detail is difficult and dangerous. So in order to improve our understanding of hurricanes, scientists have built a machine that can create hurricane conditions indoors. #weather #hurricanes
Filmed at the Alfred C. Glassell, Jr. SUSTAIN Laboratory at the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science at the University of Miami https://sustain.rsmas.miami.edu/
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We’re living longer. Dying less. Human life expectancy has doubled in just a couple centuries. Machines and meals and medicines keeping us alive long past the age where we can make babies. Does this mean our species is no longer under the influence of natural selection? Have humans stopped evolving?
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Optical illusions are fun, but they can also teach us a lot about how our brains work. In particular, how our brains accomplish the incredible feat of constructing a three-dimensional reality using nothing but 2-D images from our eyes. A young artist and psychology researcher named Adelbert Ames, Jr. developed a series of illusions that help us understand how this process of constructing reality actually works. Sometimes we need to be fooled in order to gain understanding.
We'd like to acknowledge Dr. Phil Kellman from UCLA for his helpful discussions about the principles of spatial perception at play in these illusions https://kellmanlab.psych.ucla.edu/
Special thanks to Brian from Real Engineering for 3D printing the anamorphic cube for me! youtube.com/c/RealEngineering
References used in this episode: sites.google.com/view/references-ames-illusions/home
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Go clubbing in virtual reality with Subcultured @pbsvoices: youtu.be/ZRPjgSrQ8gA
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I recently got to sit down with physicist and science communicator extraordinaire Prof. Brian Cox. Did we talk about black holes, the Big Bang, or alien worlds? Nope! We talked about biology. Specifically, what is “life” and how did it begin? You might not expect it, but looking at life through the lens of physics can teach us a lot about why interesting groups of atoms like you and me exist.
Learn more about Professor Brian Cox here:
twitter.com/ProfBrianCox
instagram.com/profbriancox
facebook.com/ProfessorBrianCox
ATP Synthase animations by Drew Berry (wehi.tv) courtesy of HHMI Biointeractive and WEHI
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Why do whales, elephants, and other large animals not get cancer? Logically, the larger an animal is, and the longer it lives, the more likely it should be to get cancer. But these giants don’t. Why is that? And can the answer help humanity?
References: sites.google.com/view/besmart-petos-paradox/home
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How many times do you look in a mirror every day? Have you ever stopped to wonder how they actually work? Mirrors do strange things to our world, seemingly flipping everything so that what was right is left and what was left is right. But what if I told you that mirrors don’t actually flip the world left to right? The real magic of mirrors is far stranger and more interesting, as you’re about to learn.
Inspired by:
Gardner, Martin - The New Ambidextrous Universe: Symmetry and Asymmetry from Mirror Reflections to Superstrings
Check out It's Lit: Unabridged, a new podcast from PBS:
iTunes: podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/its-lit-unabridged/id1603688708
Spotify: open.spotify.com/show/4XOCT3jhB12mYcbA15h7zx
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Reading. You’re doing it right now. I bet you don’t even have to think about it. But have you ever wondered what’s happening in your brain to turn all these weird symbols into meaning? This video will teach you how to read all over again. What you’re doing right now is way more amazing than you ever realized.
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